Musaeum Regalis Societatis
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Nehemiah Grew Musaeum Regalis Societatis: Or, a catalogue and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society, and preserved at Gresham Colledge. Made by Nehemiah Grew, M. D. fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Colledge of Physitians. Whereunto is subjoyned the comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts. London Printed for Tho. Malthus, at the Sun in the Poultrey 1681
[i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] Figure: [Engraved portrait with this attribution: R White delin. ct Sculp: 1687.] Below the inscription: DANIEL COLWAL Armiger.
Musaei Regalis Societatis fundator. [imigrant, founder] [vi] MUSÆUM REGALIS SOCIETATIS.
OR A
Catalogue and Description
Of the Natural and Artificial
RARITIES
Belonging to the
ROYAL SOCIETY,
And preserved at
Gresham Colledge.
MADE
By Nehemiah Grew M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society,
and of the Colledge of Physitians.
Whereunto is Subjoyned the
Comparative Anatomy
OF
Stomachs and Guts.
By the same AUTHOR.
LONDON,
Printed for W. Rawlins, for the Author, 1681. [vii] [viii] TO THE
Most Illustrious
THE ROYAL SOCIETY,
The following
CATALOGUE
IS
Most Humbly
PRESENTED
By the Author
NEHEMIAH GREW. [ix] [x] To his Honoured Friend J. W. Kirshaw Esqr.
Daniel Colwall Esq;
Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY. SIR, NONothing can be more fit, than to dedi-
cate a Catalogue of that Musæum
to your Self, of which you are
the Founder. You having, in your
Devotion to the Royal Society, offered
up to them That so noble an Hecatombe. The truth is, I have herein prosecuted, what the
Royal Society, by their Order for the making and
publishing of this Catalogue, had begun: they ha-
ving done the same, as with regard to Common
Use; so to return that which is but Right to your
Self, and that they might always wear this Cata-
logue, as the Miniature of your abundant Respects,
near their Hearts. Neither must your Voluntary Undertaking for
the Engraving of the Plates for this Work, be un-
known. You having done this, not only out of
respect to my Self; but likewise in order to a Pub-
lique Good; whereby you are a Benefactor to all
Ingenious Men. Besides the particular regard you had to the Royal
Society it Self; which seeming (in the opinion of
some) to look a little pale, you intended hereby, [xi]
to put some fresh Blood into their Cheeks; pour-
ing out your Box of Oyntment, not in order to
their Burial, but their Resurrection. To conclude, I have made this Address, not on-
ly to do You Right, but to do Right unto Virtue
it self; and that having proposed your exemplary
prudence unto others; they may from you, learn,
To use the redundant part of their Estates, either to
a Charitable end, as this City will witness for your
Self; or the Promotion of Masculine Studies, as in
the present Case: or other laudable ways, so as with
you, to merit a lasting esteem amongst the wiser
and better part of Mankind. I am,
Sir,
Your very humble
obliged Servant
N. GREW. [xii] THE
PREFACE. ASAs to the following Catalogue, I have some things to say, of the Or-
der, Names, Descriptions, Figures, and Uses of Particulars,
and the Quotations I have made therein. As to the first, I like not the reason which Aldrovandus gives
for his beginning the History of Quadrupeds with the Horse; Quòd præ-
cipuam nobis utilitatem præbeat. Being better placed according to the de-
grees of their Approximation, to Humane Shape, and one to another: and
so other Things, according to their Nature. Much less should I choose,
with Gesner, to go by the Alphabet. The very Scale of the Creatures, is a
matter of high speculation. As to the Names, where they were wanting, (which in our own Lan-
guage were many) I have taken leave to give them. But have generally re-
teind them, where I have found them all-ready given. Although, from some
distinguishing Note less convenient; as the Colour is, than the Figure.
And sometimes very Improper, as Concha Persica, and the like, from the
Place. For it often falls out, that the same Thing breeds in many Places.
But there is no Natural Reason, why it should be called by one, rather than
another. So that the Names of Things should be always taken from some-
thing more observably declarative of their Form, or Nature. The doing of
which, would much facilitate and Improve the Knowledge of them many ways.
For so, every Name were a short Definition. Where as if Words are con-
fus'd, little else can be distinctly learn'd. Yet I took it not to be my part,
actually to reform this matter; unless I had been writing an Universal Histo-
ry of Nature. In the Descriptions, I have taken care; First, to rectifie the mistakes of
such as are given us by other Hands. Secondly, not to Transcribe any; as
is too commonly done: but having noted something more especial therein, to
refer to the Author. Thirdly, where there is no Description at all, or that
is too short, or the faults therein many, to give one at large. For the doing
of all which, what the trouble of comparing Books together hath been, I say
with Sleydan in another Case, Post Deum Immortalem Ipse novi. In the Descriptions given, I have observed, with the Figures of Things,
also their Colours; so far as I could, unless I had view'd them Living, and
Fresh. And have added their just Measures. Much neglected by Writers
of Natural History. If any object against their length: perhaps they have not so well considered
the necessity hereof, for the cleer and evident distinction of the several Kinds
and Species, in so great a variety of Things known in the World. And wherein
also regard is to be had, to all that after Ages may discover, or have occasion
to enquire after. The Curiosity and Diligence of Pliny, is highly to be com-
mended. Yet he is so brief, that his Works are rather a Nomenclature,
than a History: which perhaps might be more intelligible to the Age he lived [xiii]
in, than the succeeding ones. But had He, and Others, been more parti-
cular in the Matters they treat of: their Commentators had engaged their
own and their Readers Time much better, than in so many fruitless and end-
less Disquisitions and Contests. It were certainly a Thing both in it self
Desirable, and of much Consequence; To have such an Inventory of Nature,
wherein, as on the one hand, nothing should be Wanting; so nothing Re-
peated or Confounded, on the other. For which, there is no way without
a cleer and full Description of Things. Besides, that in such Descriptions, many Particulars relating to the Na-
ture and Use of Things, will occur to the Authors mind, which otherwise
he would never have thought of. And may give occasion to his Readers, for
the consideration of many more. And therefore it were also very proper, That
not only Things strange and rare, but the most known and common amongst
us, were thus describ'd. Not meerly, for that what is common in one Coun-
trey, is rare in another: but because, likewise, it would yield a great aboun-
dance of matter for any Man's Reason to work upon. He that notes, That
a Grey hound hath pricked Ears, but that those of a Hound hang down;
may also the Reason of both: for that the former hunts with his Ears; the thethe
latter, only with his Nose: So that as a blind Man, minds nothing but
what he Hears: so a Hound, having his Ears half Stop'd with the Flaps,
minds nothing but what he Smells. He that shall observe, That a Horse,
which ought to have many and strong Teeth, and large and thick Hoofes,
hath no Horns: and that an Ox, with Horns, hath fewer Teeth, and
weaker Hoofs: cannot but at the same time see the Providence of Nature,
In disposing of the same Excrementitious parts of the Blood, either way, as
is most suitable to the Animal. One that considers the Teeth of a Horse, sees
the reason, why he hath so long an upper Lip; which is his Hand, and in
some sort answers to the Proboscis of an Elephant; whereby he nimbly winds
the Grass in great quantities at once into his Mouth. So that for Nature
to have made him a short Lip, had been to make a little Hopper, to a great
Mill. The same Animal having need of great Lungs, how necessary is it also
for him to have a broad Breast, well bowed Ribs, and wide Nostrils to give
them play? That being much pester'd with Flys, he should have a long brush
Tail to whisk them off. Whereas the Ass, which either for the hardness and
dryness of his Skin, or other Cause, is less anoy'd with them, hath no need of
such an one. That being heavy, he should not Tread or Leap stiff, as a Man;
but have a Pastern made him, gradually and safely to break the force of his
weight. By This, his Body hangs on the Hoof, as a Coach doth by the
Leathers. Without this, the most thorow pac'd Horse, would tread so
hard, that as it were impossible for any man to endure long upon his Back:
so his Joynts would be much chafed, and he must needs presently tyre. Yet
if it be too long, by yielding over much, it makes every step somewhat more
laborious, and to loose some ground. He that would have one for Carriage,
will choose him short, and high Back'd. For Runing, long, an clean or
slender Limb'd: another, were like a Man that should run a Race in his
Boots. And a due length is as necessary: which is, when the Measure be-
tween the Main and the Tail answers to the hight, or thereabout. If much
under, his hinder Feet will want their full scope: if much over, there will
be more weight to be moved with the same force, as if the weight were less.
But he that would have one for Draught, looks not that the Limbs be slen-
der, if they are strong; especially those behind. For though the fore Legs [xiv]
pull sometimes, most when they make an acute angle with the Belly; yet the
greatest stress usually lies upon the hinder; these being as the Centre of
Gravity, and the Load, and Body of the Horse, the two Counter Weights.
And when he Goes without Drawing, his fore Feet only support him; but
his hinder, serve also as Leavers to carry him on. And therefore when he
walks, he always moves his hinder Foot first. Together with such Notes as these, arising from the Description of the
outward Parts; how largely and usefully might that of the Inner; his Gene-
ration, Breeding and the like, be also insisted on. And so the like of other
Animals. Whereby a better History of them might be written in five years,
than hath hitherto been done in two Thousand. As for the Figures, I have given only those of such particulars, as are
omitted by others. Saving one or two, found in some Authors less known,
or common. Nor any, but what is also describ'd: which makes any further
Explication of these needless, besides what the Reader will find next before
them. After the Descriptions; instead of medling with Mystick, Mythologick,
or Hieroglyphick matters; or relating Stories of Men who were great Ri-
ders, or Women that were bold and feared not Horses; as some others
have done: I thought it much more proper, To remarque some of the Uses
and Reasons of Things. Where also for the sake of the English Reader, I
have undergone the transcribing some particulars. More I could have done,
with less trouble. These I hope will compensate the room, they take up.
Amongst Medicines, I have thought fit to mention the Virtues of divers
Exoticks. Because the greatest Rarity, if once experienced to be of good
use, will soon become common. The Jesuites Barque, of which, no Man
yet hath well describ'd the Tree, and very few know precisely where it grows;
yet what great quantity, doth the much use of it bring over to us? Unicorns
Horns, upon the like motive of Trade, would be as plentiful as Elephants
Teeth. I have made the Quotations, not to prove things well known, to be true;
as one * * Aldrovandus. (and he too deservedly esteemed for his great Diligence and Curio-
sity) who very formally quotes Aristotle, to prove a Sheep to be amongst the
Bisulca: Ovem, (inquit) ex genere esse Bisulcorum, non solùm ἀυτοψια
ipsa loquitur, sed Aristoteles etiam scripto publicavit, inquiens; as if
Aristotle, must be brought to prove a Man hath ten Toes. But partly, To
be my Warrant, in matters less credible. Partly, to give the Authors, that
which is their due: not at all liking the Malignant-way of some, who never
mention any, but to confute him. Yet withall, To rectifie his Mistakes
where I found them. And to mind the Reader, Not to peruse the most Ho-
nest, or Learned Author, without some caution. [xv] A Prospect of the whole WORK.
Of the MUSAÆM. PART. I.
Of Animals.
Sect. 1.
Of Humane Rarities.
Sect. 2.
Of Quadrupeds.

CHhap.: 1. Of Viviparous; and
particularly of Multifidous
Quadrupeds.
Chap. 2. Of Bifidous, and Solidipe-
dous Quadrupeds.
Appendix. Of certain Balls found in
the Stomachs of divers Quadru-
peds.
Chap. 3. Of Oviparous Quadrupeds.
Sect. 3.
Of Serpents.
Sect. 4.
Of Birds.
Chap. 1. Of Land-Fowles.
Chap. 2. Of Water-Fowles; parti-
cularly of the Cloven Footed.
Chap. 3. Of Palmipeds or Web-
Footed.
Chap. 4. Of their Eggs and Nests.
Sect. 5.
Of Fishes.
Chap. 1. Of Viviparous Fishes.
Chap. 2. Of Oviparous Fishes; par-
ticularly such as are Not-Scal'd.
Chap. 3. Of Scaled Fishes.
Chap. 4. Of Exanguious Fishes.
Sect. 6.
Of Shells.
Chap. 1. Of Shells Whirled and single.
Chap. 2. Of Shells Double and Mul-
tiple. To which are subjoyned 7.
Schemes comprehending them all.
Sect. 7.
Of Insects.
Chap. 1. Of Insects with Naked
Wings.
Chap. 2. Of Insects with Sheathed
Wings.
Chap. 3. Of Creeping Insects.
PART. II.
Of Plants.
Sect. 1.
Of Trees.
Chap. 1. Of Woods, Branches and
Leaves.
Chap. 2. Of Fruits; particulary such
as are of the Apple, Pear, and Plum
Kinds.
Chap. 3. Of Calibashes; and some
other like Fruits.
Chap. 4. Of Nuts, and divers other
like Fruits.
Chap. 5. Of Berries, Cones, Lobes,
and some other Parts of Trees.
Sect. 2.
Of Shrubs and Arborescent Plants.
Chap. 1. Of Shrubs, chiefly.
Chap. 2. Of Arborescent Plants.
Sect. 3.
Of Herbs.
Chap. 1. Of Stalks and Roots.
Chap. 2. Of Fruits.
Chap. 3. Of Seeds. [xvi]
Sect. 4.
Of Mosses, Mushrooms, &c. Toge-
gether Toge-
ther with some Appendents to
Plants.
Sect. 5.
Of Sea Plants.
Chap. 1. Of Sea Shrubs.
Chap. 2. Of other Sea Plants; and
of Sponges.
PART. III.
Of Minerals.
Sect. 1.
Of Stones.
Chap. 1. Of Animal Bodies petri-
fied; and such like.
Chap. 2. Of Vegetable Bodies petri-
fied; and Stones like them.
Chap. 3. Of Corals, and other like
Marine Productions.
Chap. 4. Of Gems.
Chap. 5. Of other Stones Regular.
Chap. 6. Of Stones Irregular.
Sect. 2.
Of Metalls.
Chap. 1. Of Gold, Silver, and Copper.
Chap. 2. Of Tin, Lead, and Iron.
Chap. 3. Of Antimony, Mercury,
and other Metallick Bodies.
Sect. 3.
Of Mineral Principles.
Chap. 1. Of Salts.
Chap. 2. Of Ambar and other Sul-
phurs.
Chap. 3. Of Earths.
PART. IV.
Of Artificial Matters.
Sect. 1.
Of things relating to Chymistry, and to
other Parts of Natural Philosophy.
Sect. 2.
Of things relating to Mathematicks;
and some Mechanicks.
Sect. 3.
Chiefly, of Mechanicks.
Sect. 4.
Of Coyns, and other matters relating
to Antiquity.
Appendix.
Of some Plants, and other Particulars.
Index.
Of some Medicines.
List.
Of those who have contributed to this
Musaeum. Of the Anatomical Part.
Chap. 1. Of the Stomachs and Guts
of six Carnivorous Quadrupeds, sc.
a Weesle, Fitchet, Polecat, Cat, Dog, and Fox.
Chap. 2. Of the Mole, which seems
to feed on Insects, as also of the
Urchan, Squiril, and Rat; chiefly
frugivorous.
Chap. 3. Of a Rabbit, Horse, and
Pig; both frugivorous and grami-
nivorous.
Chap. 4. Of a Sheep, and Calf;
chiefly graminivorous.
Chap. 5. Of the Uses of the Gulets
of Quadrupeds.
Chap. 6. Of the Uses of the Sto-
machs of Quadrupeds.
Chap. 7. Of the Uses of the Guts of
Quadrupeds.
Chap. 8. Of the Stomachs and Guts
of Birds.
Chap. 9. Of their Uses. q
Chap. 10. Of the Stomachs and
Guts of Fishes.
With a Short Explication of some of the Figures, next before them. [xvii] At a Meeting of the Council of the Royal Society,
July 18th 1678. Ordered,
THhat Dr. Grew be desired, at his leasure, to
Make a Catalogue and Description of the
Rarities belonging to this Society.
Thom. Henshaw Vice-Præses R. S. At a Meeting of the Council of the Royal Society,
July 5th 1679. Ordered,
THatThat a Book entitled, Musæum Regalis Societa-
tis, &c. By Dr. Nehemjah Grew, be Printed.
Thom. Henshaw Vice-Præses R. S. The Reader is desired to amend the following
ERRATA. PAgePage, 5. line, 3; for, only; read, chiefly p. 7. l. 24. r. Biliaria. p. 16. l. 12. r. Conical. p. 41. l. 20. r. Humorous. p. 49. in the margin, r. Schroderi Pharmac. p. 65. l. 15. f. European, r. Common. l. 22. again, r. Common. p. 70. l. 1. f. Poop, r. Prore. p. 72. l. 16. f. Mona, r. Man, and. p. 73. l. 1. f. Mona, r. Man. p. 103. r. Oviparous. p. 126. l. 34. dele, other. p. 136. l. 12. r. Fore-Whirled. p. 182. l. 18. add, Or rather, Prunus Sylv. Americana; the AMER: BLACK THORN. p. 202. l. 14. r. Ciliare. p. 220. l. 26. r. Taxocoquamoclit. p. 252. l. 10. dele, a Cap. 1 A
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
RARITIES
Belonging to the
ROYAL SOCIETY,
And preserved at
Gresham Colledge. PART I.
OF ANIMALS. SECT. I.
Of Humane Rarities. AN ÆGYPTIAN MUMMY given by the
Illustrious Prince Henry Duke of Norfolk. It is
an entire one taken out of the Royal Pyramids.
In length five feet and ½, defended with several linnen Co-
vers, all woven like ordinary Flaxen Cloth. But by the
spinning, distinguished into three kinds. The utmost, is
like Flaxen Cloth of two shillings an Ell: the inmost, of
half a Crown: the middlemost, of three shillings, or there-
about. The utmost Cover is divided into several pieces, each of
doubled Linnen, and adapted in figure to the part it covers, 2
as one on the Breast, another on the Belly, and so on all
the principal Parts. On each of these pieces is laid a white
Paint, of a kind of chalky or limy substance, of the thickness
of a Hen-Egg-shell. Upon this chalky ground are drawn
the Hieroglyphick Figures of Men, Women and Birds; in
Gold, yellow, red and blew. But with very rude shapes,
and the Colours no where mixed together. So very mean
was the Art of Painting amongst the Ægyptians here-
tofore. For we have reason to believe, that what was
done for one of their Kings or Nobles, was done with their
best skill. The middlemost Cover consisteth of one single and
entire piece of Linnen, almost like a Winding-sheet. It is
also tinged with some kind of Paint, but very lightly, and
without any Figures. The inmost Covering is wrapped round about the Head,
Trunk, each Arm, and each Leg apart, about thirty or
forty times, like so many swathing Bands. About twenty
of the utmost of these folds are lightly tinged, all the other
inmost more fully, with a blackish and gummous substance.
But the Flesh so fully, as it seems to be converted into a
black Rosin; which being held to the flame of a Candle, is
a little odorous and inflamable. The Bones also, are not only
outwardly, but also quite through of a black colour, as if
they were burnt. From hence it is very probable, That the way of Em-
balming amongst the Ægyptians, was by boiling the Body
(in a long Cauldron like a Fish-kettle) in some kind of liquid
Balsome; so long, till the aqueous parts of the flesh being
evaporated, the oily and gummous parts of the Balsome did
by degrees soak into it, and intimately incorporate there-
with. Much after the same manner, as the Sugar doth, in
the conditing of Pears, Quinces, and the like. 'Tis also likely, that a better way might be taken, than
this used by the Ægyptians. And that is, by boyling, or
rather soaking the Body in some white sort of Oyl, and
such as will dry, (as that of Walnuts) made and kept
so hot, as to evaporate the watery parts by degrees, and to
keep the flesh white, and not brittle, but limber and plient.
Which, especially in the business of Anatomy, would be
of good use: because, that all the Muscules of the Body, 3
being first parted one from another, might hereby be pre-
served sound, clean, and limber upon the Bones; and so all
the motions of the parts be explicated with the greatest ease,
and without any offensiveness. 'Tis equally probable, that the whole Compages of the
Muscules, as they lie upon the Bones, might with little
trouble, and less charge than by the former way, be truly
Tanned, or reduced to a limber sort of Leather; whereby
also the Weftage of the fibers, or other mechanisme of the
Muscules might more easily and leisurely be observed. For
the skins of Beasts, whereof Leather is daily made, are
Muscular; and in mans body consisteth, for the most part,
of the same carneous fibers, as the Muscules, but more
closely woven or matted together. Mummy, saith (a)Wormius (a) Musaeum
Wormia-
num. (and so most Writers here-
of) is of great use against Contusions, clodded Blood, Hard
Labour, & c. But let them see to it, that dare trust to old
Gums, which have long since lost their virtue. By some Chymists are also prepared Mummiæ Tinctura
Quercetani; Mummiæ Extractum Crolly; Oleum Olivarum
Mummiatum. (b) Schrod.
Pharm. (b) But the prudent Reader will take heed of
words. A MALE HUMANE FOETUS. Given by
Thomas Cox Esq; An Abortive of about the 4th Month. In
length five inches. The Head, from the hinder part to the
face, an Inch and ½. The Face, an Inch and ¼. The Back,
from shoulder to shoulder, an Inch and ¾ broad. The
Buttocks an Inch. The Arms and Thighs ½ Inch over.
The Wrist and small of the Leg, ¼ of an Inch. The Na-
vel-string ⅕ of an Inch; twisted like a Rope; and cut off
five Inches long. The Eyes shut. But the Mouth open.
It hath neither Nails, nor Hair. The Skin white and
smooth, almost as in Children newly born. See Dr.
W. Needham's curious Book de Fœtu Formato. (c)(c) And Ho-
bokenus's
Anatomia
Secundinae
Humanae. The largeness of the Head and Chest, with respect to the
other parts, is observable. The mouth being open, shews that
the Fœtus, even in the 4th Month, may that way take part of
its Aliment. (d) See (d) See Har-
vey de Ge-
nerat. Ani-
malium. The Skin hath been kept white and smooth
for so long a time, scil. above fifteen years, by being in-
cluded with rectified spirit of Wine in a Cylindrical Glass;
to the middle of which the Fœtus is poised, by means of a 4
Glass Buble of an Inch diametre, the Neck whereof is
fastned to the Anus of the Fœtus by a wyer. The entire SKIN of a MOOR. 'Tis tanned with
the Hair of the Head, and even the smallest in all the other
parts remaining on it. Herein are observable, the Fibers in the skin of the
Penis, which are very white, and exquisitely small, like the
thread of a Spiders Web. Likewise the thinness of the
true Cutis in the sole of the Foot; and on the contrary,
the extraordinary thickness of the Cuticula, especially in the
Heel, exceeding the sixth part of an Inch: which is about
fifty times the thickness of that in the ball of the Hand.
Bartholine (a) (a) Historiar.
Cent. 5. mentions a Farrier who had several Callo-
sities on his Right-Hand Fingers, as big as Walnuts. The same Author (b) (b) Historiar.
Cent. 3. shews the way of tanning a Hu-
mane Skin. I believe it may be tann'd by all the ways
which are us'd upon other Skins. He saith, (c) (c) Ibid. That a Thong hereof ty'd about the middle, is
of good use for facilitating the Birth; and especially against
Mother-Fits. Whether any other way, if so, than by raising
and fortifying the phancy (which will sometimes produce
strange effects) I leave to the Reader to judge. All the Principal VEINS, ARTERIES, and
NERVES, both of the Limbs and Viscera. The ge-
nerous Gift of John Evelyn Esquire. He bought them at
Padoa, where he saw them with great industry and exact-
ness (according to the best method then used) taken out
of the body of a Man, and very curiously spread upon
four large TABLES, whereon they are now preserved.
The Work of Fabritius Bartoletus then Vestingius's Assistant
there, and afterwards Physician to the King of Poland. The Veins and Arteries are so exceedingly well done, as
to shew the most curious Schemes which Laurentius and
other Physitians have given us of them, are real and not
fictitious. But the Nerves have been much more truly
and fully represented to us of late by Dr. Richard Lower, in
Dr. Willis. (d) De Ner-
vorum De-
script. & usu. (d) Especially as to their Plexus and Inosculations,
and their admirable Distributions to the Organs of the Sen-
ses, and the Viscera. Aristotle (e) Histor.
Anim. lib. 3.
c. 3. (e)by the account he gives of the Doctrine
of the Naturalists of his Time, and before him, seems to 5
have been the first, who to any purpose, observed the Di-
stribution of the Sanguineous Vessels. Yet he describes them
only chiefly from the Heart upward. Nor makes he any distincti-
on betwixt the Vena Portæ, and the Vena Cava. So that
even here he comes far short of that exactness which Ana-
tomists have since arrived at; as appears, upon inspecti-
on, by the TABLES above mention'd. The SCELETON of a Man. Wherein the num-
ber of Bones (about two hundred and fifty) together
with their dimensions, figures, and articulations are all easily
observable. Given by Thomas Povey Esquire. The History of the Bones, as finished, is well perform'd
by most Anatomists. But the manner, and order of their
beginning and perfection, hath been given us, so far as I
know, by the diligent Observations of Kirckringius (a) (a) Kirck-
ringii Osteo-
logia.
only. Of all Humane Bones indifferently, as well as of the Skull,
are prepared, Spiritus simplicior, Spiritus oleosus, Oleum
rectificatum, & Magisterium. Amongst which, the spiritus
oleosus, if well prepared, is of undoubted use against Hyste-
rical Passions, and in some other Cases, where the Nerves
especially are affected. The SCELETON of a Woman; of equal height
with the former. By comparing these two together, it
may be noted, That the Os Ilium is larger and more out-
ward in the Female Sceleton, than in the Male; sc. for the
more easie Labour, as Bartholine and others have also
observed by the like comparison. I add, That the same
Bone is also broader by ½ an Inch in the Female Sceleton,
than in the Male: sc. for the better sustentation of the
Fœtus in the Womb. Again, That the Os Sacrum is half
an Inch longer in the Female: both for the forementioned
reason, and also the better proportion of the Parts. On
the contrary, That the Vertebræ, especially of the Loyns,
are much broader, thicker, and stronger in the Male Scele-
ton, than in the Female; being hereby better fitted for the
bearing of burthens. And, that as in the Male Sceleton
there are 32 Teeth, as is usual, and in the Female but 28;
So the nether Chap in the Male Sceleton is half an Inch
broader than in the Female, as being made to accom-
modate a bigger Muscule for the motion of those 6
Teeth. And for the same reason, the Angles subjected
to the Os Jugale are above ½ an Inch more distant; For
that a Man being fitted, in other respects, to undergo
more labour; his Chaps also should be the better made
to eat the more. Once more, That the Skull of the Male
Sceleton, is much bigger, than of the Female; and so ca-
pable of more Brains. Although a little House may be
well furnished, and look better than a great one that stands
empty. The SCELETON of an Abortive Humane Fœtus.
'Tis not above two Inches long. The parts of the Head,
Chest, and Limbs are all entire, but not perfect. For the
extremities of the Bones of the Arms and Leggs, are at
both ends plainly cartilagineous. They are in thickness
like a Taylors stitching Thread. Given by Thomas Povey
Esq;. See Kirckringius de Fœtûs Ossibus. It may possibly be conceived by some, That the Bones,
at least some of them, are hard at the first; as Salts and
other like Crystallizing Bodies are as hard upon the very
first instant of their shooting, as they are when grown into
great Crystals. But it is so far evident, that all the Bones
are soft at the first, that I am of opinion, That originally
they are a Congeries of Fibers or fibrous Vessels, as true as
any other in the Body; which by degrees harden into
Bones: even as the inmost Vessels in a Plant, do in time
harden into Wood. (a) (a) See the
Authors A-
natomy of
Plants. And that as in a Plant, there are
successive additions of Rings or Tubes of Wood, made
out of Vessels: So in an Animal, it seems plain, That
there are additions successively made to the Bones out of
the Fibrous parts of the Muscules; especially, those whitest
Fibers which run transversly, and make the stamen or warp
of every Muscule. So that as in the Barque of a Plant,
part of the Vessels are successively derived outward to the
Rind, and part inward to the Sap, which afterwards be-
comes hard wood. (b)(b) See the
Authors
Compara-
tive Anatomy
of Trunks. So in the Flesh of an Animal, part
of the white transverse Fibers are successively derived to the
Skin (of which this chiefly consists) and part of them in-
wardly, making still new Periosteum's one after another, as
the old ones become so many additions to the Bones. A HUMANE SKULL that was never buried.
Whereof there are several Medicines prepar'd, (c) (c) See
Schrod.
Pharm. and
others. as Cra-
7
nium Humanum præparatum, Cranium Humanum Calcinatum.
Cranii Humani Magisterium, Spiritus Essentificatus, Oleum,
Sal Volatile, Tinctura, Galreda, i.e. Extractum Cranii Theo-
phrasti. But the Cranium præparatum, and the spirit are
most, and most deservedly, in use. A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with
Moss, by the Paracelsians call'd Usnea. This Moss is by
them commended for its peculiar Virtue in stopping of
bleeding at the Nose. Upon comparison it appears to me, to be the same, in
specie, with that described by Johannes Bauhinus under the
Title of Muscus facie Abietis. So that we may probably
expect the same advantage from the use of this, as of that
which grows upon Skulls. For a Skull can have no fur-
ther influence, than hath the alteration of the soil: which
although it may produce some differences, yet is sel-
dom or never known to alter the specifick Virtue of a
Plant. A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with the
Skin. Having been buried, as is probable, in some Limy,
or other like soil, by which it was tann'd or turn'd into a
kind of Leather. The GALL BLADDER, together with the
VASA BILARIABILIARIA, taken out of the Liver, and filled
with soft red Wax. Performed, and given by Dr. Swam-
merdam. The SPLEEN most curiously EXCARNATED,
and the Vessels filled with wax: whereby its Fibers and Ves-
sels are very well seen. Performed, and given by the same
Hand. A Portion of the PENIS and Urethra: wherein the
Corpora Nervosa are most conspicuous. By the same
Hand. A Portion of the INTESTINUM JEJUNUM:
wherein the Valvulæ conniventes observed by Rhuysserius,
delineated by Kirckringius, are well seen. It is observed (a) (a) Philo-
soph. Trans.
N. 125. by Dr. William Cole, That not only
these Valves, but the Fibers of the inner Muscular Mem-
brane of the Guts are admirably continu'd in a spiral Line,
all along from the Stomach to the very Anus. The PROPER VESSELS of a HUMANE 8
TESTICLE, separated and expanded, from their most
close and numerous into wider folds, for the space of a foot
in length, and half a foot in breadth. Performed by
Dr. Edmund King. It is taken for granted, I think almost by every body, That
Van Horne and de Graaf were the first Observers of these
Vessels. But that every one may have his due, it is worth the
Readers notice, That ten years before de Graaf's Book con-
cerning the same, a Description with Figures thereof, in the
Testicles both of a Boar and of a Man, were first published by
Vauclius Dathirius Bonglarus, sc. in the Year 1658. Where-
of also Mr. Oldenburgh hath given an account in the Philo-
sophical Transactions. N. 42. The WOMB of a WOMAN, blown up and
dried. Together with the Spermatick Vessels annexed; and
the Arteries in the bottom of the Uterus, undulated like
the Claspers of a Vine; all filled up with soft Wax. Also
the Membranous and Round Ligaments of the Womb, the
Ureters, Bladder, Clitoris, Nymphae, Hymen, Fallopian Tube,
and the Ovarys, commonly called the Testicles; all made
most curiously visibly, and given by Dr. Swammerdam.
The Descriptions and Figures hereof may be seen in the
same Authors Book, printed at Leyden, 1672. and presented
to the Royal Society. Of the Organs appropriated to Generation in both
Sexes, see also Van Hornes Prodromus, and Regnerus de
Graaf. Of the manner and use of filling the Vessels with Wax,
or other like substance, see the Honourable Mr. Boyle, in his
First Part, Of the Usefulness of Natural Philosophy; who, I
think, was the first that made mention of managing and
representing them this way. A TOOTH taken out of the Testicle or Ovary of a
Woman, and given by Dr. Edward Tyson. 'Tis near ½ an Inch
long, pointed like the Eye-Tooth of a Man, but more slen-
der. As hard and white as any in the Head. Here is also the Draught of another TOOTH, taken also
out of the Ovary of a Woman, by the same Hand, being
shaped pretty like one of the Grinders or great Teeth, and
as big. It is as white and as hard as the former. The
Womans Husband keeps the Tooth it self by him. 9
HAIR taken out of the Ovary of a Woman, and given
by the same Hand. It is fine, and most of it grey. The
length of one Hair (longer than the rest) ¼ of a yard. HAIR found by the same Person in the Ovary, and
Hornes of the Womb of a Bitch: as also in the Omen-
tum, Veins, and Heart. 'Tis all short, answerable in length
to the Hair of a Dog; and of a brown colour. The BONES of a Humane LEG and FOOT
grown together, and in some places rarified like a Sponge
or Pumice-Stone. 'Tis very probable, it was a Disease in
the Bones somewhat like to that which Chirurgions call an
Exostωsis; and that they became such, by some malignant
and strumous Ulcer. A piece of a BONE voided by Sir W. Throgmorton
with his Urine. Given by Thomas Cox Esq;. 'Tis about
the 3d. of an Inch over, and almost square. Smooth on
one side, and spongy on the other, on the edges rugged.
About the bigness of a little green Peas. In the Philosophical Transactions (Num. 4140.) there is a
Relation of a BULLET that was voided by the Penis
with the Urine. Communicated by Dr. Nath. Fairfax. A STONE voided from the Penis or Urethra of a
Man who lived at Exeter. Given by Dr. Cotton.
It is of a whitish colour, and soft substance, almost like
Chalk. In length two Inches and a quarter. Of a Py-
ramidal figure; with an obtuse Cone. Near the Base an
Inch over. Where it hath a little Hole or Canale tending
towards the Cone. When it first slipped out of the Blad-
der into the Penis, it was neither so thick or big, nor so hard,
but that, as it seems, the Urine pressing forward, forced a
hole for its passage through the middle of it. Which be-
ing opened, the Stone continued fixed in the same place,
viz.about an Inch behind the Glans Penis, for the space
of Thirteen Years. In which time, it gradually grew bigger,
till it came to the bulk above mention'd. And the said
Hole or Canale being by the continual accretion of new
matter, at last stop'd up, the Stone was then forced out of
the end of the Penis. This Man, in all this time, scarce felt any great Pains;
neither did he omit his usual Recreations or his business.
And once he took a Journey (on Horseback) from Exeter 10
to London, is about an hundred and thirty eight miles,
without any trouble. Bartholine (a) (a) Histor.
Cent. 5. mentions a Stone as big as a Walnut, of
an Ounce weight, which was voided at the upper end of
the Urethra, through which it there forced its way. Of Humane Stones bred either in the Kidneys or Blad-
der, are prepared, The Crystalline Salt, and the Elyxir.
Medicines hardly to be got, and at last, to little pur-
pose. Of the Nature of the Stone, and of those Medicines
which are most effectual to prevent the Generation of it,
see some experiments of the Authors in his Book of the
Luctation arising from the mixture of Bodies. SECT. II. Of Quadrupede's. CHAP. I.
Of Viviparous Quadruped's; particularly, such as are Multifidous. A MONKEY. Cercopithecus: qu. Simia caudata. See
the Descriptions and Figures of several kinds in Al-
drovandus, Marggravius, and others. Aldrovandus speaks
of some as big as a Mastiff, having Tails five Cubits long. (b) Barl. Re-
rum gest. in
Bras. Hist.
p. 223.
In Brasile there is a sort of yellowish Monkey, which
smell like Musk. (b) In which place they are numerous,
and in great variety. (c) As also in all the Mountanious
places of the (c) Joh. de
Laet. East Indies. (d) As they climb the Trees, if
in danger of falling, they save themselves not only with their
Feet, but their Tails, by wraping them round about the next
Bough.(d) Aldro-
vandus a
Monfet de
Re Cibariâ. The Zygantes in Africa esteem them good meat. The SCELETON of a MONKEY. Where-
in the distance betwixt the Os sacrum and the Ischia, as it
is much greater, than in the Sceleton of a Woman, is
observable. Likely so, in other Viviparous Quadrupede's: 11
for which cause, partly, they have all more easie Labour
than a Woman. The THROTTLE BONE of a Male AQUI-
QUI; which the People of Brasile call the King-Mon-
key; being far bigger than all the other kinds; described
by J. de Laet, (a) Lib. 15.
c. 5. (a) out of Lerius. 'Tis a Bone, so called
by the English, with the help of which he makes a very
great noise. For 'tis hollow, and very hard. Exceeding
thin, and so half transparent. In length two Inches and
½. In height an Inch and ¼. In breadth almost two Inches.
At one end, hath an Aperture an Inch wide every way. On
the top furrow'd, so as to resemble a Puppies Skull. I suppose it is placed in the Throat, or at the upper
end of the Larynx, near the Epiglottis. Joh. Lerius describing
of it, (b) (b) J. de
Laet. lib. 15.
c. 5. falsly falsely calls it a Membrane. The SLOATH. Ignavus sive Pigritia. An Animal
of so slow a motion, that he will be three or four days,
at least, in climbing up and coming down a Tree. (c)(c) Bartaeus
de Reb. Bras.
p. 222.
And to go the length of fifty Paces on plain ground, re-
quires a whole day. (d) The Natives of Brasile call him
Haii, from his voice of a like (d) Clusius.sound: which he com-
monly repeats about six times together, descending, as if
one should sing, La, sol, fa, mi, re, ut. (e)(e) Id. Whatsoever he
takes hold of, he doth it so strongly (or, rather stifly) as
sometimes to sleep securely while he hangs at it. (f)(f) Guliel.
Piso. See
his Description in Clusius, Marggravius, Piso, and others.
They all seem to omit the length of his fore feet, which is
almost double to that of his hinder. From the shag of his Body, the shape of his Legs, his
having little or no Tail, the slowness of his gate, and his
climbing up of Trees, as little Bears are us'd to do, he seems
to come near the Bear-kind: from which he chiefly differs,
In having but three Claws upon a foot. He breedeth prin-
cipally in Florida and Brasile. Two BLACK-BEAR CUBS. The Description
of the Bear, see in Aldrovandus, Gesner, &c. The Ana-
tomy, in the Philosophical Transactions N. 49., They breed
most in Nova Zembla, and other of the more Northerly
Countries. In Norway they hunt him, and so in Helvetia
and Muscovy, and if he be fat, they account him a delicate
Dish. (g) (g) Moufet,
de Re Ciba-
ria, & Mu-
sæum Worm. 12 'Tis observed by Aldrovandus, That a Bear hath Hair
on both the Eye-lids, as a Man, which other Quadrupedes
have not. Natalis Comes (cited by the same Author) com-
paring his parts with those of a Man, reckons his Claws
among them, which are much more like to those of a
Lion. So easie it is, to drive on the comparison too far,
to make it good. The FOOT of a white Groenland BEAR, which
is half a foot broad. Vadianus (a) Quoted
by Gesner. (a) saw a Bear-skin five
feet long, and broader than a Bulls Hide. The Bear to
which this Foot did belong, might be as big. A LEOPARDS SKIN. 'Tis a yard broad. From
the Snout to the hinder end of the Tail near three yards.
The Tail a yard. See the Description of the Animal in Al-
drovandus, &c. If they are well compar'd, he is every way, in shape,
like a Cat: his Head, Teeth, Tongue, Feet, Claws, Tail, all
like a Cats. His actions also like a Cats; he boxes with
his fore-feet, as a Cat doth her Kitlins; Leaps at the Prey,
as a Cat at a Mouse; and will also spit much after the same
manner. So that they seem to differ, just as a Kite doth
from an Eagle. The Leopard (and all of this kind) as he goes, al-
ways keeps the Claws of his fore-feet turned up from the
ground, and sheath'd as it were in the Skin of his Toes,
whereby he preserves them sharp for Rapine, extending
them only, when he leaps at the Prey. See somewhat to
this purpose in Gesner, out of Pliny. He is begotten by a Lion, upon a Panther, (b) (b) Aldro-
vandus. which
hath her name from her being so fierce. Yet in Tartary
they keep Leopards tame, and breed them up for hunting
of Deer, and other Beasts; especially for the Great Cham's
use. (c) (c) Gesner
out of Pau-
lus Venetus. They are most numerous in Africa and Syria. The SKULL of a young TIGER. Both as to the
Teeth, and otherwise it well resembles that of a Cat. Except
that in the room of the Transvers Suture in a Cat, there is one
in the figure of a great Y; so wonderfully close and firm, as
the Bones seem to be continuous. Except also the outward Si-
nus's of the lower Jaw, where the Musculi Temporales and the
Mansorii primi are inserted: as being, rateably, much deeper
than in a Cats; and so better fitted to receive those Muscules
which are here also much more robust. 13
Two CLAVICULAR Teeth or Tusks of a Tiger.
A little crooked like those of a Dog or Cat. Their exerted
part very white. By the bow, almost five Inches long.
From the top of their Root, or from the seat of the Gooms,
to their apex near two Inches. An Inch over, and two
and ½ about. The Animal to which they belonged, was
kill'd in Java major, and weighed 435 pounds. A great
weight, considering, that not feeding on Grass, but Flesh
only, they have no great Belly. Aldrovandus saith, He
saw the Skin of one above five foot long, and therefore
guesses the Animal was almost as big as a Horse. Which
this also may well be thought to have match'd. One of the fore-CLAWS of the same TIGER.
'Tis somewhat white and half transparant, very flat, sharp
pointed, and extreamly hooked; every way in colour and
shape like the Claw of a Cat. At the Basis, 'tis an Inch
broad, and measur'd by the bow, 'tis two Inches and ½
long. Note, That as the Bone, whereon the Claw is set,
receives it into a little Fovea or Groove; so is the Bone,
again, by a double Epiphysis, inserted into the Claw: by
which means it is more strongly and immovably contained
in its place, for the surer grasping of the Prey. Two other lesser CLAWS of a TIGER. The Tiger excels in swiftness; from whence he hath
his Arabick Name, as well as the River call'd Tigris. As
also in Fierceness: and yet in fondness and love to her
Cubs; of which see divers instances in Gesner. An Im-
pression which Nature hath stampt upon all Creatures, to
secure the succession of Generation. They abound in
Mexico, Brasile, and in the East Indies. A Great STONE taken out of a Dogs Bladder.
Given by the most Reverend Seth Lord Bishop of Sarum.
The figure hereof is Oval, but flat on both sides. 'Tis above
an Inch and ½ thick, two Inches and ½ over, and above
three Inches long. Of a limy or chalky colour, and all
over rough. Note, that nitrous spirits dropped here upon, scarce
produce any ebullition; although dropped on the redish
Stones, bred in a mans bladder, it produceth a great one.
Of a like Stone bred in a Dogs bladder, see a Relation in
the Phil. Trans. N. 84. Taken out of the Roman Journal
de Letterati. 14
The GREAT TAMANDUA; by the People of
Brasile, Tamandua-guacu; by the English, the Great Ant-Bear;
Because he feeds upon Ants, and is shagg'd, and hinder-
footed almost like a Bear. He hath also a very long and
sharp Snout, a slender Tongue, and extensible to a great
length, also a long and brushy Tail: which are his prin-
cipal Characters. See him described in John. de Laet, out
of Lerius, in Guliel. Piso, Marggravius, and others. Abbæ-
villanus, quoted also by Joh. de Laet, (a) Lib. 16.
c. 15. (a) hath given a
different Description; and probably a false one. He catcheth Ant's by scratching open their subterraneal
Hives, and then thrusting his Tongue into them; which (b) Barlaei
Res Brasil.
p. 223.
after a while, he draws back into his mouth laden with
the Prey. (b) He useth his Tail for a Cover, which, like a
Squirrel, he sometimes spreads over his whole body. (c) (c) Ibid. The SKULL of the RIVER-HORSE or HIP-
POPOTAMUS. If we respect his Figure, he were more
properly called BUPOTAMUS, or RIVER-OXE.
And accordingly the Germans rightly call him Wasser-
Ocks; and the Italians at Constantinople BOMARIN.
The same Animal, which in the Book of Job is called
BEHEMOTH; as is solidly proved by Bochart, in his
Hierozoicon. He is almost every where described very
falslyfalsely. Aristotle falsly falsely gives him a Maine, like that of a
Horse: deluded, 'tis likely, by the Name. Kircher (d) (d) Chin.
Illustr.
falsly falsely gives him all Horse Teeth. In the Musæum Roma-
num, he is described with double Hoofs like an Ox, and
pictured with four or five Claws like a Bear; neither truly.
Bellonius, who saw one alive, but yet very young, was
the first that hath given any tollerable Description of him.
Yet as to the Teeth, he is mistaken, comparing them all to
those of a Horse: probably because they were not yet
grown. (e) Fab. Co-
lum. lib. de
Aquat. &
Terrest. (e) But Columna, who also saw one, and that full
grown, hath given a most accurate Description hereof,
his principal Characters being these; Four yards and half
long, about two yards high, a yard and half broad. Short
leg'd. Cloven-hoofed; yet not with two, but four Hoofs.
Tailed like a Tortoise. (Or like a Hog, (f)(f) Solinus
and others
quoted by
Bochart. which he also
twists in the same manner) Head almost like an Ox. His
Chaps wide. His Eyes small. His fore Teeth prodigiously
great, being some of them ½ a foot round about, above ¼ 15
of a foot long; as is evident in the Skull here preserved;
and other particulars mention'd by Columna in his copious
Description hereof. The great prominency of the Os Jugule is also obser-
vable; as being thereby fitted for the reception of marve-
lous great and strong Muscules for the drawing of his
Chaps together. Rings made of his Teeth, are believed to be very ef-
fectual against the Cramp. (a) (a) Charl.
On. Zoci. Those that sell Artificial
Teeth, usually make them of the long Teeth of this Ani-
mal, as being supposed the best for this purpose. His Teeth, says Columna, are so hard, that being struck
against Steel, produce sparks of fire. And thence concludes
it probable, That this Animal, by striking his Teeth one
against another, in the night time, might produce the like,
and so seem, as it were, to vomit or breath out fire; a
thing attributed to him by the Ancients. But the error of
this Conjecture is double: First in his not considering, That
the fire (could any be produced by striking Steel against
these Teeth) would be struck not out of the Teeth, but
out of the Steel. And next, In that, in truth, no fire can
be produced by either striking of these Teeth one against
another, or against Steel it self; as I have try'd. (b) Fab. Co-
lum. out of
Strabo and
Solinus.
(c) Mus. Sep-
tal. c. 29. &
Linschot.
204. He is found in the Rivers Nile and Bamboth; (b) as also
near the Indian; and in Zaire, the great River of Congo. (c) Several Teeth, both of the upper and nether Jaw of the
Hipopotamus. Some so big, that they seem to have belonged
to a much bigger Skull, than this here. A PISLE said to be that of the HIPPOPOTAMUS.
It seems to be only that part of the Pisle which he exerts.
'Tis in length, above a foot. The Glans even now it is dry,
above seven Inches about. The other end very slender. The fore-TOOTH of a BEVIR, so called from
FIBER by a transposition of Letters. 'Tis three Inches
and half long, with the Root, or that part which is fixed
in the Chap. Near half Inch broad. A little crooked,
and distorted or writhen. Triangular, the inner Angle
more obtuse. Its end sharpen'd very obliquely, after the
manner of a Chizel. So that these Teeth may properly
be called DENTES SCALPRARII: wherewith
this Animal, as with so many strong Chizels, pairs off the
Barques of Trees for his use. 16
The TAIL of a CASTOR or BEVIR. Of
a peculiar shape, being very broad and flat, like
an Apothecaries Spatula, but much bigger, being ten
Inches long, and five broad. Almost bald, though the
Beast very hairy; and cancellated with some resemblance
to the Scales of Fishes. Nature having hereby, as well as
in other respects, marked him for an Amphibious Animal.
The Scythians (a) Gesner
out of Pom-
ponius Sabi-
nus. (a) eat the Tail of a Castor, as a dainty, being
sometimes as fat as bacon. The PISLE-BONE of a CASTOR. So I find it
inscrib'd. 'Tis very smooth and solid. In length four
Inches and ½. Chonical Conical, about ½ Inch over at one end,
¼ Inch at the other. At both ends inflected like the let-
ter S. See the Description of the Animal in Gesner, and others.
His parts most remarkable, are those now described, and
the Castor-Bag. His Anatomy see in the Philosophical
Transactions, N. 49. Many strange Stories of his Inge-
nuity in Aldrovandus, Wormius, and others. He breeds in
Italy, France, and other places: but our best Castor is from
those of Russia. The great and principal use whereof
inwardly, is in Hysterical and Comatose Cases. An OTTER. Lutra. See him describ'd in Aldrovan-
dus, &c. The Toes of his hinder feet, for the better swim-
ming, are joyn'd together with a Membrane, as in the
Bevir. From which he differs principally in his Teeth,
which are canine; and in his Tail, which is feline, or a
long Taper. So that he may not be unfitly called Puto-
reus aquaticus, or the Water Polecat. He makes himself
burrows on the water side, as a Bevir. Is sometimes
tamed, (b) Gesner
out of Olaus
Magnus. (b) and taught, by nimbly surrounding the Fishes,
to drive them into the Net. In Scandinaria they will
bring the Fishes into the very Kitchen to the Cook. See
some Observations of this Animal in the Philos. Trans.
N. 124. He breeds every where. The QUILLS of a PORCUPINE. Tela Histricis.
The Animal is described by Aldrovandus, and others; but
the Quills not so fully. They are very smooth, and thick
as a Goose-quill. With black and whitish portions alter-
nately from end to end. Their Root ⅓ of an Inch long.
Their Point not round, but flat and two-edg'd, like that 17 of a Sword, or of some Needles. So that they both bore with
their Point, and cut with their edges at the same instant,
whereby they wound the more surely. The Porcupine erects his Quills, at his pleasure, as a Pea-
cock doth his Tail. And, partly by stretching his Skin, (a)(a) Gesner
out of Soli-
nus.
shoots them at his pursuing Enemy. It may also be noted,
That being rooted so little a way in the Skin (nothing near
so deeply as the Quills of Fowls) they are the more easily
ejaculated. They breed in India, Africa, and Ethiopia. An HEDGHOG, or Urchan. Echinus, Herinaceus.
See him describ'd in Aldrovandus. Anatomiz'd in Bartho-
line's Acta Medica. The Urchan, though a Viviparous Ani-
mal, yet hath his Testicles lying within his Body, as in the (b) Arist. H.
Anim. l. 3c. 1.
Oviparous kind. (b) In the Island Maraguan, in the North
of Brasile, are some Urchans very great, almost as big as (c) Joh. de
Laet. (out of
Abbævila-
nus) lib. 16.
c. 15.
Boars. (c) He makes his Bury with two Entries, to the
North and South; and according to the weather and
season, keeps the one stopt up, the other open. (d) The (d) Gesner,
out of Plu-
tarch.
Liver, Stomach, and fat of this Animal are sometimes me-
dically used. The GREAT SHELL'D HEDGHOG. By
the Natives of Brasile, called TATU; By the Spaniards,
ARMADILLO; as Names common to the several
species. And by Latin Authors, Echinus Brasiliensis. This
once belonged to the Duke of Holstein. See the Description
of this Species in Clusius, and others. Those Creatures which are cover'd with Feathers, Scales,
or Shell, saith Aristotle, (e) (e) Histor.
Anim. lib. 1.
c. 11. have no Auricula or outward
Ear. So that he never saw this Animal; nor many others
now known, and some which he ventures to describe;
as appears by those general Assertions, whereof he is too
often guilty. He gathers himself up, Head, Feet and Tail, within his
Shell, as round as a ball: as Piso hath also pictur'd him.
(f) (f) Hist. l. 3.
8. 3. And this he doth, not only when pursued, but also
when he sleeps. Unless he be ty'd, he will dig out his
way under the very walls of a house. (g) (g) Mus.
Septal. For it is his na-
ture to dig himself Buries, as the Coney doth; which he
doth with very great celerity. (h)(h) Clusius. For the tenderness, whiteness and delicacy of his Flesh,
he is reserved for Feasts; (i) (i) Barlæus
de Rebus
Bras. p. 222. and therein prefer'd before 18 either Conies or sucking-Pigs. (a) (a) Guil.
Piso. The Plates of his Shell
being powder'd and given in a draught of the Decoction
of Sage in the quantity of ʒj, provoketh sweat; and are
a singular remedy against the Lues Venerea, saith Barlæus.
(b) (b) P. 369.
out of Franc.
Ximines. If it provoketh sweat, it may be used to good pur-
poses, whether it cureth that Disease, or no. The PIGHEADED ARMADILLO. Tatu Por-
cinus. Nierembergius hath described this Species, but yet
imperfectly. The best of any Wormius; who also omiteth
some particulars, and in others is mistaken. From his Snout-end to his Tail, about ten Inches and
½; being younger and lesser than that of Wormius. His
Body four Inches over. His Head an Inch and ¼, and three
Inches long. The end of his Nose scarce half an Inch
over, shaped like that of a Pig; from whence I have taken
leave to name it. His Ears not above ¼ of an Inch distant
one from the other. His fore-foot two Inches and ½ long,
above ½ Inch over. On which he hath four Toes; the
two foremost of which are an Inch long, the other two ½
an Inch. The hinder-foot of equal length, but thicker.
On which there are five Toes; the three foremost, and
thickest whereof are an Inch long, the other two ½ an Inch.
His Tail about 11 Inches long, at the Buttocks an Inch
and ¼ over, at the end as small as a Shoomakers Shoemaker's waxed
Thread. His Head, Back, Sides, Legs, and Tail, are all cover'd with
a shelly Armour. His Head, with Shells, Scales for the
most part, five and six angled. His Shoulders, with round
ones, and lesser, about ¼ of an Inch over; betwixt which
other lesser ones are interjected. The Back-piece consisteth
of about ten shell Plates, joyned together by the mediation
of as many parallel Skins. Every Plate is about ½ Inch
broad, curiously composed of small triangular or wedge-
like pieces, indented one against another, and pounced or
pricked all along their edges. His Buttocks adorned in the
same manner as his Shoulders. His Shell ending next his
Tail, with an Elipsis. The fore-part of his Tail is encom-
pass'd with shelly Rings, in number eleven; composed not
of triangular, but sixangl'd and square pieces. The other
half with Scales set together, as on his Head. His nether
Buttocks, Belly, Breast, Neck, and Ears are all naked. His 19 Eyes black, round, and very little; resembling a black
Bead of the bigness of a Vetch. His Grinders in each
Chap about twelve. More properly Tunsores; because
they are level and smooth on the top. No thicker than a
great Needle. Besides these Teeth, I find none. By the help of the aforesaid Plates, and parallel Skins toge-
ther with the Muscules that lie under them, this Animal is
able, like the Hedge-Hog, to gether up himself into a round
ball. For the better performance of which action, Nature
hath also left his ThroathThroat, Neck, Breast and Belly naked. As
also his Ears, that he may turn them more expeditely for the
reception of sounds from every quarter. His Eyes, like those
of a Mole, very little, as most suitable to a Creature living
for the most part in the dark, and under ground. His
hinder feet, like a Conies, more strong, for the better
working of his Buries. Piso (a) (a) Hist. l. 3.
S. 3. maketh the action of conglobation peculiar to
this species, but very falslyfalsely, as will appear by the following
Description. The WEESLE-HEADED ARMADILLO.
Tatu Mustelinus. I find this species no where describ'd.
For that Description of a third species in Clusius, was taken
only from some Picture, no way answering to the Animal
before us. His Head in figure almost like a Weesles, whence I take
leave for his Name. 'Tis three Inches and ½ long; his
Forehead two Inches and ½ broad, and very flat; the end
of his Nose ½ Inch. His Eyes small, ¼ of an Inch long.
His Ears two Inches distant one from another; an Inch
long. His Body or Trunk 11 Inches long, about six
broad. His Tail 5 ½ long; near the Buttocks an Inch and
¼ over, the extremity ⅕ of an Inch. His fore-Leg two
Inches and ½ long, ¼ broad. On which there are five Toes;
whereof the three foremost are an Inch long, the other
two half an Inch: all with Claws the ⅓ of an Inch. On his
hinder foot (which is somewhat bigger) he hath also five
Toes, as in the foremost. His Head, Back, Sides, Legs, and Tail are cover'd with a
shelly Armour. His Head-piece, as also the shells on his
Legs, are composed of roundish ScalsScales, a ¼ of an Inch over.
His Neck-piece is a single Plate, composed of little pieces, a ¼ 20 of an Inch square. His Shoulder-piece consisteth of several
Ranks or Rows of such like square pieces, but not set toge-
ther by any Articulation, or movable Conjunction. His
Back-piece, reaching also over his Buttocks to his Tail, is com-
posed of several Plates, in number eighteen, moveably
joyned together by as many intermediate Skins. The fore-
most and greatest of these Plates, consist of square pieces ½
Inch long, and a ¼ broad. The hindermost, of square and
round ones together. The extream part of the Shell next
the Tail, is Parabolick. The fore part of the Tail is sur-
rounded with six Rings; consisting of little square pieces.
The other half with Scals Scales. His Breast, Belly and Ears all
naked; for the same purposes, as in the former. This Species, by the greater number of Plates, seemeth
able to draw, especially his hinder parts, more roundly in-
ward, than the other. The FLYING SQUIREL, qu. Sciurel, from Sciu-
rus. Not described, unless by Scaliger. The colour
of his Body a dark grey. Of his Tail, almost that of straw.
Lesser than the common Squirel, not above five Inches and
½ from his Nose end to his Buttocks. His Skin, from his Sides,
Thighs and Legs (almost as the wings of a Bat) is stretched
out about an Inch in breadth, or more or less at his plea-
sure: by means whereof he leaps further, and alights the
more safely; and is therefore called The flying Squirel. In
other respects, like the Europæan kind. It was sent from
Virginia, its breeding place. He seems to be the same Animal which Scaliger de-
scribes under the Name of the Flying Cat. Exercit. 217.
S. 9. The Squirel, when he hath a mind to cross any water(a) Gesner,
out of the
Author of the
Book, de
Naturâ Re-
rum; out of
Vincentius,
Beluacensis,
and Olaus
Magnus.
for a good Nut-Tree, picks out, and sits on some light
piece of Barque for a Boat, and erecting his Tail for a Sail,
he makes his Voyage. (a) 21 CHAP. II.
 Of VIVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S,
Particularly such as are BIFIDOUS, and
SOLIDIPEDOUS. THe The LEG of a GREENLAND STAG. It is
scarce four Inches long. Nor above ⅓d of an Inch
over. Cover'd all over with very short hair, of the ordi-
nary russet or reddish brown colour. The hoofs somewhat
black, ½ inch long, ⅓ broad, and ¼ high. Given by
Mr. Palmer. The BONES of a STAGS heart. About an inch
and ¼ long, and ¼broad. Very thin, but yet hard and solid.
They seem to be a help for the stronger and more steady
motion of the Muscules of the heart. Butchers often find
the like in the heart of an Ox; which are easily substituted
for the former: and I would as soon trust the one, as the
other. A STAGS TEARS. A thicken'd Excretion from
the inward Angle of his Eye. In colour and consistence
almost like to Mirrh; or Ear-wax that has been long
harden'd in the Ear. Of a strong stinking smell, like that
of the Animal's sweat. They are generally affirmed
to be sudorifick, and of an Alexipharmick nature. And
if they were as easie to be had, as some Womens, it were
worth the trying. They are quite a different thing from that little round
and hard Bone, which Scaliger describes (a)(a) Exerc.
112. by the Name
of Lachryma Cervina, and which he affirms to grow in the
great Corner of a Stags Eye to the Bone, after an hundred
years old. I doubt a stranger sight, than the Ludus Secu-
laris; such as no man (but himself) ever saw, or shall
see. The MUSK DEER. Capreolus Moschi. Gesner
reckoning up the Names, tells us, That the English call
him a Musk Cat. But is better at other Languages.
He breeds in China, and the East Indies. Not ill pictur'd 22 in Calceolarius's Musæum. That in Kircher's China Illustrata
faulty as to the Snout and Feet. That of Johnston ab-
surd. Almost every where worse describ'd. That he is
a two-horn'd Animal, says Aldrovandus, all agree, except
 Simeon Sethi, who saith he hath but one. Neither of which
is true. The Description likewise given by Scaliger, and
out of him by Chiocco in Calceolarius's Musæum is false, and
very defective. The best I find is amongst the German
Transactions. To which I would have refer'd the Rea-
der, but that comparing it with That I had drawn up before
I met with it, I see some differences. From his Nose end to his Tail, a yard and ½ a foot long.
His Head above ½ a foot. His Neck ¼ of a yard. His Fore-
head three inches broad. His Nose end scarce ¾ of an inch,
being very sharp, like that of a Grey-Hound. His Ears
like a Coneys, about three inches long, and erect. As also
his Tail or Scut, which exceeds not two inches. His fore-
Leg a foot and two inches long, taking in Foot and Thigh.
Near an inch over: the Foot deeply cloven; with two
fore-Hoofs, an inch and ¼ long, each ¼ of an inch over; and
two Heels, almost as big, and therefore conspicuous. His
hinder feet are here wanting. His hair on his Head and Legs about ½ inch long, and
rateably small. On his Belly an inch and ½ long, and some-
what thicker. On his Back and Buttocks three inches long:
thicker in proportion, than in any other Animal, except
perhaps some of the Deer kind, sc. three or four times as
thick as Hogs Bristles: consisting of brown and white porti-
ons alternately from the Root to the top. On the Head and
Legs, brown; On the Belly and under the Skut, whitish. As
it were frizled, especially on the Back and Belly, by a kind of
undulation. Softer than in most Animals, and exceeding
light and rare. For being split, and view'd with a Glass,
they appear to be made up of little Bladders, like those in
the Plume or Stalk of a Quill: so that it is a thing betwixt
a common Hair and a Quill. On each side his lower
Chap, almost under the corners of his mouth, there is a
peculiar Tuft (about ¾ of an inch long) of short, thick and
hard hairs, or rather Bristles, of equal length, as in a scrub-
ing-Brush. The Musk Bladder or Bag is about three inches long, 23 two over, and swelling out from his Belly one and ½.
Standing before his Groin about as much. I find it cut
open, whereby the observation of its natural Aper-
ture (which I suppose it hath as the Castor-Bag) is pre-
vented. He hath 26 Teeth. In his lower Chap, sixteen; of which
there are eight little Cuters before; behind, four Grinders
on each side, rugged and continuous. As many like Grin-
ders in the upper Jaw. About an inch and ½ from the
Nose end, in the same Jaw, on each side a Tusk, two
inches and ½ long, hooked downward, and backward, and
ending in a point. Not round, but flat, the breadth of ½
an inch; thin, and having a sharp edge behind: so as
it may not unfitly be liken'd to a Sithe. There are no
Horns. The Hair of this Animal, by its softness and rarity, are
a singular contrivance of Nature to keep him warm. For
all Garments, the softer and rarer they are, (cæt. par.) they
are the warmer. For the same cause, the Hair on his Back,
is also the longest; sc. for the better protection of the Spi-
nalis Medulla, His two Tusks, by the Figure, appear to
serve for fighting partly, and partly for feeding; by the
help whereof he is able either to stub up edible Roots out
of the ground, or to tear off the Barques, or break down
the Boughs of Trees. By the help of his great Ears, he hears
his approaching enemy the further off, to make his flight.
So also the Hare, being a fearful Animal, hath the like.
Nature hath furnished him with great heels, both to en-
able him to make the greater leaps, and to light also upon
his Feet the more safely, for by their means, the force of
his weight is gradually broken. Scaliger's mistakes (a) (a) Exerci-
tat. 21. about this Animal, are principally
these two; In saying his Tusks grow out of his nether
Jaw; and in calling the Musk, A postemated Blood. For
he might as well call Civet and Castor the Blood of those
Animals that yield them. And if it were apostemated, it
would not be separated from the Flesh, but contiguous to
it: whereas it is plain, that the Musk was here inclosed
on all sides, in an entire Cystis or Bag made by nature for
that purpose. The VELVET HORNES of a Greenland Roe- 24Buck. They are a yard high, with numerous, and round
Branches. Covered all over with an ashcolour'd hair, a
¼ of an inch long, and standing upright, as the Pile of
Velvet. The HORNES of an Indian Roe-Buck; which the
people of Brasile call Cuguacu-apara. See the Description
of the Animal in Marggrarius. His Picture in Johnston; but
under the name of the Capreolus Marinus. The HORNES of a Roe-Deer of Greenland. They
are very little more than an inch long, and half an inch
over. They are pointed at the top, and knobed or tube-
rous at the bottom. Deer in New Mexico are so big, (a)(a) Joh. de
Laet. from
the Observa-
tion of Alfon-
sus de Be-
navides. that they breed them up
to draw with, as we do with Oxen and Horses. So strangely
does the Climat Climate alter the Bulk of some Animals. Dear,
and they only, may be suppos'd to cast their horns, because
they have neither a long Tail, as Oxen; nor so long hair
as a Goat or a Ram; by either of which is made a conti-
nual consumption of the same matter, which in Deer
goes into the horns. The horns of Deer, are of all other
the fullest of Volatile Salt. Which may lead us to con-
jecture of the like nature of his flesh, and blood; and the
cause of his great salacity. The ROCK-DOE. Ibex foemina. A kind of wild
Goat. See the Description of Pliny, and Bellonius. She
breeds chiefly upon the Alps. A Creature of admirable
swiftness. And may probably be that very Species men-
tion'd in the Book of Job. (b)(b) Chap.
39. Her horns grow sometimes so
far backward, as to reach over her Buttocks. The HORNES of the WREATHED-Horn-
Goat, or Antilope of Barbary, called Capra Strepsicerotes, and
Gazella. See the Description of the Animal in Wormius.
These Hornes are about a foot and ¼ long. But in Septa-
lius's Musaeum there is one pair said to be above a yard in
length. They are twisted into a kind of spiral shape, but
the Rings which seem to be spiral, are really circular. The BONE of the ANTILOPES HORN;
which is solid, and also spiral or twisted, but without Rings.
Given by Henry Whistler Esq;. The HORNES of the SYRIAN GOAT;
called Capra Mambrina 1.Syriaca being. Mambre, a Moun-
25tain near Hebron; where about, chiefly, this Goat breeds.
(a) (a) Gesner
in his Para-
lypom. See Gesner's Description of him. And compare it with
the Picture he gives, which seemeth to be the truer, as to the
hornes. His Ears are so long, (b) as to reach almost to the
ground. A sufficient supplement for the shortness of his
hornes: being not above two inches and ½ long, and a little(b) Gesner ibid.
crooked backward, almost like a Dogs Tooth. The HORNES of a DOG-GOAT. I find them
inscribed, The hornes of a Dog. Johnston giveth the
figure of the Animal, without any Description. According
to that figure, he is headed like a Dog, and of the bigness
of a Tumbler. But footed, and horned like a Goat. To
whose also the hornes here preserved are like in colour, and
somewhat near in shape: but nothing near so big; being not
much above two inches long. Not only the hornes them-
selves, but also the bones whereon they stand, are hollow to
the top. They were sent from a certain Kingdom near
China. The HORNES of a HARE; so I find them in-
scribed. Although it is probable, that they are the hornes
of a small kind of German Deer. Yet Wormius saith, There
are horned-Hares in Saxony. See also Gesner of the same.
Johnston gives the Picture, without a Descripton. This
pair, once belonged to the Prince Elector of Saxony. A pair of very great English Rams HORNES. The HORNES of a Spanish-Ram. In length, ¾ of
a yard. The Tips a yard distant. Somewhat flat, wrin-
kled, and twisted, as those of an ordinary Ram. The HORNES of a MUSCOVY-Ram. I meet
no where with the Description of the Animal, or these
Hornes. He seemeth to be of kin to the Hircus Cotilar-
dicus, which Johnston hath pictur'd. These hornes are black:
and somewhat wrinkled. Consist of four Branches: The
two greater whereof are a foot long, and as thick as an
ordinary Rams, very strait, standing in the form of the
letter V, or like the legs of a pair of Compasses, and a
little writhen. The two lesser are seven inches long, not
so thick, winding downward, and inward one towards
another, in the form of two half Moons. The points of
all four very blunt. A very great HORN of the ROCK-BUCK, or 26 of the Ibexmas. In shape almost like a bended Cross-
bow. By the string, ¼ of a yard long; but by the
bow, about an Eln. It was formerly tipp'd with
silver, and kept in a Gentlemans house, and shew'd (to
some special Friends) for the Claw of a Griffin. See the
figure hereof in Moscardus's Musaeum. The HORNES of a WILD BULL; called Bu-
balus sive Buffalus. They are broad at the Roots, but
grow very sharp of a sudden; and bended inwards about
the middle; so that the Tips are not above two inches
distant. See the Animal describ'd in Bellonius, and others.
He is much bigger than the Europæan Bull. This kind
breeds most in Asia. But they are also kept in Italy, in
their Cities. In India they sell the Milk of the Female about
the streets, as they do Cows Milk here. The Leather call'd
Buff, is made of the Hyde. These Hornes were brought
from Africa. The HORNES of the BUNCH-BAK'D BULL.
Cornua Bisontis. This pair belongeth to that Species, which
hath a great Maine. These, contrary to the former, stand
wide, and especial upwards, their Tips being ½ an Eln
distant. See the Description of the Animal in Aldrovan-
dus, his Picture in Johnston. He is swifter than any other
Bull, and untameable. He breeds in Lithuania. To the
hornes is joyn'd the fore-part of the skull, together with
the skin, which is very thick and tough. The skin of any
Bulls Forehead, either for its toughness, or other cause, is
the only part of the Hyde made use of by Horners,
whereupon they shave their Hornes (which they take out
of a Tub of warm water by them) to fit them for Lamp-
horns. The TAIL of an Indian COW. The Male is call'd
Bonasus. The hairs hereof are greyish. Above a yard and
¼ long. Yet almost as soft and fine as a Womans. The
Cow is said to be worshipped by the people that live near
the River Ganges. A little STONE out of an Oxes Liver. Inscribed
Tetraedrum inventum in Hepate Bovis. But I find it broken
into several pieces. It is just of a liver-colour. And is
compos'd, as the Bezoar Stone, of several crusts or soft shells
one over or within another. 27 A MONSTROUS CALF with two heads. Each
head is a little less than usual; the rest of the parts according
to Nature. The SKIN of a CALF with two heads, tann'd
with the hair on. There is a very strange story of a Mon-
strous Calf in the Philos. Trans. N. 1. & N. 2. compar'd
together: communicated by the Honourable Mr. Boyle. The TUSK of a Wild BOAR. It winds about
almost into a perfect Ring or Hoop; only is a little wri-
then. In measuring by the ambit, 'tis long or round about
a foot and two inches. Its basis an inch over. Almost all the
way triangular, especially towards the point. Another BOAR-TUSK, somewhat slenderer, and of
a semiannular Figure. The wild Boar breeds in Helvetia, especially near the
Alps. In Barbados very great. Ligon (a) (a) History
of Barbados. saith, he saw
there one so big, that when his head was off, and his en-
trails taken out, weighed 400 l. It was well observed by
Aristotle (as to those Beasts which he had seen) that no one
was horned and tusked too: (b)(b) Histor.
Animal. lib.
2. c. 1. the superfluous parts of
the blood proper for their production, not being sufficient
to feed them both. The SKULL of the HORNED HOG. By the
people of the Island Bouro, not far from Amboina, he is
called Baby Roussa. (c)(c) Barthol.
Hist. Cent. 2. See the Picture hereof in Bartholine,
(d) taken in Java, from whence he received it. As also the
(d) Ibid. 2.Description, though but imperfect. See likewise Guiliel-
mus Piso, (e) (e) In Bouti-
us's Hist. N.
Ind. Orient.
l. 5. c. 9. who gives a figure somewhat different,
making him slenderer and shaped in Body like to a Deer.
But his Description seems to be taken out of Bartholine.
His principal Characters are these, About as big as a Stag,
snouted and tailed like a Boar, footed like a Goat: besides
what is observable in the skull, which I shall now particularly
describe. It is a foot long, seven Inches high, and about five over.
The Snout scarce two. The Teeth are 32. In the upper
Jaw, four Cuters; in the nether, six. In each Jaw, ten Grin-
ders. In the lower Jaw, two Tusks, one on each side, like
those of a Boar, standing outerly, an inch behind the Cut-
ers; near their Root, ¾ of an inch over, sharp-pointed, hooked
very much backward; by the bow, four inches long. 28 On his upper Jaw, he hath two Horns, of the same hard-
ness and substance with the two great Teeth now describ'd:
and Bartholine (a) (a) Histor.
Cent. 2. calls them Teeth. Yet are they not
Teeth, but Horns; because they are not, as all Teeth, even
the Tusks of an Elephant, fixed in the Jaw with their
Roots upward, but downward: and so their Alveoli are
not open downward within the Mouth, but upward upon
the top of the snout: where these Horns bore or pierce the
flesh and skin, as the Teeth do the Gooms. Yet being two,
they stand not in the middle, as in the Rhinoceros, but on the
sides of the snout, sc. behind the Cuters about two inches.
Near their Roots about half inch over, ending in a sharp
point, bended upward and backward like a fish-hook, by
the bow about ½ a foot long. Piso (b) In Bont.
Hist. N. Ind.
Orient. l. 5.
c. 9. (b) describing of it, saith, That in his nether Jaw
(his upper Jaw he describes after) there are two great Tusks
which stand upright, and bore through his snout (Rostrúmq;
perforantes): which is a senseless mistake. Bartholine indeed
saith of the Horns (which he calls the Teeth) of the upper
Jaw, ---prodeunt ex superiori Maxilla carnem Rostri perfo-
rantes: which Piso transcribing, mistakes, and feigns as great
an absurdity, as if Nature had put a Padlock or Bolt upon
the Creatures Mouth. Aristotle, as was before noted, said well, as to the Ani-
mals he had seen, That no one hath both Tusks and Horns.
But of his fault in affirming too generally, this Animal is
not the only instance, by many. The reason why this hath
both, may be, because neither of them are very great, and
his Horns, proportionably to what they are in others, are
very little. Besides that he is cover'd with hair, and not,
as the Boar, with Bristles, which probably spend more up-
on the same matter, which in other Creatures makes the
Horns. For Bristles seem to be nothing else but a Horn
split into a multitude of little(c) Piso in
Bont. ones. This Creature is said (c) to breed only in the Island
Bouro. Yet that which the Brasilians (d) Joh. de
Læt, out of
Lerius.call the Tajacuguitas,
(d) may be the same. As also Pigafeta's Porcus Quadricor-
nis. There are Swine, saith he, (e) in the Philippick Islands,
(e) Cited by
Aldrovandus. with two, three, and four Horns. He might mistake the
two Tusks for Horns; and from those which he saith had
but two or three, they might be violently broken off. 29 Another SKULL of the BABY ROUSSA. It is
altogether like the former, saving that the Tusks and Horns
are not so crooked. So that one seems to be of the elder,
or the Male, the other of the younger, or else the Female.
Both the Natives, and others that live amongst them,
esteem this Animal a delicate sort of Venison. (a)(a) Piso in
Bontius. The SKIN of a young RHINOCEROS, com-
posed indifferently to the shape of the Animal. In the
Description whereof Jacobus Bontius (b) (b) Histor.
Nat. Ind.
Orient. comes the nearest
to the truth. Yet is he very short and defective. To
whose therefore, as far as may be by this Skin, I shall add
a better. 'Tis a yard long, and almost a foot over; his head nine
inches long, almost eight over at the top. His Snout
broadish, as in a Calf. His Eyes little, as those of a Hog,
about ¼ of an inch long. They stand low, not much more
than three inches above his Nose end. His Ears also like a
Hogs. His Legs, as of the Hippopotamus, rateably short;
about ten inches long. His Tail, five and ½; flat, as that of
the Castor; but not so broad, near the Buttocks an inch
and ½, at the end ½ an inch. The said Skin is every where thick, and very hard;
excepting only his Ears which are softer, and extream thin.
It hath about ten Plicæ or Folds; two under the nether
Jaw, one on the Breast, in the figure of the letter V, on the
Neck one on each side, one between the Shoulders semi-
circular, on the Back two transversly extended to the bot-
tom of the sides, with two more strait ones, carry'd obli-
quely on the Buttocks. The lower part of the Forehead and Snout cover'd with
a kind of hard Crust. His Ears naked and smooth. All
the other parts rough with round scaly Crusts; on the
Back, Sides, and Belly, lesser, near a ¼ of an inch over; on
the nether Chap and Shoulders, bigger; on his Buttocks
and Legs, the biggest, about ½ an inch over. His Hair is
black, short, and fine. So few, that there are not many
more than scales or shells; growing for the most part, out
of the centre of the shell; so that he is almost naked. His
Dock is also naked on both sides, but on the edges there
grows a considerable quantity of longer and thicker Hair.
The Animal being very young, had no Horn, nor so much
as any sign of it. 30 The Rhinoceros, says Bontius, (a) (a) Histor.
Nat. is near as big as an
Elephant, saving that he is not so tall. He will lick a Man
to death, (b)(b) Ibid. by raking away the flesh to the Bone with his
rough and sharp Tongue. In Piso's Figure, which he hath added to Bontius's De-
scription, and which, he saith, was taken from the life, the
Eyes are placed very low, as they are also in this Skin.
But the Cloven-Feet, in the same Picture, I find not here:
peradventure, the Skin not being well taken off the
Feet. In the time of Domitian the Emperour, there was one so
big, as to toss not only a Bear, but a Bull upon his Horn.
(c) (c) Mart.
Epigr. 22. &
Epigr. 9.
lib. 1. But what Martial means, speaking of the Rhino-
ceros, Namq; gravem gemino Cornu sic extulis Ursum, &c. I do not well understand. The Figure given by Piso, as
above, represents but one Horn only. Neither doth
Bontius (who saith he hath seen great numbers of them
both in houses and in the woods) describe or mention any
more than one Horn, And those who do speak of ano-
ther, yet make it a very small one, and not over against
the other, but on the forepart of his back, and so in a
place where it is immoveable, and can no way be made use
of for the tossing up of any thing, as the other on his
Nose. The Rhinoceros breeds not in India, (d) (d) Linschot
p. 88. but in Bengala and
Patane, where they much frequent the River Ganges. A piece of a great RHINOCEROS-SKIN, tann'd.
'Tis wonderful hard, and thick, about ½ inch; exceeding
that of any Land Animal which I have seen. The HORN of a RHINOCEROS. It once
belonged to the Duke of Holsteine. Although Bontius
describes the Animal the best of any before him, yet nei-
ther he, nor others describe the Horn to any purpose.
'Tis in colour and smoothness like those of a Bull. Almost
a yard long. At the base, above half a foot over; and
there surrounded with a Garland of black and stubby
Bristles. Sharp-pointed. A little crooked backwards, like
a Cocks Spur. Quite through solid. An instance con-
31trary to that Assertion of Aristotle, (a) (a) De Par-
tib. Animal.
l. 3. c. 2. ’Εζι δε τα χερατα δι
όλδ ζερεα τοις ελαφοις μονοις. Another HORN of a RHINOCEROS, as big
as that now describ'd. Given by Sir Robert Southwell, pre-
sent Embassador to the Prince Elector of Brandenburge. A THIRD, almost as big as the former. A FOURTH, a little one, about a foot long. The Rhinoceros fights the Elephant with his Horn, and
sometimes overcomes him. In Septalius's Musæum there
are several Vessels mention'd to be made out of this Horn,
as well as divers others. The Rhinocerous Horn, in India,
as also his Teeth, Claws, Flesh, Skin, Blood, yea Dung
and Piss, are much esteemed, and us'd against Poison, and
many Diseases; and sold at great rates. (b)(b) Linsch.
p. 88. Yet some for
an hundred times as much, as others of the same colour and
bigness; for some difference which the Indians (only)
discern betwixt them. (c)(c) Ibid. The TAIL of a great RHINOCEROS. Not well
described by Bontius. The Dock is about ½ inch thick, and
two inches broad, like an Apothecaries Spatule. Of what
length the whole, is uncertain, this being only part of it,
though it looks as if cut off near the Buttock; 'tis about
nine inches, black, and very rough. On the two edges, and
there only, grow also very black and shining hairs, a foot
long, stubborn, and of the thickness of a smaller Shoomakers Shoemaker's
Thread. Yet not round, as other hair, but rather flatish;
like so many little pieces of Whale-Bone. A SPIRAL or WREATHED TUSK of an
ELEPHANT. Presented from the Royal African-Com-
pany by Thomas Crispe Esq;. 'Tis about an Ell long. At the
base, a foot about. From the thin edges whereof, it is cho-
nically hollow to the depth (or height) of near ½ a yard.
It is twisted or wreathed from the bottom to the top with
three Circumvolutions, standing between two strait lines.
'Tis also furrow'd by the length. Yet the furrows sur-
round it not, as in the horn of the Sea-Unicorn; but run
parallel therewith. Neither is it round, as the said Horn,
but somewhat flat. The Top very blunt. Pausanias (cited by Gesner) affirms, and seems to speak
it as a thing well known, That the Tusks of Elephants, which
he calls, and useth arguments to prove them Horns, may, 32 by the help of fire, like Cows horns, be reduced to any
shape. Whether this be naturally twisted, or by art, I will
not determine. Terzagi in Septalius's Musæum mentions
though not a Spiral, yet strait Tusk of an Elephant, two
yards high, and 160 pounds in weight. The LEG BONE of an ELEPHANT. It was
brought out of Syria for the Thigh-Bone of a Giant. But
the proportion which the thickness bears to the length of
the Bone, shews it to be the Bone not of a Man, but an
Elephant. For the Leg-Bone is usually about ⅞ of an inch
over: and so its traverse Area contains about (49) square
eighths of an inch. But this Bone is above four inches over,
in the transverse Area whereof therefore, are contained about
(1088) square eighths of an inch. Which number (1088)
being divided by (49) gives (22) for the Quotient. So
that it is two and twenty times as thick as the Leg-Bone of
a Man: I mean, the transverse Area of the one contain-
eth that of the other 22 times. Yet is it but three times
as long; and therefore should contain the same but about
nine times, were it the Leg-Bone of a Man. 'Tis
about a yard and ½ foot long, and above a foot about in
the slenderest part. And the shape of it, shews it to have
belonged to the Leg, and not the Thigh. The Elephant to
which it did belong, might be about five yards high. Another LEG-BONE of an ELEPHANT, scarce
so long, but of equal thickness. Given by Sir Thomas
Brown of Norwich. Elephants are brought into Europe out of Ceylan, Sumatra,
Cochin, Siam, Bontam, Melinda, &c. But they breed most
in the Kingdoms of Aracan and Pegu. (a) (a) Linchol.
p. 29. &c. In the Island of
Ceylon, most docile. The Æthiopians behind Mosambique
eat them, and sell their Teeth. The Indians use them to
draw, and ship their Goods. In Winter, when it begins
to rain, they are altogether mad and ungovernable, and so
continue from April to September, chain'd to some Tree;
after that, they become tame and serviceable again. (b) (b) Ibid. See
more of the nature, and ingenuity; and of the way of hunting
and taming them, in Linschotus and Tavernere. (c)(c) East. Ind.
Voyage. One of the GRINDERS of an ELEPHANT.
He hath four of these Teeth in each Jaw, wherewith he
grinds his meat. This here is above a foot long. But 33 the exerted part, or that part which stands above the
Goomes, is but seven inches in length, and three in breadth.
'Tis not above ½ an inch above the Goomes, but fasten'd
within the Jaw ½ a foot, where deepest. The said exerted part
looks like eight or nine Rows of Teeth, three, four, and
five in a Row, all coalescent. The sides all along waved.
The furthermost Roots like the folds of an old set
Ruff. It weighs above eleven pounds and ½ Haver-du-
poyse. ANOTHER of the same Teeth, somewhat lesser. A THIRD, having part of it broken off. The Elephant, in my mind, hath some affinity with the
Boar. Both are Taper-Tail'd, hunch-back'd, little-Ey'd,
arm'd with Tusks, have the nether Chap sharp before, and
a moveable Snout; the Elephants Proboscis being but a
long Snout, and the Boars Snout a short Proboscis. The HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal. It was
brought from Angola. Perhaps of a kind of Zebra there,
answering to the Indian described by Pigafeta. 'Tis much
about the shape of a Horse's, but not so big; two inches
and ½ broad, two inches long, and as much in height.
Somewhat thick and strong. For the greatest part, black-
ish; but just before yellowish, and half transparent. Within
this is contained another young one (together with its
inclosed Bone) all over of a yellowish colour. The Zebra,
Indica, (a)(a) Aldro-
vandus. is in all his parts like a Mule, saving that it is
not barren. Another strange HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal.
It is of a blackish brown and opacous colour. Very thin,
like that of a Calf. But rateably much broader than in
other Animals, being not much above an Inch over fore-
ward, yet expanded side-ways two inches and a ¼. Another HOOF of the former kind, a little less, blacker,
and altogether opacous. 34 APPENDIX.
Of certain BALLS found in the Stomachs of
divers Beasts. A NAKED and round HAIRY BALL; almost
three Inches over, taken out of the Stomach of a
Calf. Another somewhat Oval, and more compact. Several other lesser ones, and with the hairs more loosely
composed. Another, with the outward parts of the hair not com-
plicated, as in the former, but standing parallel, and some-
what winding, as in the Crown of a Mans head. Two HAIRY BALLS, SPHÆRICAL, and
INCRUSTATED. About two inches Diametre,
cover'd with a smooth and very thin Crust, of the co-
lour of Occidental Bezoar, having neither tast taste or smell,
nor stirring at all, upon the effusion of Acids. A HAIRY BALL, incrustated, and FLAT.
Taken out of the stomach of a Bull in Brasile. 'Tis very
smooth, and of the colour of Oriental Bezoar. Figur'd
just like a Bowl. Somewhat above two inches thick, and
three, over. Ferranti Imperato (a) (a) Lib. ult. hath another like it.
If you scrape a little of the Crust off, and pour spirit of
Nitre upon it, it makes a conspicuous bullition, as it doth
upon Bezoar. (b) (b) See the
Author's
Discourse of
the Luctati-
on arising
from the
mixture of
Bodies. Another BALL, in figure, colour, and substance, like
the former; but bigger, being above three inches Diametre.
It was taken out of the stomach of a Cow. Another with the like Incrustation, but of an Oval
Figure. A FIBROUS BALL. Consisting, not of Hair,
but for the most part of the fibers of Plants. Perfectly
Sphærical. An inch and ½ Diametre. Cover'd with a
brown, and very rough Crust. The like substance being
also mixed with the most intimate parts of the Ball. Another like Ball, but somewhat less. Half a FIBROUS BALL taken out of the stomach 35 of a Sheep. Two inches over, and a little flat. It con-
sisteth of most fine herby Threads or Fibers, short, and very
closely compacted. Cover'd with a black, shining, and most
thin Cuticle. A piece hereof fired, burns like Match-cord,
all away to ashes. These Balls, especially those of Hair, we may suppose to
be made by the motion of the stomach, which in these
Creatures is very strong, and frequent: by which motion
the Hair is wrought and compacted together, as Wooll is,
by the Workmans hand, in the making of a Hat. CHAP. III. Of OVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S. A Femal Female LAND-TORTOISTORTOISE. Testudo terrestris fœ-
mina. Usually described, but no where fully, nor
without errors. This here is eight inches long, and five
broad. The Head an inch and ½ long, almost as broad;
in shape somewhat like a Toads. The Orbits of the Eyes
very large, almost ½ inch over; a ¼ of an inch behind the
Snout. The lower Chap is received by a groove into the
upper. The Tail three inches long, and sharp-pointed.
The Feet two inches and ¼, and above ½ inch over. The
fore-Feet have five very short Toes, with Claws about ¼
inch long. The hinder feet have but four Toes, with some-
what bigger Claws. The Head, Back and Belly, have all bony Covers, faced
or over-laid with shells. The head and back-pieces blackish,
with citrine or straw-colour'd specks sprinkled up and down
upon them. The back-piece convex, and almost Oval. On
the sides, for the length of two inches as it were doubled
inwards, and joyned to the Belly-piece. 'Tis cancellated
with little squares on the Margin; on the top of the back,
sexangularly; and with the largest Area's between. The
Belly-piece is party-colour'd black and citrine, almost flat;
but turned up a little at the ends. Cancellated in the mid-
dle with squares, with triangles before, and behind with
Hyperbolick lines. The Feet are cover'd with small round
Scales, the Tail with square ones. He breeds in the Deserts
of Africa. 36 Three little LAND-TORTOISES of the same
kind. Another little LAND-TORTOISE, of kin to
the former. 'Tis somewhat rounder. A lesser LAND-TORTOISE, almost circular and
ridged on the back. A great CHEQUERD TORTOISE-SHELL.
Testa Testellata major. It was sent from Madagascar. I
find the Animal no where describ'd or figur'd. It is above
half oval; being of all that I ever saw, the most concave;
a foot long, eight inches over, and almost six inches
high. The Convex is curiously wrought with black and whitish
pieces, alternately wedged in, one against another, and
notched, as it were, with transvers Incisions. Those near
the Margines and on the sides are composed into several
Pyramidal Area's, or great Triangles, whose Bases are about
two inches broad. On the Back, into sexangular ones, each
of them convex. On the sides, and quite behind, the Shell
is carry'd somewhat inward. Before, and hinderly, the
edges are toothed, and bended outward and upward. The
inward edges are cover'd with shelly Plates above an inch
and ½ broad. The Concave is composed of six and forty Bones.
Along the middle of the Back, are twelve, all, except the
foremost and the four last, almost square. Next to these,
are eight on each side, like to so many contiguous Ribs;
together with two lesser square Bones before: Next to these,
eight more, as it were, under-Ribs, on each side. To the
twelve middlemost Bones, the Ribs are joyned by an al-
ternate commissure, so as one of them answers to the halfs
of two Ribs, & vice versa. To these, the under-Ribs, in
a wonderful manner, scil. by a branched Suture or Inden-
ture. For the great Teeth of the under-Ribs, being first
inserted into those of the upper-Ribs; the Indenture is af-
terwards repeated, by lesser Teeth, out of the sides of the
great ones. The Belly-piece is here wanting. Besides the most elegant ordering of the Work in the
Convex, there are three-things chiefly observable, which
serve for the greater strength of the Shell. That is to say,
The Convexity of the several Area's on the Back, the 37 branched Sutures, and the Alternate commissures of the Bones.
Answerable to the Rule of Nature, in a Humane Skull: and
of Art, in the laying of Stones in Buildings; and in cover-
ing of broader Vaults, not with one Arch, but several lesser
ones, for the greater strength. A lesser CHEQUER'D SHELL. Perhaps Stellata
Wormii, (a)(a) See his
Musæum. or a kin to it. The Convex work is compo-
sed of black and citrine pieces, cancellated, and transversly
notched; ten, eleven, or twelve of them meeting in a
square, and rugged centre; each looking like a Star sur-
rounded with Rays. The several Area's rise up into a con-
vexity somewhat greater, than in the Shell above describ'd.
Just before the Tail, the edges are bended a little upward;
over the Tail, downward. The Belly-piece is joyned to the
Back-piece for the length of two inches and ½, with the
edges turned upward. The middle of it flat, streak'd, and
cancellated; the hinder part endeth in a double broad
point. Two more CHEQUER'D SHELLS of the same
Species; saving, That here are not so great a number of
Rays to each Star. Another of the same; excepting, that the several arched
pieces are not so high, as in the former. A CHEQUER'D-SHELL, from Suranam. I think
no where describ'd, or figur'd, unless perhaps by Moschardus.
The convex work is composed of black and citrine pieces, in
the Margin, of a Pyramidal or wedged Figure, oppositely
set, and with transverse Notches: amongst which there are
also little square, rugged, and citrine pieces intermixed.
All the rest, which are also black and citrine, are six times
as big, adorned not with transverse but paralell Notches.
Neither are they Radiated, but several of the same kind
contiguous side to side. They are compos'd into Area's
almost flat: the centres whereof are also rugged, but much
bigger than in the Shell last described. The Belly-piece is
also less convex. Another of the same Species. Another CHEQUER'D SHELL from Suranam,
of kin to the last describ'd. The edges of this are round
about, excepting before, turn'd up outward. The Back also
is less convex; the Belly, more deep. 38 Another of the same Species. A CHEQUER'D SHELL from Virginia. 'Tis in
figure somewhat like the femal female Tortoise first describ'd. Sa-
ving that it is more convex, and divided into Area's also
somewhat convex, and with transvers Furrows or Notches.
'Tis also near the Tail, turned up outward; but the hinder-
most part bended inward. Another Shell of the same Species. Another, like the first describ'd, excepting also, That it
is more convex; and instead of specks, hath long streaks,
and great blotches. A SCALY TORTOISE SHELL. It seems to
be of the Lutarious kind. I find it not describ'd, or figur'd.
Above a foot long, ten inches broad, convex to the height
of 3 ½. The convex, all along the middle, high ridg'd.
Composed of Scales, very smooth, particolour'd, of a
brownish red and citrine; in the utmost edge lesser, and
almost square, but with acute Angles prolonged towards
the Tail, and towards the Head doubled downwards. The
rest are five, six, and eight times bigger, set alternately, as
the Scales in Fishes, or Slate-work upon a house. The Con-
cave is strengthened with a Back-Bone, and eight Ribs, ob-
liquely appendent, on each side. The Belly-piece is here
wanting. A SEA-TORTOISE. Curiously figur'd by Besler.
(a) (a) Fascicul.
Rariorum. Described by Aldrovandus and others. He differs
from the Land-Tortoise, chiefly, in having a more rude,
and softer shell, and Feet rather like the Finns of a Fish, as
proper to swim with. As also in Bulk. (b) Mus. Ro-
man.In the Brasilian
shore, said to be big enough, for one sometimes to dine
fourscore men. (b) In the Indian-Sea so big, (c) (c) Ibid. that the
shells serve the Natives for Boats. In the Island Cuba so
great, that they will creep along with five men upon their (d) Joh. de
Læt.
Backs. (d) (e) Rondelet He squirts the water out at his Nostrils, in the same
manner as the Dolphin doth at his Spout. (e) In (f) Trap-
ham's Disc.
of Jam. Cap.
4.Genera-
tion, the embraces of the Male and Female continue for a
whole Lunary month. (f) They take them, by turning
them on their Backs with staves, in which posture they
lie, till they are fetch'd away. (g) As they lie on their (g) Lig. Hist.
of Barbados.
Backs, they will sometimes fetch deep sighs, and shed 39
abundance of Tears. (a)(a) Tra-
pham, ut
sup. They kill them, by laying them
on their backs, and so ripping them up round about where
the Back and Belly-pieces meet. (b) They abound in the
Caribdy and Lucayick Islands, and in Jamaica, As (b) Lig. Hist. also in
the Red-Sea. Of their Nature, Generation, and inward Parts, see some
Observations in the Philos. Transactions. (c) (c) N. 27. &
N. 36. The flesh
hereof maketh a most pleasant jelly. (d) The Callapee, i. e.
the Belly-part so called, baked, is an excellent (d) Tra-
pham's Disc.
of Jam. Dish. (e) The Legs, saith Schroder out of Solenander, applied to
the part affected, are a most experienced Remedy in the
Gout. In Turky, (e) Ibid.the Shells are used for Bucklers. In Ta-
brobana, to cover their houses. (f) (f) Ælianus In China, (g) to make
(g) Mus.
Rom.Girdles for Noble men. A LITTLE SEA-TORTOISE, taken out of the Egg. The SHELL of a Sea-Tortoise. The HEAD of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis large, and
so shews the make of the Mouth the better: where the
sharp and toothed edge of the nether Chap, strikes into a
Canale cut into the Bone of the upper; and the toothed
protuberance of the upper, into a Canale in the nether: by
which means he easily sheers the Grass, or other Plants,
whereon he feeds. Given by Mr. John Short. The SKULL of a SEA-TORTOISE, Nine
inches long. The head of a Sea-Tortoise a foot long, is but
about two inches. Therefore the Tortoise to which this
skull belong'd, was a yard and half in length. Three other SKULS about the same bigness. One
whereof, given by Henry Whistler Esq;. Two pieces of the SHELL of a very great TORTOISE,
each with a Rib fixed in it. Given by Sir Robert Southwell. The HEART of a SEA-TORTOISE. It is
about as big as a Lambs. Herein both the single Ventricle,
and two Auricles, are all plainly visible. The Hearts of all
great Animals, saith Aristotle, (h) (h) De Part.
Anim. lib. 2.
c. 4. have three Ventricles; of
lesser, two; of all, at least one. One would a little wonder,
how so observing a man, should discover so many mistakes,
in so few words. The PISLE of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis four-
teen inches long, and two and ½ round about. In substance
like a Bulls. There are three more about the same bigness. 40 See the great efficacy attributed hereto by Ligon, (a) (a) Hist. of
Barbad.
p. 118. in
curing him of two Fits of the Stone. An EGG of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis very
white, and Sphærical, which I find no Author distinctly
to say, but only to be like the Eggs of Fowls. About the
bigness of an Hand-Ball. The shell rather thinner and softer
than of a Hen's. She lays them in the sand, where they lie till
they are hatch'd. Sometimes above a hundred at a breed. The CHAMÆLEON. By Wormius well described.
Johnston's Figure, especially as to the feet, very false. A most
curious one in Calceolarius. As also in Besler, saving that
his eyes are drawn somewhat too little. Of the skin it may
be noted, that 'tis every where rough, as it were, with little
round blisters or knobs; on his Head and Back, greater;
on his Legs, Sides and Belly, lesser; of the bigness of Silk-
worms Eggs. As also, that his hinder Feet are thicker than
the fore-Feet: and the Heels or hinder Toes as long again,
as the other; whereas in the fore-Feet, they are all of a
length. The shape of his hinder Feet is therefore the better
fitted to assist him in the climbing of Trees; the Heels be-
ing like strong Leavers to hoist him up. And the make of
his Skin, for the changeableness of his Colours; which
seems to depend on the falling or swelling of the said
Knobs; whereby the light, receiving different Reflections,
produceth different Colours. Of his Colours, saith Sca-
liger, (b) (b) Exercit.
196. Sect. 4. from the Observation of Joh. Landius, it is not
so properly said, that they are chang'd, but only the several
Species highten'd or deepen'd. He hath a long Tail, as a
Lizard, but slenderer: which, (c) (c) Panaro-
lus. as he descends from a Tree,
he laps round about the Boughs, to keep himself from fall-
ing. His Feet also are all made where with to take fast hold. Of the inward Parts, see the Philos. Trans. N. 49. But
especially Dominicus Panarolus, who together with his Me-
dicinal Observations, hath published the Description and
Anatomy hereof. Amongst other particulars, the Mus-
cular Membrane of the Eye, by which singly all those
motions are perform'd, which in other Animals require
six, and in some seven Muscules, is remarkable. As also
the distinct continuation of the Optique Nerves from their
Original to each Eye; whereby the uniform or conjunct
motion of both his Eyes is not necessary, as in other 41 Creatures; but he is able to move one upward or back-
ward, and the other downward or forward, or any other -
way, at the same time. No less the fabrick of his Tongue;
which being hollow from end to end, with a string run-
ning through the hollow, fasten'd behind to the Os hyoides,
before to its extremity, it darts out and contracts it self in
an instant: and with a Viscous substance at the end, catches
the Prey, which are Flys and other Infects, as we use to do
Birds with Limetwigs. Thus far Panarolus. In the High-hoe, and other Birds of this kind, there is a
peculiar Cystis, wherein a Viscous matter, like that above
mention'd, is stored, and a Pipe deriving it thence into the
Mouth; the Description whereof I may hereafter publish.
I suppose therefore, that upon further examination, the like
Contrivance will be found in a Chamæleon. It may be noted, That Panarolus, about the beginning
of his Description, calls the Chamæleon a slow Creature:
Yet saith afterwards, (towards the end) that he climbs
Trees so wonderfully swift, as if he flew. He is not there-
fore so properly slow, as perhaps sullen and humerous Humorous. Bartholine (a) (a) Hist.
Cent. 2. hath also the Anatomy of this Animal, but
transcribes it all out of Panarolus. In one particular much
forgets himself, saying about the beginning of his Discourse,
that the Chamæleon hath very great Lungs; and in the end,
that they are but little. A young brown CHAMÆLEON. A third, with black, yellow, and ash-colour mixed toge-
ther. A CROCODILE, about two yards and ½ long.
He differs not much from a Lizard; chiefly in his Bulk,
and the hardness of his Skin, which on his Back hath Scales
proportionably hard and thick. (b) Hist. Ind.
l. 6. c. 1. In Paname there are some
an hundred feet long; as is affirmed both by Joh. de Lopez,
(b) and Joh. de Leri. (c) (c) Cap. 10.In the Musæum Romanum, there
is a Tragical Relation of a very great one that devoured a
Virgin, Cap. 6. The same Animal which in the Book of
Job is called the Leviathan, and hath been commonly taken
to be the Whale; but falsly falsely, as Bochart hath demonstrated. He
is tolerably well described by most; and curiously figur'd
by Besler. He breeds in divers places in both the Indies, as
well as in Egypt. 42 Nature, saith Aristotle, hath denied a Tongue to this
Animal. Which Sir Thomas Brown takes notice of as a
Vulgar Error. On the hinder half of his Tail he hath firm
leathern upright Finns, wherewith he governs himself, as a
Fish, in swimming. He is esteemed good meat, not only by the Natives in
Brasile, but also by the Hollanders there. (a)(a) Guliel-
mus Piso. He is taken thus;
They fasten a thick long Rope to some Tree by the Water-
side, and to the other end, a strong iron Hook, which they
bait with a Weather. (b)(b) Scal.
Exer. 196.
Sect. 5. In Brasile, they hunt them much for the sake of their
Fat, which they commonly and successively apply to their
Wounds, when bitten by him. (c) (c) Gul. Piso. As also for his Testicles,
which smell like Oyntment, and which they sell very dear.
(d) Ibid.(d) In New Spain, the Kernels under their Throat, smell like
Musk, and are a present Remedy against burning Fevers. (e)(e) Joh. de
Læt. l. 5. c. 4.
out of Franc.
Ximenex Ximenez.
The Stomach dry'd in the Sun, powder'd, and taken to the
quantity of ʒj, is an admirable Diuretick, and brings
away Stones from the Reins and Bladder. (f) The same
taken to the quantity of a spoonful in the Morning, after (f) Ibid.
Dinner, and before Supper, or as often as the Patient can
bear it, is an excellent Remedy for the Dropsie. (g)(g) Ibid. A CROCODILE, which, with part of the Tail
that is broken off, is about a yard long. Perhaps that lesser
sort which breeds in Brasile, whereof Linschoten saith, That
they will come into the Houses, and let the Children play
with them harmlesly. Another young CROCODILE not a foot long. The SKELETON of a CROCODILE. Given
by Sir Robert Southwell; to whom it was sent from the
East-Indies. 'Tis about four yards and three quarters long.
The Head about two feet. The Neck, from the hinder
part of the Head, almost a foot and ½. The Trunk, from
the fore-Ribs to the Tail, four feet. The Tail, seven.
From the top of the Back to the Breast, a foot and ½
high. The Orbites of the Eyes proportionably little; what ever
Piso saith of his great Eyes. The Articulations of the lower Jaw with the upper; and
of the Occiput with the foremost Vertebra of the Neck; are
here both made in the same manner, as in other Quadru-
43peds: notwithstanding the Tradition of his moving the
upper Jaw. The Teeth are about threescore, thirty in each Jaw.
All of them Claviculares, or Peg-Teeth, not much unlike
the Tusks of a Mastiff; and scarce bigger: notwithstand-
ing that Aristotle calls them great Teeth, οδοντας μεγαλδς. (a)(a) Hist. An.
l. 2. c. 10.
And yet, whereas a Dog hath but four Tusks, or exerted
Teeth, in this Animal being all of that figure, their smallness,
with respect to so great a Head, is fully compensated by
their number. For the most part, those that are new
and not worn, are toothed, like a small Saw, on their
sides. The Vertebræ, in all, sixty. Those of the Neck, are seven,
as in a Man. The first whereof, in a Man called the At-
las, hath a Processus in the figure of the Epiglottis. The
other six, have each one Processus or Prominent Part, which
is long, broad, sharp, and upright: and two that are trans-
verse, and short; to which are joyned, by a Cartilage, so
many Ossa mucronata, one shorter than another from the
Head toward the Trunk. But the Vertebræ, one lesser than
another, from the Trunk towards the Head. The Vertebræ of the Back, nineteen; that is, three sevens
running one into another. Each of which hath three
Prominent Parts, which are sharp, broad, and long; one
perpendicular, and two that are transverse, or at right
angles. The Ribs 24, twelve on each side. Seven of which, have
each of them double Cartilages, that is, one after another,
appendent to them. The fore part of the Sternum is plainly bony. The hin-
der part, cartilaginous; shaped like the Os Hyoides in a
Man. The Vertebræ of the Tail, are 34; or (if you add the
last of the Trunk as common to both) 35; that is seven
times seven. The first fourteen, have each three Prominent
Parts, like those of the Vertebræ in the Back. The next
nineteen, have only an upright Processus. The last of all,
hath none. The first 14, are double, in number to those
of the Neck, the next 19, are equal to those of the Back;
the last answers to the Head. To all the Vertebræ of
the Tail, except the last, are also subjoyned so many 44 Ossa Mucronata, directly opposite to the upright Pro-
cessus. The Shoulder-Blades are two on each side; each ½ foot
long. The Bones of the fore-Foot, 27. The Thigh-Bone near
a foot long; an inch and ¼ over. The Leg-Bones, two;
each a little above ½ a foot long; and of equal thickness,
sc. about ¼ of an inch over. The Foot strictly so call'd, the
length of the Thigh. The Bones of the Pedium, four.
The Fingers or Toes, five. The inmost, the thickest, like
a Thumb. From thence, the third, the longest. The
Bones of the Thumb, three; of the next Finger, four; of
the next, five; of the two outmost, four; in all 20. All
armed with black Claws, a little crooked, and not much
above an inch long. The Hip-Bones are three; each of them ½ a foot long. The Bones of the hinder Foot, 24. The Thigh-Bone
above a foot long, and an inch and ½ over. The Leg Bones
almost eight inches long. The inmost, above an inch
over; the other, but ½ an inch. The Foot, so called, the
length of the Thigh. The Bones of the Pedium, four.
The Toes, four; whereof the inmost, the greatest; the
third, the longest. The Bones of the great Toe, three;
of the next, four; of the third and fourth, five. The
Claws somewhat bigger than in the fore-Foot. Amongst other things worthy of note, the senselesness
of the tradition of the Crocodiles moving his upper Jaw, is
plain from the structure of the Bones, that is, the Articu-
lation only of the Occiput with the Neck, and of the nether
Jaw with the upper, as above said. The first Author of it was Aristotle, in his Fourth Book
de Partibus Animalium, Cap. 11. And thus much is true,
not only of this Creature, but of all others, which have a
long Head, and a wide Rictus, that when they open their
Mouths, they seem to move both Jaws; as both the Viper,
and the Lizard. And for the same reason, Columna (a) (a) Lib. de
Aquatil. might
say as much of the Hippopotamus, that he moves the upper
Jaw, as the Crocodile. So all Birds, especially with long
Bills, shew the contemporary motion of both the Mandi-
bulæ; the Musculi splenii pulling back the Occiput, and so
a little raising the upper, while the Musculi Digastrici pull 45 the other down. But that this motion was not meant by
Aristotle, appears in his First Book de Hist. Anim, c. 11. &
lib. 3. c. 7. where he saith more plainly, That of all other
Animals, only the Crocodile moveth the upper Jaw. So
that he speaks of it, as a motion strange and peculiar; as
if the upper Mandible did make an Articulation with the
Cranium: contrary to what is here seen. And if we will
hear Piso, who probably speaks Aristotle's meaning, as
plainly as he doth his own, he goes further, and saith,
(a) (a) Hist. N.
lib. 5. That the Crocodile doth not only move his upper Jaw,
but that his nether Jaw is immoveable. Than which As-
sertion, to one that hath any competent knowledge in
Anatomy, and seeth the Head and lower Jaw of this Ani-
mal articulated in the same way, as in other Animals,
nothing can appear more ridiculous. The WINDPIPE of a CROCODILE. It is
almost an inch and ½ over. Composed of Cartilaginous
Rings, not broken off, with a Membrane betwixt their
ends, as in most Quadrupedes, but entire. The GREEN LIZARD. It was brought from
the West-Indies. See the Description hereof in Gesner, and
others. The SENEMBI, a Lizard so called in Brasile. Also
called Igvana. Curiously figur'd by Besler. Well describ'd
by Marggrarius, and after him, Wormius. Saving as to the
odd structure of the hinder Foot. The inmost Toe is
joyned to the next, by a Membrane, for the length of an
inch and ½. This to the third, by a like Membrane for the
length of an inch. This again to the fourth, for the length
of an inch and ½. The fourth, almost loose from the last.
The Picture also, commonly given, falsly falsely represents the
fore-Leg equal to the hinder, which is far longer and
thicker. Another SENEMBI lesser than the former. The SWIFT, or SPOTTED LIZARD. Com-
monly called STELLIO, or the STARRY-LIZARD;
but not properly, the Stars, in the Figure given by Aldro-
vandus and others, being feigned. For the Animal is not
marked with Starry, but with round Spots. The lesser
are sprinkled up and down. The greater composed into
about 13 half Rings or Girdles. On the Back the spots 46 are also more distinct, than on the Tail. They breed in
Thracia, Syria, and Sicily. The Powder hereof being
taken, is believed by some plurimum stimulare Venerem. The SWAPTAIL LIZARD. Uromastix, vel Cau-
diverbera. Called also CORDILUS. In Calceolarius's
Musæum there is a curious Picture hereof, under the Name
of CROCODILUS TERRESTRIS. As also in
Besler. Gesner, from Thomas Erastus, hath very copiously
describ'd him, especially his Tail. The BUGELUGEY. Of kin to the former. Al-
drovandus and Johnston give only his Figure, with the
Name of Lacertus Indicus. He is distinguished from other
Lizards, chiefly, by the Scales on his Belly, which, like
those of a Crocodile, are very great; sc. five or six times
bigger than those on his back. It was brought from Africa.
This Lizard, saith Wormius, moveth his upper Jaw, as the
Crocodile. Which, in what sense it is false and absurd, I have
above shew'd. The SCALY-LIZARD. He is well pictur'd in Besler.
As also in the Musæum of Olearius. Aldrovandus gives only
a rude half draught, and without any Description, as well
as the former. Clusius only saith, He remembers that he
had seen one of them. Bontius (a) (a) Hist. N.
l. 5. c. 8. hath his Picture,
but a very bad one. Else-where I find it not. He hath also
described him, but very defectively, and with several
mistakes. He is a yard and ½ long. His Head from his Nose-end
to his fore-Feet not above three inches. He hath no Neck.
His Trunk, from the fore-Legs to the hinder, not above
ten inches and ½. His Tail exceeding long, sc. a yard and
half a quarter. His Head above two inches over. His Nose
near an Inch. His Trunk almost four. His Tail mode-
rately taper'd, and ending obtusely. The under part of
the Tail is plain or flat; the upper part, hyperbolick. His
fore-Legs, contrary to what they are in other Lizards, are
longer than the hinder; these, not above three inches and
½; those, above four. The Claws also of the fore-Feet are
longer; the longest about an inch; those of the hinder,
but ½ an inch. He hath only four Toes and a Heel, both
before and behind. He is all over, except his Throat, Belly, the lower part 47 of his fore-Leg, and the inward part of his hinder, cover'd
with Scales, very thick, and in hardness answering to the
most solid Bone. The basis of each Scale (perhaps through
age) of a blackish yellow, the Cone betwixt yellow and
straw-colour, or like old Ivory. Adorned with Striæ pro-
ceeding from the base to the Cone. Set together, with an
alternate respect, as the Scales of Fishes. In the Trunk,
there are 10 or 11 filed to each Rank. Towards the end
of the Tail, but five. The greatest, near two inches broad;
the least, a quarter of an inch. On his Forehead, Back, and
fore part of his Tail, they are flat. But on the edges of
the Tail, they are doubled into an acute Angle, the one half
of each standing on the Convex, the other on the flat of the
Tail. He is said to be a most tame and innocent Creature.
Which is very likely; according to the way of Nature,
which usually leaveth dangerous Animals, as Serpents, and
other hurtful Lizards, naked: but defendeth the Bodies of
fearful and innocent Creatures, as the Tortoise, the Tatu, and
the like, with Armor. Johannes Lerus, quoted by Linschoten, mentions a white
scaly Lizard in Brasile, as thick as a Mans middle, and five
or six feet long. Perhaps a bigger of the same kind with
this above described. There is a sort of little Lizard, (a) (a) Ligon's
Hist. of Bar-
bad. p. 62. which when he
swelleth with anger, like the Chamæleon, changeth his co-
lour, from green to a kind of Hair-colour or Russet. The
Eggs of some, if not of most Lizards, eat very pleasantly.
And in (b) (b) Linschot.
Lib. 2. 248. Brasile there are a sort of Water-Lizards five feet
long, which being flay'd and sodden, for whiteness, sweet-
ness, and tenderness, surpass all other meats. A LAND-SALAMANDER. Described by Aldro-
vandus, and others. Much like a Lizard; but his Mouth
is shorter, and broader, more like a Toads: and seldom ex-
ceedeth a foot in length. Bartholine tells of one that was kept alive in a Glass nine
Months without food. (c)(c) Hist. 50.
Cent. 2. The LITTLE COMMON EFT. He hath a
thicker Trunk, a blunt Oval Snout, his hinder feet are very
distant from the foremost. The SLENDER EFT. His Head is rateably very 48 great; his Snout also longer and sharper than in the former.
His Trunk slenderer and much less belly'd. His hinder
Legs also stand nearer to the foremost. The THICK-TAIL'D EFT. His Head is here
wanting. His Tail is not so slender or tapering as in both
the former, but ends more obtusely. And his hinder feet
stand yet nearer to his foremost. The SCINK. Described by Wormius, and others.
Curiously pictur'd by Besler. Like a Lizard; saving that
he hath a shorter Neck and Tail, short Legs, a flat and
broad Foot like a Hand, with very short Toes, and without
any Claws. The Powder hereof is said, Potenter Venerem
stimulare. SECT. III.
OF SERPENTS. A SNAKE preserved in Spirit of Wine. In Bar-
bados there are some about a yard and half long, that
(a) (a) Ligon's
Hist. of Bar-
bad. p. 61 will slide up the perpendicular Wall of a House out of
one Room into another. A greater agility without feet,
than we see in most Creatures that have four. Much
helped, as it should seem, by their great length; whereby
they can, in an instant, reduce themselves into so many
more undulations for their better assent. In Brasile, saith
Joh. de Læt, (b) (b) Lib. 15.
c. 14 there are Snakes found sometimes 25 or
30 feet long. The Indians, in some places, eat Snakes very
greedily. The greater SLOW-WORM; Cæcilia. Called also
the BLIND-WORM; so commonly thought to be,
because of the littleness of his Eyes. His Skin also is very
smooth and glistering. His Teeth very small. Of a lighter
colour than the Adder; which are his principal Notes. See
the Descriptions of Gesner and Aldrovandus. The Female
is Viviparous, as well as the Viper. Bellonius saith, that out
of one, he hath taken above forty young ones. The VIPER. Vipera, qu. Vivipera; because she only
among Serpents hath been thought to bring forth her 49 young Ones. All Animals, saith Aristotle, (a) (a) Hist.
Anim. l. 1.
c. 11 that bring
forth their young, have also external Ears: yet knew that
an Adder which hath no Auricle is Viviparous. And this,
indeed, he observes with a good Remark, which is, That
she first lays her Eggs within her Womb; (b) (b) Histor.
Anim. l. 6.
c. 34 wherein they
are afterwards hatched. Which had been a fair Intro-
duction to him, to have observed, That all other Vivipa-
rous Animals are Oviparous within themselves. And 'tis
much, that the hint hath not been long since taken from
the Raya, and some other Fishes. The Viper, saith Sir Tho-
mas (c) Pseudod.
Epidem (c) Brown, from the experience of credible Persons, in
case of fear, receiveth her young Ones into her Mouth;
which being over, they return thence again. The chief use of Vipers is for the Medicine called The-
riaca Andromachi. But there are also divers Medicines made
out of them: as (d) Schro-
deri. Pharmac.
Oleum per Infusionem,Sal ViperarumSpiritus,
Oleum Stillatitium,Volatile,Essentia,
Vinum Viperinum,Fixum,Alcohol Burgravii, (d)
TheriacalePulvis Viper': Germanus. (e)
(e) Prævo-
tius. Of the nature of the Viper, see the Observations
of Bourdelot, Redi, & Charas. See also the Phil. Trans.
N. 87. The SLOUGH of an ENGLISH VIPER.
That is, the Cuticula. They cast it off twice every year,
sc. at Spring and Fall. The separation begins at the Head;
and is finish'd in the space of 24 hours. From all parts so
entire, that the very Tunica Adnata, or outward Skin of
the Eye it self is here plainly to be seen. A Gelly made hereof, is order'd to be used for the
making up of the compounded Powder of Crabs Claws
into Balls. Which way of preservation, were no less pro-
per for divers other Cordial Powders; especially such as
are Aromatick, and whose Virtue lies in parts that are of
themselves volatile and easily evaporable. Of which kind,
there are none in this Powder. The SKIN of a BOIGUACU; a Serpent so called,
by the Natives of Brasile. As far as can now be seen,
'tis mixed of ash-colour with cancellated work of brown; 50 somewhat after the manner, as in divers other Indian Ser-
pents. Towards the Head it is somewhat slenderer, than
about the middle; where it is in compass, half a yard.
'Tis almost seven yards long. See the Description of the
Serpent in Piso. He is of all other kinds the greatest. But
not so venimous, as are many others. I have now at home,
saith Bontius, the Skin of a Serpent (of this kind) twelve
yards long, which I kill'd in a Wood in Java. And, that
in that Kindgom, was one taken thirteen yards and ½
long, with a Boar in her Belly; of which, being boyl'd,
the general D. Petrus, and others did eat a part. (a)(a) Hist. Nat.
l. 5. c. 3 And
Joh. de Læt. reports, (b) That in Rio de la Plata, a Pro-
vince of the West-Indies, there are some quatuor Orgyas longi,
and so big, as to swallow a Stagg whole, horns and all. (b) Lib. 14.
c. 1
Of such kind of Serpents, see also Marcus Paulus Venetus,
and Athan. Kircher. (c) (c) China Illustrata This Serpent, says Piso, will thrust his Tail up a Mans
Fundament, and gird him about the middle till he kills
him. (d) (d) Hist. N Yet is it probable, that they communicate no
Venime by their Tail, but only are so cunning as to use
that way, whereby to take the faster hold. Not only the
Natives, but the Hollanders that live amongst them, make
them part of their food. (e)(e) Ibid. The SKIN of the IBIBABOCA. Another Ser-
pent of Brasile, so called by the people there. 'Tis a foot
round about, and almost three yards and half long. His
colours, originally, are white, black, and red. (f) (f) Joh. de
Læt. from J.
Lerius Of all
the kinds of Serpents, his Bite is the most pernicious, yet
worketh the slowest. (g) 'Tis healed by a Cataplasme made
of the Head of the Serpent. (h) (g) Ibid. Two SKINS of the same kind, about eight feet long; (h) Piso.
and with their colours elegantly chequer'd, as in the
former. The SKIN of a RATTLE-SNAKE; a Serpent
so called, from the Rattle at the end of his Tail. By the
Natives of Brasile, BOICININGA. Well described
by Franciscus Ximenez; and from him by Joh. de Læt.
But his Rattle is no where well pictur'd. Neither doth
Ximenez, or any other Author observe the true structure
of it. It is composed of about 8, 10, or 12, some times, as 51 this before us, of sixteen white Bones, but very hollow,
thin, hard, and dry, and therefore brittle, almost like Glass,
and very sonorous. They are also all very near of the
same bulk; and of the self same Figure, almost like the Os
Sacrum in a Man. For although the last of all only, seems
to have a kind of a Ridged Tail or Epiphysis adjoyned to
it, yet have every one of them the like; so, as the Tail of
every uppermost Bone, runs within two of the Bones be-
low it. By which Artifice, they have not only a moveable
coherence, but also make a more multiplied sound, each
Bone hitting against two others at the same time. By this Rattle, those that travel through the Fields, or
along the High-ways, are warned to avoid coming near so
noxious a Creature. For those that are bitten with him,
sometimes die miserably in 24 hours; their whole body
cleaving into chops. (a) (a) Franc.
Ximenez
quoted by
Joh. de Læt.
l. 5. c. 15. They commonly bury the Limb
that is bitten, and so keep it, till the pain wears off. (b)
By thrusting the end of his Tail, saith Piso, up into a Mans
Fundament, he kills him immediately. But he seems here
falsly falsely to attribute that to this Serpent, which he doth much
more probably to the BOIGUACU. For this is but a (b) Bontius.
lesser sort, seldom exceeding a yard and ¼, and therefore
cannot do it by girding a Man about. And for there be-
ing any Venime in the Rattle, it was, I believe, hardly ever
imagin'd by any other man. Their progressive motion,
saith Joh. Lerius, is so swift, that they seem to fly. Which
makes the Rattle to be so much the more useful, in giving
timely notice of their approach. Some of the largest are in
Panuco, a Province of Mexico. 'Tis said, that the smell of
Dittany kills him. (c)(c) See the
Phil. Trans.
N. 3. & N. 4. It is affirmed by Marggrarius and others, that as many
years old as the Serpent is, the Rattle hath so many joynts.
Which if it be true, then they will live at least sixteen
years, some Rattles (as this here) consisting of sixteen
joynts. Which makes the Tradition very suspicious. About fourteen more SKINS of the RATTLE-
SNAKE. Some of them are all over of a dark-brown.
Others chequer'd with a brown, upon ash-colour. Several RATTLES of the same Serpent; most of
them composed of above ten joynts. A POWDER said to be taken out of a Serpents 52 Head. 'Tis as white as Starch, and tastless. Makes a noise
between the Teeth, like that Mineral called Agaricus Mine-
ralis. Acid, and especially Nitrous Spirits dropped upon
it, produceth a considerable effervescence. The SERPENT-STONE. Said by some, to be
factitious, By others, to be a Natural Animal Stone. Par-
ticularly by Sir Philiberto Vernatti, an observing Person, to
be taken out of the Head of a Serpent in Java, from whence
it was sent by him hither. It seems to be that called Bul-
golda, which Boetius, out of Ferdinando Lopez, saies is taken
out of the Head of an Animal, which the Indians call Bul-
goldalf. Whether it be natural or artificial, I shall here de-
scribe it. 'Tis about ¾ of an inch long, above ½ over, and ¼ thick;
flat and almost orbicular, like a Cowslip-Cake, or other
like Confection. All round about very smooth, and shining,
for the greater part, black; but with some ash-colour inter-
mixed; so as to look like a River-pebble. But of a substance soft
and friable, like the Oriental Bezoar. And in like manner, as
the same Stone, is easily dissolved with any Nitrous Spirit
dropped upon it, but not with other Acids. Which is to
me an argument that it grows within some Animal: it
being the nature of most Animal-Stones, to be dissoluble
only by Nitrous Spirits. Sir Philiberto (a) (a) Philo-
soph. Trans.
N. 6. amongst other passages of this Stone,
saith, That if it be laid to a Wound, made by any Ve-
nimous Creature, it is said to stick to it, and so to draw away
all the Venime. And the like I have heard affirmed of the
same Stone by a Physitian of Note in this City. 53 SECT. IV.
OF BIRDS. CHAP. I.
Of Land-Fowls, and of their Parts. A Great BAT or FLITTER-MOUSE of the
WEST-INDIES. Vespertilio Americ. The Bat
stands in the Rear of Beasts, and in the Front of
Birds. I meet with no full Description of this kind. From
his Nose-end to his Anus almost a foot. His Body almost
three inches over. His Head two inches and ½ long, one
and ½ over. His Nose like a Dogs, the end about ½ inch
broad. His Ears extream thin, about ¾ of an inch long,
and as broad; an inch and ½ asunder. His Eyes ⅓ of an inch
long. He hath six and thirty Teeth. In each Chap before,
are four little ones, roundish, blunt, and almost flat-ended;
rather Tunsores, than Incisores. The next are large, shaped
like the Tusks of a Dog, two in each Chap. Next to these,
two more of the first kind in each Chap. And last of all
twenty Grinders. The Wings stretched out, are two or three inches above
a yard wide from end to end. The upper part of the Arm
that governs them, about four inches long, and fleshy, sc.
an inch over. The next, or the Cubitus also four inches
long, tendinous, and slender, not above ¼ of an inch thick.
The Fingers are five, or four and a Thumb. Each hath
three Bones. The first Bone of the fore-Finger or Thumb,
is above ½ an inch long; the middlemost, an inch and ½;
the last very short, sheathed within a sharp and crooked
Claw, ¾ of an inch long, almost like that of a Hawk. The
first Bone of the next Finger, is above three inches long;
the middlemost, but ¾ of an inch; the last, about ½ an
inch; having a very little Claw. The first Bone of the
third or middle Finger, is four inches long; the middle-
54 most, three; the last, three and ½. The first of the fourth,
is also four inches long; the middlemost, two and ½;
the last, as much. The first of the fifth or utmost Finger,
is also four inches long; the middlemost, two; the last, as
many. His Thigh an inch and ½ long, and fleshy, yet not much
above ½ inch over. His Leg two inches long, tendinous,
and about ¼ of an inch thick. The Pedium, above ½ inch
long. The Toes, five; each of them about an inch and ½
long; and each having a Claw, like that on his Thumb.
The two inmost, have each two Bones; the other have
three. The Membrane which makes the Wings, excepting
only his Head, Neck, two joynts of his Thumb and the
bottom of his Feet, is spread from the top of his Back, over
all his Parts. He hath no Tail. The shape and number of his Teeth, shew him to be a
Voracious Creature. The Claws of his Thumb and Feet,
that he is also Rapacious. The structure of his Wings is
admirable. For were they to be always stretched out,
they were (as to the length of the Bones) the most irregular
and ill contrived of any thing that ever was seen. But
being made to open and shut, shew the greater Artifice, in
having the Bones of such a length, as might serve for all
the Positions betwixt being quite open and quite close.
The particular explication whereof, notwithstanding, can-
not be made, without examining the several Muscules, by
which all the said positions are determin'd. Another WEST-INDIAN BAT of the same
kind. There are many of them in Brasile. (a) Kirch.
Chin. Illustr.The Chine-
ses esteem of them as a delicate sort of meat. (a) Barlæus
mentions a Water-Bat, which the Natives of Brasile call
Guacucua. (b) (b) Res Bra-
sil. p. 224. In the same Island, there is a sort of great
Bat, that as Men lie asleep with their Legs naked, will suck
their blood at a Wound so gently made, as not to awake
them: whereby they are oftentimes in danger of bleeding
to death. (c) (c) Piso's
Hist. N. The HEAD of an OSTRICH. Caput Struthio-
cameli. He is accurately described in Mr. Willughby's
Ornithologia. His Head, like that of a Goose; he hath 55 great thick black Hairs on his upper Eye-lid, as in Quadru-
pedes; his Tail standing in a Bunch, and not expanded, as
in other Birds; his Wings very short and little; and his
Foot not divided into three or four Toes, as in other
(a) Willugh.
Orn. Birds, but into two only; which are his principal Cha-
racters. The Ostrich is the greatest of Birds; when he holds up (b) Gesner
out of Pau-
lus Ven.
his Head and Neck, near two Ells high. (a) In the King-
dom of Abasia, they are as big as Asses. (b) The American,
are lesser than those of Africa. (c) (c) Barl. 223. He flys not, because his Wings are short. But with their (d) Gesner
out of Pliny.
help, is able to out-run a Horse. He is a gregarious
Bird. His Feathers are made use of for the adorning of
Hats, Caps, &c. for making of Womens Fans, and the
like. (e) (e) Willugh
Ornithol. The Stomach of an Ostrich, saith Schroder, taken
in power, wonderfully dissolves the Stone. (f) 'Tis probable
it may bring away Gravel. (f) Pharmac. The Leg of an OSTRICH. 'Tis near half a yard
long without the Foot. The Foot, no less than ten inches,
as long as of most men. The Leg-Bone in the smallest
part four inches about, and in the Joynt nine inches: which
is thicker than in most men. It hath but one triangular
Claw; of that substance, as to look liker a little Hoof, and
seems rather harder than that of a Horse. The CASSOWARY. Emen. Accurately described
by Clusius, and pictur'd in Willughby's Ornithologia. His
Bill, almost like that of a Gooses, but not so broad. Next
to the Ostrich, he is the greatest of Birds; and in Bulk little
inferior, but not near so tall. On the top of his Head, hath
a horny Crown, which falls off when he moulters, and
grows again with the Feathers. His Wings extream small.
The plumage of his Feathers so little, that he seems at
a distance to be hairy. Hath three Toes without a Heel, as
the Bustard. Hath no Tail: which are his chief Marques.
He is brought from Tabrobana, the Molucca Islands, and
others of the East-Indies. The HEAD of a CASSOWARY. The Bill is
longer, but not so broad, and so the mouth not so wide, as
of an Ostrich. The LEG of a CASSOWARY. 'Tis almost as
long, and as thick, as that of an Ostrich. 56 The HEAD of the SEA-EAGLE or OSPREY.
Caput Haljaêti. The CLAWS of the same BIRD. See the full
Description of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia. The Eagle breeds abundantly on the Mountains Taurus
and Caucasus. Not only comes into England, (a) (a) Wil-
lugh. Orni-
thol. but is
said to build yearly on the Rocks of Snowdon in North-
Wales. In (b) the Year 1668. on the Peke in Darbyshire,
was found an Eagles Nest, flat or level, and about two Ells (b) Ibid.
square; together with a young one in it. The BIRD of PARADISE. By the Natives of the
Molucca Islands (where they breed, and by whom they are
worshipped,) called MANUCODIATA, i. e. The
Bird of God. Because they know not from whence they
come; and for their beauty. From his swift flight
to and again, the Indians, in their Language, call him a
Swallow. Marggravius reckons up several sorts of them,
and describes them all. The least kind, Clusius calls
the King. Because (as he saith, from the report of the
Dutch Mariners) as they fly together, about 30 or 40 in a
flock, he always keeps higher than the rest.) Besides the
smallness of his Body, in respect to what his copious Plumes
shew him; the long Feathers which grow upon his sides
under his Wings, and are extended thence a great way
beyond his Tail; and the two long Strings or Quills
which grow upon his Rump, do most remarkably distin-
guish him from all other Birds. He is elegantly figur'd in
Calceolarius's Musæum, with the Title of Chamæleon Æreus. Antonius Pigafeta was the first that brought this Bird, or
any certain knowledge of him into Europe. (c) (c) Clusius. Before
which, he was believed, not only by the Vulgar, but by Na-
turalists, (amongst whom Scaliger (d) See Ex-
erc. 228.
S. 2.(d) was one) that they
had no Legs, but always flew up and down suspended in
the Air, by the help of their Wings and Tail spread all
abroad. According to which silly fancy, he is also pictur'd
in Gesner. Agreeable to this conceit, it is likewise commonly
thought, and by Georgius de sepibus, who describes the
Musæum Romanum, is affirmed, that those two long Quills
that grow upon the top of this Birds Rump, being at his
pleasure twined or wrapped round about the boughs of 57 Trees, serve quietly to suspend him. Whereas, as Mr. Wray
hath also rightly observed, (a) (a) Wil-
loughb. Or-
nith. not being Muscular, it is im-
possible they should be of any such use. His hooked Claws
shew him to be a Bird of Prey; and he ordinarily flys at
Green-Finches, and other little Birds, and feeds on them. (b) (b) Bont.
H. N. l. 5.
The Tarnacenses shoot them down with Darts. (c) Two more MANUCODIATA'S of the same (c) Ibid.
Species. The GREAT RED and BLEW BLUE PARROT.
Psittacus Erythrocyaneus. All the great kind called also
MACCAW and Cockatoone. It was sent hither from
Java. See his Description in Willoughby's Ornithologia.
There are of these greater, the middlemost called Popin-
jayes, and the lesser called Perroqueets, in all above twenty
sorts. Their more remarkable Parts, are their hooked Bills,
whereby they catch hold of Boughs, and help to raise
themselves up in the climbing of Trees. Their broad,
thick, and muscular Tongues, for which they are called
ἀνθρωπόγλωττοι and by which they are the better enabled to
speak, and to rowl their meat from side to side under the
edges of their Bills: and their Feet, which, like those of
the Woodpecker, have two Toes before and two behind,
with which they bring their meat to their mouths; and
that after an odd way, sc. by turning their foot out-
ward. (d) (d) Wil-
loughb. Or-
nith. The Parret only, saith Scaliger, (e) with the Crocodile,
moves the upper Jaw: Yet the same is affirmed of the (e) Exercit.
236. S. 1.
Hippopotamus, by Columna; of the Lizard, by Wormius;
and of the Phænicopter, by Cardan. Which confirms
what I have said under the Description of the Skeleton of
a Crocodile, and in what sense it is absurdly said of them
all. In their Cheeks, saith Piso, (f) (f) Hist.
N. I. Occid. in each Nostril, and
on the top of their Heads, in a certain Tumor, there lies,
about August, a thick Worm; all which, in a little time,
fall out of their own accord, without any sign left of their
ever being there. They are a gregarious sort of Birds. (g) (g) Bart.
118.
They breed very numerously in both the Indies. In Bar-
bados, fly in flocks like Clouds. In Calechut they are forced (h) Gesner
out of Ludov.
Romanus.
to set people to watch their Rice-Fields, least they should
spoil them. (h) The flesh of their Chickens eats just like a
Pigeon. (i)(i) Piso. 58 The BILL of a BIRD, by the people of Brasile, called
COA. It is of a blackish-brown mixed with ash-colour. In
shape, and bigness, very like that of the least sort of Parret
called Perroqueets. He is said to feed upon all manner of
venimous things: and to be himself a Cordial. Which,
if true, yet is it not to be much admir'd. For if by veni-
mous things, be meant Animals that have a venimous
bite; Do we not know that the flesh of such Animals,
as of Vipers, is esteemed a Cordial? Or is it under-
stood of things that are Tota substantiâ Venimous, or at
least malignant to humane Bodies, do not Ducks feed on
living Toads? Again, what is a Cordial? are not many
things so call'd meerly from their collateral effect? Car-
duus Benedictus it self, and other things given as such,
Nature doth certainly abhor: but being able to cast them
off, by Vomit or Sweat, and so perhaps something else
that offends her together with them, they are therefore
called Cordials. A young LINET which being first embowel'd, hath
been preserved sound and entire, in rectified Spirit of Wine,
for the space of 17 years. Given by the Honourable
Mr. Boyl. Who, so far as I know, was the first that made
trial of preserving Animals this way. An Experiment of
much use. As for the preserving of all sorts of Worms,
Caterpillars, and other soft Insects in their natural bulk
and shape, which otherwise shrink up, so as nothing can
be observed of their parts after they are dead. So also to
keep the Guts, or other soft parts of Animals, fit for often
repeated Inspections. And had the Kings or Physitians of
Egypt thought on't, in my Opinion, it had been a much
better way of making an everlasting Mummy. A young CHICKEN emboweled and put into rectified
Oil of Turpentine, at the same time, with the Linet, and
preserved sound; Only there is a little sedement at the
bottom of the Glass. The HEAD of the HUMGUM, or Horned-Crow;
called RHINOCEROS Avis. It was brought from the
East Indies. 'Tis of kin to that described by Bontius.
Mr. Willoughby gives the Picture, but no Description. It
hath a Crown on the top of the Bill, of the same colour
and substance therewith, and prolonged in the shape of a 59 Horn, to the length of ¾ of a foot. Yet not bended up-
ward, as in that of Bontius, but standing horizontal.
It is spongy behind, and hollow before; so that it is very
light, although so big. The Bird described by Bontius, and
probably this also, breeds in Bantam and Molucca. The nether BEAK of the RHINOCEROS Bird. If
we believe, saith Georg. de Sepibus, (a) (a) Musæ-
um Roman. the Reverend Fa-
thers, which are us'd to go to the Indies; the Bill of this
Bird is a most precious Antidote against all manner of
Poisons. For which cause also, the Indian Kings pre-
serve it as a great Treasure, and account it a Royal
Present. The HEAD of the CROWNED CROW Mr. Wil-
lughby pictures it. But I meet with the Description here-
of no where. 'Tis almost a foot long. The Skull not above
two inches and ½ long, above two broad, and as high. The
Bill likewise as broad. The nether Beak an inch and ¼
high, one forked Bone, in the shape of the Os Hyoides in
a Bird, hooked or bended downward, the edges indented
like a Saw; but with the points of the Teeth directed for-
ward. The upper Beak an inch and ½ high, consisteth of
one concamerated Bone, bended downwards, and Toothed
as the other. To this and the Skull, grows a square horny-
Crown, about six inches long, three and ½ over, and one
and ½ high, spongy behind, and hollow before. The
Nostrils, which are about ¼ of an inch wide, open between
the Eye and the top of the Bill. The Teeth of the Bill, not being made to point inward,
but forward or outward, plainly shews, that they serve not,
as they do in some other Birds, to hold fast the Prey; but
rather, for some purpose or other, to perform the use of a
Saw. The HEAD of the TOUCAN, so called by the Indians.
From the noise he makes, Aracari. (b) (b) Piso. And Pica Brasilien-
sis, for the likeness of both their Tails. (c) (c) Will.
Orn. In the Musæum
Romanum, this and the Rhinoceros Avis, are confounded.
They breed not only in Brasile, but also in Guajana, and
other places. This Bill was sent from Peru. See the
Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia.
That which is most remarkable of him, is, that his Bill is
almost as big as his Body, which is not much bigger than 60 that of a Black-Bird. The Bill and Head I shall describe
more fully. They are in length eight inches. The Skull but a little
above an inch and ½ square. The upper Beak, which is
prominent above the Skull near ½ an inch, is almost two
inches high, and an inch and ½ over; consisting of one
not hollow, but very spongy Bone, as the Crown of the
Indian Crow, or rather more; with a ridge all along the
top, which is blunt behind, and very sharp before; the
end or point hooked down like that of an Eagle; and
both the edges Toothed, as in the Indian Crow. The
nether Beak near an inch and ½ over, one and ¼ high,
hollowed, ridged underneath, and Toothed as the
upper. The Nostrils stand strangely, in a place altogether un-
usual, sc. on the top of the Head, behind the top of the
Bill. The Teeth serve, doubtless, for the same purpose, as
in the Humgum, and the Indian Crow. Within his Bill, saith Piso, (a) (a) Lib. 3.
Sect. 2. in the place of the Tongue,
is contained a moveable Feather or black Quill. Were
it really such, it were most absurd to think it any other,
than one there by chance. But if a Tongue, or natu-
ral Part, it might have some such odd figure, as to have
some resemblance to the stump of a Feather. The BILL of the FLEMING of Suranam. Very like
to that of a Toucan, saving, that it is not so sharp-ridged;
neither is it spongy within, but perfectly hollow. So that
the Bird seems to be an other Species of the Toucan
kind. The LEG of a DODO. Called Cygnus Cucullatus, by
Nierembergius; by Clusius, Gallus Gallinaceus Peregrinus;
by Bontius called Dronte; who saith, That by some it is
called (in Dutch) Dod-aers. Largely described in Mr. Wil-
lughby's Ornithol. out of Clusius and others. He is more
especially distinguished from other Birds by the Membra-
nous Hood on his Head, the greatness and strength of his
Bill, the littleness of his Wings, his bunchy Tail, and the
shortness of his Legs. Abating his Head and Legs, he
seems to be much like an Ostrich; to which also he
comes near, as to the bigness of his Body. He breeds
in Mauris's Island. The Leg here preserved is cover'd 61 with a reddish yellow Scale. Not much above four inches
long; yet above five in thickness, or round about the
Joynts: wherein, though it be inferior to that of an
Ostrich or a Cassoary, yet joyned with its shortness, may ren-
der it of almost equal strength. The LEG, as it seems, of a certain MONSTROUS
BIRD. 'Tis half a foot long. Two inches and ¼ about.
Hath five Toes. The second from the inmost, the longest.
The fourth, the shortest. The fifth or utmost the thickest.
It hath a very great black Spur, yet not crooked as a Cocks,
but strait, and sharp-pointed, two inches long, and next
the Leg an inch and ¼ about. A KING-FISHER, Ispida. Described by Mr. Willughby
and others. Two HEADS of the GROSSBEAK called Coccothraustes.
See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornith.
There is a most curious Picture hereof in Dr. Charlton's
Onomasticon Zoic. They breed in Germany and Italy:
but rarely, and not except in Winter, seen in England.
They will crack Cherry-stones, and Olive-stones too (which
are as hard again) very easily; (a) (a) Wil-
lughb. Or-
nith. his Bill and Temporal
Muscules are so strong. The HUMING BIRD. By the Brasilians, called Gua-
numbi. By Clusius, Ourissia, i. e. a Sun-beam; because of
his radiant-colours. By the Spaniards, Tomineius; be-
cause (b) (b) J. de
Læt, l. 15.
c. 7. out of
J. Lerius, as
he from Ovi-
edus. one of them with its Neast, weighs but two
Tomino's, a weight so called by the Spaniards, consisting
of 12 Grains. Marggravius reckons up and describes nine
sorts of them. Yet whether he hath taken in this amongst them, seems
doubtful. It is of the greater kind. From the point of his Bill
to the end of his Tail, above four inches and ½ long; His
Bill black, almost an inch and ½ long, as thick as a Shoomakers
waxed Thread; sharp-pointed, and crooked all along like
a Sithe, or exactly as the Bill of the Guara or Indian Cur-
lew. His Head the third of an inch long, and as broad.
His Neck two thirds. His Trunk an inch. His Tail an
inch and ½. In which there are ten black Rudder-Quills
¼ of an inch broad. Each Wing is two inches and ½ long.
Wherein there are sixteen Oar-Quills, of a blackish-brown
or Eagle-colour, a little more than ¼ of an inch broad. 62 Of which colour are the rest of the Feathers, and no
where radiant, as of the other Species. His Thigh, ½ inch
long. His Leg, ¼. On which are four Toes, above ¼ of
an inch long, and thick as a Taylors Stitching-Thread. His
Claws near ¼ of an inch long. The Lesser HUMING BIRD. His Head is lost. From
the top of his Breast, to the end of his Tail he is two inches
long. But his Trunk or Body alone, is not above ¼ of an
inch in length. The other Parts are answerable. His
colour various: on his Wings and Tail, a dark-brown;
on his Belly, a yellowish-Red; on his Breast, White; on
his Back, Green, mixed with glorious golden Rays. The Huming-Bird is every where ill pictur'd: even in
Mr. Willughby, for want of the Bird it self. But all
those Birds, at least, whereof he had the sight, are most (a) Theve-
tus Gallus &
Linschot.
l. 2. p. 249.
curiously and exactly represented. He is said to have a
loud, or shrill and sweet Note, emulous of that of a Night-
ingale. (a) He moves his Wings swiftly and continually,
whether flying, or sitting on a Flower. (b) (b) Lig. Hist.
Barb. He feeds, by
thrusting his Bill into a Flower, like a Bee. (c) For which
purpose Joh. de Læt, describing this Bird, (whether out of (c) Ibid.
Oviedus or Lerius is not plain) saith, That his Tongue is
twice as long as his Bill. Which Clusius hath omitted;
because he took his Description from the Picture only.
Gulielmus Piso observeth also the same. And it is very likely
to be so, as a Part more apt, by its length, and flexibility,
to thrust and wind it self to the bottoms of the deepest,
and most crooked Flowers: in which, and not the upper
and open parts of Flowers, it is, that the Honey-Dew
which these Birds, as well as Bees, do suck, is usually
lodg'd. His Feathers are set in Gold by the the Thrygians Imbroyderers and sold(d) Charlt.
On. Zoic.
at a great rate. (d) The Indians make of them very arti-
ficial Images. (e) (e) Will.
Orn. They take them by mazing them with
Sand shot at them out of a Gun. (f) Piso relates, (g) as a thing known to himself, and many (f) Lig. Hist.
of Barb.
curious and credible men with him in Brasile, That there
are there a sort both of Caterpillars and of Butterflys, which (g) Hist. N.
lib. 5.
are transform'd into this Bird: and that in the time of
Transformation, there is plainly to be seen half a Cater-
pillar or half a Butterfly, and half a Bird, both together. 63 Yet the same Author saith, That this Bird buildeth her
Nest of Cotton-Wooll, and layeth Eggs. That a Cater-
piller should produce a Bird; and a Butterfly too, the like;
and yet this Bird lay Eggs to produce its own kind, are
three greater wonders than any thing that hath been said
of the Barnacle. But we will rather suppose these men
were themselves deceived, than that they designed to de-
ceive others. CHAP. II.
Of WATER-FOWLES, particularly, of the
Cloven-Footed. THe The HEAD of the JABIRU. The Bird is described
by Marggravius, Piso, and Willoughby. He is bigger
than a Swan. I will take leave to describe the Bill a little
more fully. 'Tis above a foot and ¼ long; The Skull about three
inches, and two broad. The Bill black, 13 inches long,
an inch and ½ broad underneath. Both the Beaks are
bended upwards and crooked all along. The upper, an
inch and ½ high, consisting of one triangular Bone, having
a sharp Ridge on the top, and is sharp-pointed. Its hin-
der edges are carved with oblique Furrows or Grooves.
The Nostrils ½ an inch long, an inch and ½ before the eyes.
The nether Beak an inch high, and concave, but one
Bone, or if you please, two joyned together for the length
of half a foot from the point. The oblique Furrows in the Margins of the upper Beak,
are a singular Contrivance of Nature, not only here, but
in many other Birds, for the more safe reception of the
nether Beak; vidt. least it should go awry either with-
in or without the upper, as often as it is forceably pull'd
to it, and so cause a dislocation, or a strain. Another HEAD of the same kind and bigness. The HEAD of an INDIAN HERON. I meet nei-
ther with the Animal nor with the Head any where de-
scribed, or figur'd. The Skull is about three inches square. 64 The Bill above ¾ of a foot long. The upper Beak from
edge to edge near two inches over. Consists of one Bone,
Triangular or Ridged at the top, a little crooked down-
ward, Concave, and sharp-pointed. Its hinder Margins
are obliquely furrow'd, as in the Jabiru. The nether Beak
underneath two inches and ½. Consisteth of two
Bones, joyned together for the length of not above an
inch and ½ from the point, which is not above a fourth
part of the length of Conjunction in the Jabiru. The
edges of both the Beaks run along in a strait line. Of the use of the oblique Furows, before. According
to the length of the said Conjuction of the bones of the
nether Beak from the point, the Bird may be conjectur'd
more or less voraceous. For by how much this is the
shorter, by so much more may the Skin of the Beak be
dilated for the comprehending of the greater Prey: as is
more remarkable in the Pelecan. The HEAD of an INDIAN STORK. I find not the
Bird, nor the Head, any where describ'd, or figur'd. The
Skull is four inches high, and almost square. The Skin
of the Neck, as it is stuff'd up and stretched out with
Wooll, is a foot about; standing out with a bunch in the
usual place of the Crop. The Bill it self is above a foot
long: and three inches and ¼ high. The upper Beak, from
edge to edge, two inches over; is one triangular, and
sharp-pointed Bone, ridged at the top, and a little crooked
downward; but with strait Margins, and obliquely fur-
row'd behind, as in the Jabiru. The Nostrils ¾ of an
inch long, and two inches before the Eyes. The ne-
ther Beak consisteth of two Bones joyned together for the
length of three inches from the point; the edges whereof
are a little crooked upwards. Underneath, above two
inches over. The edges of both the Beaks are made
rough, like a Saw, with numerous small and oblique Inci-
sions directed backward, or looking towards the Throat. The same oblique and small Incisions are visible in the
Bills of divers other Birds of the Rapacious kind; in all
made for the more secure retention of the Prey. Of our Europæan Storks, several of the Parts are used
in Medicine, at least put into the Materia Medica; as the
Stomach, Gall, Fat, and Dung. Of the same also are 65 prepared Oleum Stillatitium, Sal volatile, Aqua Antepi-
leptica, &c. Vulgus, si decipi vult, decipiatur. They sometimes (saith Mr. Willughby (a) (a) Ornith. of the Storke)
devour Snakes and other Serpents: which when they be-
gin to creep out at their Breeches, they will presently clap
them close to a Wall to keep them in. A BUNCH of black FEATHERS, of the Crest that
grows on the Head of the lesser ash-colour'd or grey Heron.
The length of those whereof Mr. Willughby makes men-
tion, was five inches; but of these, above eight. The
Turks value these Feathers at a great Rate. It is reported,
saies Wormius, That in England it is death, to kill a Heron.
But our Lawyers know of no such Law. The BALEARICK CRANE. He differs, as to his out-
ward shape, but little from the European common: saving that on
his Head he hath a Crown of thick Hairs or Bristles very
full and spreading. See the Description and Picture of the
Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia. I once dissected this Bird, but found not the same kind
of Windpipe (with curious flexures) as is described by Bar-
thol. (b) (b) Hist.
Cent. 4. and Mr. Willughby, and by them observed in the
European common Crane. They are therefore so far two different
Species. The HORN of the UNICORNE BIRD; In Brasile
called ANHIMA. Described by Marggravius, and Wil-
lughby, out of him. His principal marks are these; Headed
and Footed like the Dunghill Cock, Tail'd like a Goose,
Horned on his Forehead (with some likeness) as the Uni-
corne is pictur'd; Spurd on his Wings; Bigger than
a Swan. The Male, say Marggravius and Piso, as big
again. The HORN was given by Father Hieronymus Lobus.
In the Bird which Marggravius describes, the Horn was
but a little above two inches long. But this is above
three, and about as thick as a Bodkin. The top also of
this is not sharp, as figur'd (and I doubt feigned) by the
same Author, but blunt; and, contrary to what is seen in
Horns, rather thicker than toward the bottom. It is but
of a softish and brittle substance, inferior to the softest sort
of Horns. Considering which, and the bluntness of it, as
well as smallness, compared with the Bird, it cannot be 66 thought to be defensive or offensive, as a true Horn, but
must have some other use. Being taken in any convenient Liquor, saith Piso, to the
quantity of about ʒij, it is often successful in Malignant
Fevers, and against Poyson, by provoking sweat. The SPUR of the UNICORNE BIRD. It grows as is
above said, on the fore-Joynt of the Wings. Triangular,
sharp-pointed, and an inch and ½ long. Said by Marggra-
vius, mistakingly, to be strait; it being crooked (a little
upwards) as a Cocks Spur; and thereby fit more effectually
to wound. The HEAD of the SHOVLER or SPOONBILL.
The former Name the more proper, the end of the Bill
being broad like a Shovel, but not Concave like a Spoon,
but perfectly flat. The extremity of each Beak is a little
hooked downward. And they are both made very rough
within with numerous and crooked Striæ. A device of
Nature, for the better holding of the Prey. This Bird is of affinity with the Heron-kind, from
which he scarce differs in any Part, saving the Bill. He
feeds on Shell-fish. Wherewith having fill'd his Crop, he
lets them lie there, till the heat of it makes them open:
whereupon disgorging them, he picks the meat out of
the Shells. Related by Gesner out of Aristotle, Ælian, and
Cicero. (a)(a) Lib. 2. de
Nat. Deo-
rum. The SEA-CURLEW. By the people of Brasile, called
Guara. By Clusius and other Latin Authors, Numenius
Indicus, and Arcuata Coccinea. Given by Dr. Walter Charl-
ton. See the Description hereof in Willughby's Ornithologia.
About as big as a Shoveler, long Leg'd, short Tail'd, with
a Bill slender, long, and crooked like a Sithe. But that
which is most remarkable, is the alteration of his colours,
being at first black, then ash-colour'd; next white, after that
scarlet, and last of all crimson, which grows the richer die,
the longer he lives. (b) (b) Joh. de
Læt lib. 15.
c. 13. & Wil.
Ornith. The BRASILIAN MOOR-HEN, called Jacana. Given
by Dr. Richard Lower. See Marggravius's Description
hereof. The Colours not the same in all parts, as in that
of Marggravius; the hinder part of the Back and Tail
being here of a bright Bay or Chestnut, inclining to
red: in his, only black and green mixed. Perhaps 67 depending on the difference of Ages as in the Guara. The
Membrane wherewith he saith the Head is cover'd, in this,
growing on the Bill, is extended only over the Forehead
like an inverted Peak. He saith, that on all the four Toes
there grows a Claw, ½ an inch long: whereas the Claw of
the hinder Toe or Heel is at least an inch and ½ long. On
the fore Joynt of each Wing, grows a Spur, as in the
Anhima; but not above ⅓d of an inch long, round, and
exceeding sharp. Which is omitted also by Marggravius,
but mention'd by Piso. She is remarkably distinguished
from all other Birds, by the slenderness of her Legs and
Toes. CHAP. III.
Of PALMIPEDE'S, or WEBFOOTED
FOWLES. THeThe PHÆNICOPTER; So called from the scarlet-
colour of his Wings. By the French, Flammant, for
the same reason. Given by Thomas Povey Esq;. There
are an abundance of them in Peru. (a) (a) Joh. de
Læt. In Winter they
feed in France. See Willughby's Description. His Neck
and Legs are exceeding long. When Scaliger therefore
saith, (b) (b) Exercit.
233. S. 2. That he hath the shortest Legs of any Animal
yet known; he would have said, the longest. But that
wherein he is most remarkable, is his Bill. Which I shall
describe more particularly. The Figure of each Beak, is truly Hyperbolical. The
upper is ridged behind; before, plain or flat, pointed like a
Sword, and with the extremity bended a little down.
Within, it hath an Angle or sharp Ridge which runs all
along the middle. At the top of the Hyperbole, not
above ¼ of an inch high. The lower Beak, in the same
place, above an inch high; hollow, and the Margins
strangely expanded inward for the breadth of above ¼ of
an inch, and somewhat convexly. They are both fur-
nished with black Teeth (as I call them from their use) 68 of an unusual figure, sc. slender, numerous and parallel,
as in Ivory-Combs; but also very short, scarce the eighth
of an inch deep. An admirable invention of Nature, by
the help of which, and of the sharp Ridge above mention'd,
this Bird holds his slippery Prey the faster. What Cardane affirmeth of the Phænicopter, That he
moves the upper Jaw or Beak, I have observed, saith Wor-
mius, to be true. Menippus the Philosopher also, (a)(a) Lib. de
Homine.
cited by Rondeletius, saith the same. But Wormius adds,
That the cause is not so manifest, as in the Crocodile:
yet shews not, in what respect. Hereof see Sect. 2.
Chap. 3. As for the Phænicopter, it must needs be said, That the
shape and bigness of the upper Beak (which here, con-
trary to what it is in all other Birds that I have seen, is
thinner and far less than the nether) speaks it to be the more
fit for motion, or to make the appulse, and the nether
to receive it. But there can be no determination of these
matters, without Inspection into the Muscules and the Ar-
ticulation of the Bones. Another PHÆNICOPTER. The Tongue of this
Bird, as Apicius saith, was a delicious Morsel amongst the
Romans. The GREATEST LOON. Colymbus maximus sive
Arcticus Clusii. Given by Mr. Houghton an Apothecary in
London. Described by Mr. Willughby. (b) (b) Orni-
thologiæ,
p. 259. This is as big
as a Goose: of a dark colour, dapled with white Spots on
the Neck, Back, and Wings; each Feather marked near
the point with two Spots. They breed in Farr Island. The GREAT SPECKLED LOON of NORWAY.
By the people there called LUMME. Described by Wor-
mius, and out of him by Mr. Willughby. In the former,
the Spots are fewer on the Neck, more on the Back: In
this, more on the Neck, and fewer on the Back. There,
each Feather hath two Spots; here, but one, near the
point. The Legs, both of these and the other Species of the
Loon kind, are broad and flat, by which they are distin(c) Wil-
lughb. Or-
nith. p. 256. -
guished from all other Birds. (c) Their Claws are also
broad, in shape almost like a mans Nail; as Mr. Willughby
also observes. (d) They are called Colymbi, because they are(d) Ibid. 69 great Divers. Their Legs are joyned to the Loins near
their Rump; That they may both swim and dive with the
greatest swiftness and ease. (a) (a) Ibid. And their Bodies being
hereby extended so much the farther from the centre of
gravity, it becomes the more laborious to them to walk,
and so inclines them to keep more on the water, as their
fittest place; (b) (b) P. 258:
& 259. as the same Author much to this purpose. The Skin of this Bird is sometimes worn on the Head and
Breast to keep them warm; and preferred before the Swans. The BILL of the GREATEST LOON. It belongs to
the first Species, but the Bird was of lesser growth. The two FEET of the GREAT NORWEGIAN
LOON. (c)(c) Will.
Orn. The FOOT of the LESSER LOON, called the DIDAP-
PER or DOBCHICK. See the Description of the Bird in
Mr. Willughby. All the Loons breed in Mona, Farra, and
other Scotish Islands. The FOOT of the SHAG, called Graculus Palmipes.
See the Bird in Mr. Willughby. He is a little bigger than
a Tame Drake. His Foot stands more sloaping than in
the Loon; the inmost Toe being the longest. It is obser-
vable, that of all Web-footed Fowl or Palmipede's, only
the Shag and the Cormorant, are known to sit and build
their Nests in Trees. (d)(d) Wil-
lugh. Ornith;
p. 248. The PELECANE. Onocrotalus, from the noise he makes
like an Ass. See the Description hereof in Aldrovandus,
Willughby, and others. I add, That the shortness of his
Trunk or Body, in respect to the other Parts, is observa-
ble; not being a foot long: whereas from the end of his
Bill to his Rump, he's near an Eln long: and to the end of
his Toes, he's above a yard and half. I shall describe his
Bill a little more particularly. The upper Beak, from the bottom of his Forehead, is
fourteen inches long; behind an inch over, and convex
or ridged; before, an inch and half over, and almost flat.
It is composed of three Bones; the end of the middlemost
is hooked like a Hawks Bill; the edges of the two utmost
are sharp, and bended downwards; all made rough with-
in with five or six edged-lines running through the length
of the Beak: thus well contriv'd for the holding the most
slippery Prey. The end of the nether Beak, is almost like 70 the Poop Prore of a Ship. 'Tis in length sixteen inches, being
extended (I think further than in all other Birds) an inch
beyond the Eye: whereas the usual Picture, makes it to end
as much before, or on this side it. Partly by this unusual
production; the swallow is the greater, as fit for so vora-
ceous a Bird. It consisteth of two Bones, united together
only at the end. To which, and part of his Neck, is sub-
joyned a Membrane vastly expansible; as appears in the
Bird here preserv'd, capable of above two gallons of Wa-
ter, and which Franciscus Stellutus, quoted by Mr. Willughby
out of Joh. Faber, saith, he lets hang down and contracts
again at his pleasure. It may not be improperly called the
Crop, which in other Birds lies under the Neck, but in this
is extended to the very end of his Bill. 'Tis probable, that the use of this Bag is not only for
the reception, but also the maceration of his Meat. And
that having taken his opportunity to fill it, by contracting
it, presses the meat down into his Ventricle and Guts,
by degrees, as they are able to subdue it. Besides the
luxury of the Tast Taste, which perhaps he enjoys all the while
it lies in his Throat. 'Tis also probable, that the meat
being herein warm'd, and made a little tenderer, the Fe-
male doth disgorge part of it, wherewith to feed her
Young. And might occasion the Fiction, of this Birds
feeding her Young, with her own Blood. The HEAD of a PELECANE. Another of the same.
Also the nether Beak of another. The SOLUND GOOSE. Anser Bassanus. See the De-
scription hereof in Gesner and Willughby. He is in bigness
and Feather very like a tame Goose. But his Bill longer,
and somewhat pointed, more like that of the Guilemot.
His Wings also much longer, being two yards over.
Near Colshill in Warwick-shire there was one found, Nov.
1669. (by some means fall'n on the ground) alive, not (a) Will.
Orn.
able to raise her self up again for the length of her
Wings. (a) But they scarce breed any where except on
the Rocks of the Island Bass in Scotland, (b) (b) Ibid from whence
the Name. She hath this strange property, that she will swallow
and disgorge again a great many Fishes, one after ano-
ther; and at last, return with one (in her Crop) to her 71 young Ones: related by Gesner from an observing Scot.
It seems probable, that she trys which, of many will best
agree with her own stomach, and when she finds one
more delicate than the rest, she carries that to her Young.
When they come to build, they bring so great a quan-
tity of broken Wood with them, that the People there
supply themselves from thence with as much as serves
them for firing all the year. (a)(a) Gesner
out of H.
Boethius. They are extraordinary fat. Out of their Fat the Scots
make a most excellent Oil to be used in the Gout, and (b) Gesner
out of H. B.
and Turner.
other Cases: Not inferior to that Oleum Comagenum, so
much celebrated by Pliny. (b) The young Goslins are by
them also accounted a great Dainty. (c)(c) Wil.
Orn. The PENGUIN. So called from his extraordinary fat-
ness. For though he be no higher than a large Goose,
yet he weighs sometimes, saith Clusius, sixteen pounds.
His Wings are extream short and little, altogether unuse-
ful for flight, but by the help whereof he swims very
swiftly. See his Description at large in the same Author;
as also in Wormius, and Willughby out of both. I shall give
a more full Description of the Bill. 'Tis black; from the corners of his Mouth four inches
and ½ long. But the Horns, or horny portions, whereof
it chiefly consists, are shorter; in the upper Beak, a little
more than three inches long; in the nether, two. Again,
in the upper, it is obliquely prolonged from the Margins
to the Forehead; contrariwise, in the nether, it is ob-
liquely shorten'd from the Margins to that part under the
Tongue. The upper Beak is an inch high, between the
corners of the Mouth as wide, but presently rises up into
a sharp Ridge. Its Edges about the middle, a little con-
vex; about the end, concave and sharp. They are double
Grooved, sc. before and behind. In the end, 'tis crooked.
The nether Beak behind as much over, as the upper;
towards the end, more compressed. Hollow like a Trough.
Its edges sharp, and convex before; behind, they are groov'd.
In the middle, it bunches out underneath. The upper Beak,
is cut with seven or eight oblique and crooked Notches;
the nether, with as many strait ones. The height of the upper Beak; the sharpness, and the
extuberance of the lower; together with the grooved 72 Edges of both, do all give the Bill a sure hold, and won-
derful strength. The three Grooves, as so many Joynts,
keep the Beaks from distortion, when in case of missing
the Prey, they are swifty and forceably clapt together.
The sharp Edges of the nether Beak, serve instead of Teeth.
The Bunch underneath, answers in some measure, to the
strength of an Arch. The hight of the upper Beak, to that
of a Board, when set upon its Edge. The Penguin breeds in Canada, in the Island called New-
land, in those of Fero, and of the Magellanick-Sea, and is
therefore by Clusius called the Magellanick-Goose. They
work themselves, as the Coney, deep Buries by the Sea-
side. (a)(a) Wormi-
us. The AUK, RASOR-BILL, or MURRE. Alka Hoiari.
See the Description in the forementioned Authors. She
breeds on the Rocks of the Island Mona Man in Scotland. As
also in those of Fero. Scarce so big as a tame Duck. His
Bill is like that of the Penguin. But the upper Beak is sharper
Ridg'd: and the Horny part of it shorter. The nether
hath a lesser Bunch. The Notches also on both are fewer;
whereof one or more of them are white, as Mr. Willughby
rightly observes. The HEAD of an AUK. The GUILLEMOT, so called especially in Northumber-
land; in Wales, the Guillem; in York-shire, the Skout; in
Cornwall, the Kiddaw. (b) (b) Wil-
lugh. Orni-
thol. LOMWIA HOIARI. He's
like the Auk, but bigger. See the Description hereof in
Willughby; as also in Wormius. They build in Norway and
Island. As also in Farra an Island in Scotland. The HEAD of the GUILLEMOT. The PUFFIN; called also Bottlenose, Coulterneb, Mullet
and Pope. Anas Arctica Clusii. Hereof see Clusius, Wor-
mius, and Willughby. They are less than a tame Duck.
Their Bill is much like to that of a Penguin, saving that
the Horn of the nether Beak is not shorten'd, as there, but
contrariwise obliquely prolonged from the Margins. 'Tis
also shorter, and answerably higher, and therefore rather
stronger. When they fight, they will hold by their Bills
so hard, as sometimes to break one anothers necks, be-
fore they'l part. Whatever (c) (c) Willugh.
Orn. they eat in the day, they
disgorge a good part of it in the night into the mouths 73
of their Pullen. They breed in Island, in the Isle of Mona Man
in Scotland, in those of Fero and the Syllies; also in Ireland,
and other places; laying their Eggs under ground. The Puffin, Penguin, and Guillemot; all want the Heel or
hinder Toe. Have all black Backs, but their Bellies, which
are much under water, are White. All lay but one
Egg at a sitting: proper perhaps to other Birds of this
kind. (a)(a) Willugh.
Ornith. The HEAD of a PUFFIN. The HEAD of the MAN of WAR; called also Al-
bitrosse. Supposed by some to be the Head of a Dodo.
But it seems doubtful. That there is a Bird called The
Man of War, is commonly known to our Sea-men; and
several of them who have seen the Head here preserved,
do affirm it to be the Head of that Bird; which they de-
scribe to be a very great one, the Wings whereof are eight
feet over. And Ligon, (b) (b) Hist. of
Barbad. p. 61. speaking of him, saith, That
he will commonly fly out to Sea, to see what Ships are
coming to Land, and so return. Whereas the Dodo is
hardly a Volatile Bird, having little or no Wings, except
such as those of the Cassoary and the Ostrich. Besides, al-
though the upper Beak of this Bill, doth much resemble
that of the Dodo; yet the nether is of a quite different
shape. So that either this is not the Head of a Dodo, or
else we have no where a true figure of it. I shall describe
it as follows. The SKULL is four inches long; the Bill, seven; two
and ½ high; one and ½ broad. The upper Beak is hollow.
Is composed of six Bones. The uppermost whereof is four
inches and ½ long, above ½ inch high, and convex. The
middlemost on each side, also four inches long, and
about ⅛ of an inch high or thick. The lowermost, above
five inches long, and ¼ high. Their Edges are furrow'd
with oblique and deep Grooves both before and behind.
All these five Bones are resimated or bended upward, with
some resemblance to a Saddle. The sixth, at the end of
the Beak, is a wonderful strong Bone, crooked exactly like
the Bill of a Parret, and hollow; by the bow, almost
three inches, and near an inch over. Its Edges are very
keen, and standing out with two sharp or pointed Angles.
The Nostrils are ¼ of an inch long, and almost two inches 74 before the Eyes. The nether Beak is composed of
three Bones. The two hinder, four inches long, near
an inch high, and bended answerably to those of the up-
per Beak. Their Edges are cut with deep Furrows. The
third, at the end of the Beak, is hollow, above an inch
long, near as high. Its Edges very sharp, and hard, and
exceedingly convex or bended downward. Underneath,
a round and sharp Pin grows out from it in a level towards
the Skull, near an inch and ½ long. It was brought from
the Indies. The shape of this Bill shews it to belong to a Bird of
Prey, and as is most likely, some great Sea-Fowl; which
I will venture to call The Great Indian Gull. The strength
of the end of the upper Beak is remarkable: as also are the
sharp and hard Edges of the nether; and the Grooved
Edges of both; the use whereof see in the Description of
some other Birds, as of the Jabiru and the Penguin. The up-
per Beak seemeth to be composed of so many Bones, partly,
that if a Fracture should happen to one, it might there ter-
minate, and the rest be secur'd. The GREAT GREY GULL, or the Herring-Gull. La-
rus griseus maximus. Perspicuously described by Mr. Wil-
lughby. Who only omits to say, that the upper Beak is
bended upwards, as in the Bill above described; and
(which is observable) that the Edges of the nether are not
sharp, as is usual, but broad or expanded inward (and almost
contiguous) as in the Phænicopter. They (a) (a) Will.
Orn. are very nu-
merous near Gravesend. Another GREY GULL, whereof the Rump, Tail, and
upper part of the Wings are very white. Given by Henry
Whistler Esq;. The TROPICK BIRD. So called, because said never
to be seen but between the Tropicks. Avis Tropicorum. Well
described by Mr. Willughby. He only omits the Denticu-
lation of the edges of his Bill, or those small oblique In-
cisions, which, from their inward respect, are plainly made
for the better retention of the Prey. Besides some very
short Feathers on his Tail, he hath two Quills above half a
yard long. Another TROPICK BIRD like the former. Another all over WHITE, except the fore part 75 of the Wings. Both given by the forementioned Per-
son. The HEAD of the TROPICK BIRD. The two Tail-Quills of the same. CHAP. IV.
Of the EGGS and NESTS of BIRDS. OF EGGS, there is here a considerable number: which
therefore I thought fit to put altogether in this
Chapter. Their Figures, as they stand together, appear
the more various. For some are almost Sphærical or
Round as a Ball: others, as the most, are more oblong.
Of these, some few are perfectly Oval, i. e. with both the
ends defined with two equal Ellipses: but most are Conical,
or with one end sharper than the other. Of these again,
most have their smaller end but Blunt; some few, very
sharp. Lastly, almost all both Blunt and Sharp are Con-
vexly Conical, i. e. they are all along Convex, not only
per ambitum, but between both ends: whereas some few
are Plano-Conical, whose Superfice is in part level be-
tween both ends. Their Colours are also various; as White, Pale, Livid,
Ash-colour, Blew, Brown, Green. Their Spots, and Speckles,
are also Iron-colour'd, Red, Bay, Musk-colour, Black, &c.
the Causes of all which, both Figures and Colours, were
no unfit subject of enquiry. But here I can do little
more than shew, to what Eggs in particular any of them
do belong. The EGG of an OSTRICH. 'Tis very smooth, and
white; all over prict as it were with extream extreme small brown
Specks. Almost of a Sphærical Figure. About half a foot, by
its Axis, from end to end. Round about, by the breadth,
sixteen inches, i. e. near five inches and ½ strait over.
Both the ends of an equal Convexity. Sometimes so big,
saith Mr. Willughby, as to weigh fifteen pounds. The
Shell is of answerable thickness, in regard to its bigness,
to that of other Birds Eggs. They are sometimes set in
Silver, and used as Cups. 76 Another white EGG, almost Sphærical. 'Tis scarce so
long as a Hens Egg, yet is as thick, as that of a Goose. A third white EGG, almost Sphærical. 'Tis scarce big-
ger than a little Nutmeg. The EGG of a CASSOARY. The Shell underneath or
within is white: without, it is all over rough-cast with a
Testaceous Crust of a pale Green colour. It is of an ex-
act Oval Figure, or with both ends equally Convex. In
length, by its Axis, five inches, round about the breadth,
eleven; i. e. a little above three and ½ strait over. Another EGG of a CASSOWARY, like the former. Another EGG perfectly Oval, or with both ends
equally Convex. Exceeding white, as big as a Pigeons
Egg. Another EGG perfectly Oval, but somewhat lesser, and
of a light Ash-colour. Another EGG exactly Oval, and also of a light Ash-
colour, but no bigger than a Nutmeg. The EGG, as I take it, of the lesser DIVER or LOON.
In bigness equal to a Hens. Of a pale wan colour. Ob-
tusely Conical, so as to come very near to an exact
Oval. The EGG, I think, of the WIGEON. It is of the
same Colour and Figure as the last described: but some-
what lesser. Another EGG like the two former, but a little lesser.
Inscribed, Arts: perhaps of the Anas Arctica or Puffin. The Egg, as it seems, of the AUK or RAZOR-BILL.
Of a pale and livid colour, with Iron-colour'd Spots
sprinkled all over it. Obtusely Conical. In bigness, between
those of a Turkey and a Hen. The EGG, perhaps, of the biggest Arctick Loon. It is of
a dark Green colour, besprinkled all over with Spots of
a sad Bay. Both in figure, and bigness, like that of a
Goose. The EGG of a CROW. Of a Blew colour, besprinkled
all over very full with dark brown Spots. Obtusely Co-
nical. As big as a Pigeons. The EGG of a GOLDFINCH. Of a whitish Ash-colour,
besprinkled with dark brown spots. Yet not every where,
but only on the thicker end. It comes near to an exact
Oval. 77 The EGG, I suppose, of a HOOP. It is longer than
a large Damascene Plum. Obtusely Conical. Of an Ash-
colour, stained with spots of a sad or deep Bay, and of a
dark Brown. The EGG of the KITTY. In Colour, Figure, and Big-
ness, not much unlike the last described: yet somewhat
lesser, and almost exactly Oval. The EGG of the CADEY. Perhaps the Jackdaw, by
some also called the Caddo. It is of a pale Blew, besprinkled
with dark Spots. An ash-colour'd EGG, speckled with Spots of a sad Red.
Obtusely Conical; and as big as that of a Pigeon. The EGG of the SEA-MOIT. In colour, almost like
the last described. In bigness like to that of the Hoop. An EGG in shape and bigness, like a Damascene Plum.
Dyed with a full Blew, and sprinkled here and there with a
few spots of a sad Bay. The EGG of a REDSTART. Of a whitish Ash-colour.
Speckled on the thicker end only, with a few spots of a
sad Bay. In figure and bigness almost like an ordinary
Acorne. A pale wan coloured EGG, in bigness not much unlike
the former. The EGG of a WAGTAILE. Of the same bigness with
the last, but more Conical. Of a white colour besprinkled
with very small and numerous specks of a blackish
tincture. An EGG of the same colour with that of the Redstart, but
more Conical. The EGG of a THROSTLE. Of a pale Blew, and
speckled with a few spots of a sad Bay. As big as a lesser
Damascene Plum. But with one end sharp. The EGG of a STONERUNNER. Of an Ash-colour,
besprinkled with sad Bay spots. Conical, and sharp. Of
the bigness of a little Walnut. Here are four of them. The EGG of a ROOK. Painted all over with Green
and dark Brown spots. Conical, and sharp. Somewhat less
than a Crow's. An Ash-colour'd EGG, besprinkled with sad Bay spots.
Conical, and sharp. Almost as big as a Pullets. The EGG of the SEAMEW; perhaps, of the lesser 78 GULL. Of an Ash-colour tinged with blackish spots.
In bigness equal to that of a Hen. But acutely Co-
nical. An EGG of a kind of Greenish Ash-colour. In bigness,
and in shape like that of a Stonerunner. Here are two of
these. The EGG of the HORNPIE; perhaps, the SEAPIE.
Of an Ash-colour mixed with a kind of Citrine, and
stained with blackish spots. Almost as big as that of a
Hen. The EGG of a RED-SHANK. Of a kind of Straw
colour, tinged with sad Bay spots. Most acutely Conical,
or with one very sharp end. In bigness like to that of a
Rook; but a little shorter. The EGG, as I take it of the GUILLEMOT. Of a
Green colour, stained with Black spots. Acutely Coni-
cal; and also, in part, level between both ends or Plano-
conical. Somewhat bigger than that of a Turkey. The EGG of a LAPWING. Of a kind of Citrine colour,
stained with large black spots. Sharp, and Plano-conical. A
little bigger than that of a Redshank. The EGG of the SEACOB; a kind of GULL. Of an
Ash-colour, besprinkled with little black specks. In shape
very like to that of a Lapwing. But not above half as
big. The EGG of a HEN, with a thick knob so growing
on its greater end, as to appear to have been originally
liquid. The EGG of a SWAN with another within it. Given
by Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich. Who hath also observed
the like both in Hens and Turkeys. The utmost seemeth to
be a little bigger than ordinary, sc. near five inches long
by its Axis, and ten round about, or three and ⅓ strait
over. In shape like a Turkeys. The other which is in-
cluded sticks fast to the side of the greater; whether it
did so originally, as also whether both of them contained
White and Yelk, is uncertain. It is of the same figure,
about four inches long, bigger than the biggest Hens Egg.
The Shell of the same hardness and thickness as that of the
greater. 'Tis plain, that the lesser Egg was first perfectly form'd. 79 But not being big enough to provoke the Vterus to exclu-
sion, new matter gather'd round about it for another
Egg: and was the more easily supplied, because so little
spent upon the former. And it may be noted, That Na-
ture is so intent upon finishing her Work, that she may be
observ'd much oftener to over do, than under do: you
shall find twenty Eggs with two Yelks, or hear of twenty
Animals with two Heads, for one that hath none. From the Egg with the Lump at the greater end, it
seems also plain, That the Shells of Eggs, although as hard
as any Animal Stones, yet are not bred, as those, out of
stony Parts visibly præexistent in liquor, and so cluster'd
together: but out of a liquid substance, not much un-
like to that which is separated by the Reins of Birds. Of the figure of the Egg, it is observable, That it usu-
ally answers to that of the Body or Trunk of the Bird to
which it belongs: as the Fruit is longer or broader, an-
swerable to a tall or spreading Tree. And as it is a Tran-
script from the Original; so it self an Original for the
next Copy. So those Birds that have a Rump and hinder
Parts more Oval and spreading, as the Duck; or more
Conical, as the Dunghill-Hen; breed, and are bred of Eggs
alike shaped, viz. That so there may be sufficient, yet no
superfluous Room, or Matter, for the Chick. Of the Number of Eggs laid at one Breed, it is also
worth the noting, That Land-Fowl, and of these especi-
ally, such as are Domestick, and whereof there is conti-
nually great destruction made, for the most part lay a
considerable number of Eggs for one sitting. Whereas
some Sea-Fowls, (as Mr. Willughby observes of the Pen-
guin, and some others) lay but one. Because building
upon the Rocks, where they are seldomer destroy'd, were
they greater Breeders, there would not be room enough
for the reception of the hundredth part of them. The NEST of a little Bird of CHINA. Almost of a
Semilunar Figure, and about two inches and ½ broad. Of
a white substance, becoming soft, being moistened, and
transparent like a Gelly; whereinto it seems to be
convetrible, in part, being boiled: and by the Gentry
of China is esteemed a delicate sort of meat; although,
like that of Harts-Horn, it hath no Tast. Outwardly, it is 80 more close and solid; within, consisting of parts loosly
Netted together, as those in the middle of Harts-Horns, or
some spongy Bones. See also a short Description hereof in
Wormius. The Birds breed in Coromandel, and build their Nests
(as is supposed of the Sperm of Fishes) (a) (a) Gulielm.
Piso. on the sides of
the high Rocks; from whence the Natives fetch them,
and sell them to the Chineses at a great rate. (b)(b) Mus.
Worm. The TREBLE NEST of an Indian Bird, made to hang
down from the Bough of a Tree, with three Venters or
Bellies, and three Necks all open one into another. See
the Picture of such a like one in Willughby's Ornithologia. The NEST of another East-Indian Bird, which, to avoid
the rapine of Apes and Monkey's, she hangs down from the
Bough of a Tree, by a very long Neck. See the figure here-
of also in Mr. Willughby. The NEST of a little BIRD of BRASILE, which she
hangs also on a Tree out of the reach of Serpents. About
ten inches in length. The Structure admirable. The up-
per part by which it hangs to the Tree is a flat Label, about
four inches long, and three over. To this the other two
Parts, sc. the Neck and Belly of the Nest, are suspended.
The Neck is five inches long; below, an inch and ½ over;
above, a little straiter. The Belly is likewise about the same
length as the Neck, of an Oval figure, in the middle two
inches and ½ over. The Neck is open, not above, but be-
low, at the very end: for this and the Belly hang at the
Label, as you would imagine a Sack of Corn hung up by
the middle, quite double. So that the Bird first ascends
by the Neck, and then descends into the Belly of the Nest.
It is composed of Reeds and other parts of Plants curiously
woven together, like a piece of Hair-Cloath. A GREAT NEST of an other West-Indian Bird. Above
three quarters of a yard long, besides part of it broken off.
Where broadest, near a foot over, and almost flat. Nar-
rowed from the bottom all the way to the top. It hath
two Apertures. Above, about a foot from the top of the
intire Nest, one larger and longer; below, sc. ½ a foot
above the bottom, another perfectly round, and three
inches over. It consisteth of the parts of Plants some-
what loosely woven together. The Invention seemeth 81 very subtile. The entry above, for the Bird her self; her
Eggs and Chicks hanging safe at so great a depth; the
lower, till these are fleg'd, being in the mean time stop'd
up with Feathers, Moss, or other like materials: but after-
wards laid open for them, that cannot reach the top, to
fly out at below. SECT. V.
OF FISHES. CHAP. I.
OF VIVIPEROUS FISHES. THe The RIB of a TRITON or MAREMAN. About the
same length with that of a Mans, but thicker and
stronger; and nothing near so much bended. The Fish
to which it belonged, was taken near Brasile. Of this kind,
Wormius, in his Musæum, gives us divers Relations, toge-
ther with the Descriptions of several Species. See also
Joh. de Læt. (a) (a) L. 15.
c. 12. of the same. And Barlæus, who saith,
That in Brasile he is called Ypupiapra. A BONE said to be taken out of a MAREMAIDS
HEAD. It is in bigness and shape not much unlike that
called Lapis Manati; but the knobs and hollows thereof
are somewhat different. One JOYNT of the BACK NECK-BONE of a WHALE. By
Anatomists called a Vertebra. 'Tis only Less than one of those Parts
or Joynts which answers to one single Rib on each side.
It weigheth Thirty pounds Haverdupois In length, i. e.
by the length of the Back-Bone, near ¼ of a foot; above
a foot high; and three quarters of a yard broad, i. e. by
the bredth of the Whale. The Hole in the middle of it,
which the Marrow of the Back passeth through, near half
a foot over. All its Knobs, are much alike those in Qua-
drupedes. 82 The PISLE of a WHALE. In length, above a yard.
Near the Root ½ a foot round about, notwithstanding its
being now dry and much shrunk. From thence it tapers
to the very end, which is scarce one inch about. 'Tis now
as hard as a Horn. Part of the EAR-BONE of a WHALE. 'Tis as hard,
and heavy for its bulk, as any Bone whatsoever. As big
as a labouring mans Fist: The same Bone which in an Ox,
is little bigger than a Nutmeg. Part of a BONE said to be taken out of the Brain of a
Whale, taken near the Bermudas. Given by Dr. John Wil-
kins, the late Bishop of Chester, to whom it was sent from
thence. It seems to be part of the Brain-Pan, that was
broken off and struck into the Brain, when the Whale was
taken. A ROUND BONE of a WHALE. Given by Dr. Walter
Pope. 'Tis almost a foot Diametre, and in the middle
about five inches thick. 'Tis rounded on the Edges, and
thinner than at the middle, resembling a thick Holland
Cheese. Three more Round BONES of a WHALE; all of
them lesser, and one ratably thicker than the former;
the other thinner, like a white penny Loaf. The third the
thinnest, almost like a Tansey. Wormius (a) (a) Musæ-
um. makes mention of a Manuscript, entituled,
Speculum Regale£ but written in the ancient Danish-
Tongue, as he saith is supposed, by King Suerron; in
which are reckon'd up two and twenty kinds of Whales:
of all which he gives a brief account in his Musæum. Of
which, the last save one, is said to be sometimes almost an
hundred and thirty Elns long. The last of all, liker a little
Island, than an Animal. Bartholine (b) (b) Hist.
Cent. 4. also reckons up the same number; but
with some different Names, and a different Account;
which he gives from a Manuscript History of the Fishes of
Iceland: which, saith he, a curious and observing Shep-
herd of Iceland sent to Wormius some years before his death,
with all their Figures. But how these two accounts agree,
I see not. I would not think, That Wormius did here put
in the King, and leave out the Shepherd, to make the story
better. 83 On the Snout of one of these Whales, called Hoddunefur,
grow about five hundred horny flat pieces, which Taylors
in Denmark use in making of Cloaths. (a) (a) Ibid. The same in
substance, with that we call Whale-Bone, belonging to the
Finns. In Island they are so commonly taken, That the
hard Bones are there used for the impaling of Houses and
Gardens. (b)(b) Mus.
Rom. The HORN of the SEA-UNICORNE. Given by
Sir Joseph Williamson now President of the Royal-Society.
It is an entire one, eight feet long, or about two yards
and three quarters. Very beautiful in length, straitness,
whiteness, and its spiral Furrows bigger and less, making
about seven Rounds from the bottom to the top, or
point. At the Basis or bottom, about seven inches round.
From thence, for about a foot, it swells a little, and then
again grows slenderer, all the way, and so ends in a sharp
point. 'Tis also conically hollow at the Basis, for near
three quarters of a foot deep. The same Horn (together with the Fish it self, some-
times above 30 Elns long,) is described by Wormius. (c) (c) Musæum
Wor.
But I cannot, with him, call it a Tooth. In that, it per-
formeth not the office of a Tooth, but of a Horn. Nei-
ther doth it stand as a Tooth, but horizontally. Nor is it
fixed in the Mouth, where all Teeth stand, but in the Snout.
The reason why he calls it so, is, because it is fastened in the
Snout, as Teeth are in the Jaw. See also the Description
hereof in Bartholine. (d) (d) Hist.
Cent. 4. But in that he makes it to be
Gyris Intortum, is not (at least as to this Horn) so clearly
expressed: the Horn it self being strait, and not writhen,
but only surrounded with spiral Furrows. The same is
also transcribed by Terzagi out of Wormius, into Septalius's
Musæum. Of the Virtue hereof, Wormius mentions two Experi-
ments. The one, upon its being given to a Dog, after a
Dose of Arsenick: but he expresseth the quantity of neither.
The other, upon twelve Grains hereof given after a Drachm
of Nux Vomica. Both the Dogs lived; whereas two other
Dogs having the same Doses, without the Horn, died.
Both experiments are attested by several Physitians of
Note. The credit of these Persons is not doubted. But the 84
question is, Whether these Dogs might not have liv'd
without the Horn. As some Dogs that have been bitten
by an Adder, have been observ'd to get over their Con-
vulsions, and recover. It is also said in one of the Expe-
riments, that the Dog which liv'd, vomited: and in the
other, there is nothing said to the contrary. The question
therefore is, Whether many other things, which will cause
vomiting, may not do as well, as this so much celebrated
Horn? Whatever it may perform against Poison, it hath, saith
Bartholine, been very successfully used by Physitians in
Malignant Fevers. As in that, which at Coppenhagen in the
years 1652, and 1653. was very brief: and which it
carr'd off with very great Sweats. (a) (a) Barthol.
Hist. Cent. 4. It was used also by
Albertus Kyperus at Leyden in the Year 1655. in the like
Case, and with the like success. (b) (b) Ibid. And that the sweating
proceeded not meerly from Natures own strength over
the Disease, but as she was helped by the use of the Horn;
seems probable from what Bartholine further saith, (c)(c) Ibid.
That a scruple or ʒß hereof being given in Carduus-Water, or
other convenient Liquor, causeth a free and copious
sweating, even in those that are not used to sweat, except
with much difficulty. Heretofore, the chief Bishops in Denmark, used to make
their Episcopal Staffs of these Horns. (d) (d) Ibid. The Natives of
Groenland, and other Places where the Sea-Unicorne is taken,
arm the sharp ends of the thickest and longest of these
Horns with Iron Beards, and so use them for the wound-
ing and taking of Whales. The Sea-Unicorne is it self a lesser Whale, and is that Spe-
cies which the People of Island, where there are many, call
Narwhal. The figure which Olaus Magnus gives of the
Head, is fictitious. A PIECE of the SEA-UNICORNS HORN. The SAW-FISH. Pristis. Johnston hath given a good
figure (e) (e) Tab. 4.
N. 1. hereof, but without either Name or Description.
And that of Wormius is defective, and in some particulars,
out. This here is a young One; from the end of the Saw
to the end of the Tail, four feet. The Saw it self above a
foot; near its Basis, two inches broad; at the fore-end, 85 one. Armed, on each side, with seven and twenty Spikes,
each ½ an inch long, bended a little backward, and with
two sharp edges behind, as the Spur of the Unicorne Bird hath
above. His Head very flat, about three inches long; behind,
almost four inches broad; before, two. His Eyes an inch
long, as much behind the Snout, two inches distant.
Above ½ an inch behind his Eyes he hath two Spouts, about
¼ of an inch wide, by both which (as some Fishes by a
single one) he casts out the Water, which in taking the
Prey, or otherwise, he receives into his mouth. Beneath,
close by the Root of the Saw, are two oblique Nostrils, an
inch distant, figur'd like the letter S. An inch behind these,
his Mouth, two inches and ½ over. His Lips are rugged
with extream extreme small round knobs. He hath no Teeth. The Apertures of his Gills are five; placed obliquely,
not on his sides, but his Breast, about four inches behind
his Mouth. His Trunk or Body presently behind his Head, becomes
fives inches broad, and about three high; from whence it
is again extenuated all the way to the end of his Tail. He hath seven triangular Finns. On the bottom of his
sides, two Gill-Finns, not behind the Gills, as in most
Fishes, but for a good part before them; near eight inches
long, above three broad, and almost horizontal. Three
inches behind these, two Belly-Finns, two inches broad,
five long, and as much distant. Directly over these, on
the Back a fifth, four inches long, above three high. On
the Back also, but near the Tail, a sixth, four inches long,
and as high. The Tail-Finn, as it were half a Finn, being
½ a foot high, but underneath level with the Tail. Cover'd all over with a tough and dark-colour'd Skin,
somewhat rough, as you draw your hand forward: from
the Belly-Finns to the end of the Tail, as it were pinched
together into a little Ridge on each side. There are many
of them in the Indian-Sea. The reason why he hath two Spouts, seemeth to be the
flatness and breadth of his Head or Mouth; in which the
Water lying more spread, could not so expeditely be
carri'd off by a single one in the middle, as by one on each
side. 86 He is said to defend himself from the Whale with his
Saw. Wherewith, by its structure, 'tis plain, that he fetches
his stroak backward or side-ways, the Spikes being bended,
pointed, and edged, and so made to prick and cut, that
way. The SAW or SPIKED SNOUT of the SAWFISH.
'Tis a very large one, four feet long, or above an El'n by
three inches. Its Basis, excluding the Spikes, seven inches
broad. On each side are seventeen Spikes, most of them
two inches and ½ long, and figur'd as above described. The length of the Fish before described, from end to end,
if compar'd with the Saw is as four to one. Therefore the
Fish, to which this Saw belong'd, was near five yards and
half long. Again, the number of Spikes in the Saw of the
Fish now describ'd, compared with those in this great Saw,
is somewhat more than as three to two. Therefore had
the said Fish liv'd to the Age of this to which the great
Saw belonged, it would have been eight yards in
length. Five more such like SAWS, somewhat less. The HEAD of the RAPIER-FISH; called Xiphias. By
the Brasilians, Araguagua. He is pretty well described by
Rondeletius. Grows sometimes to the length of five
yards. The Sword, which grows level from the Snout
of the Fish, is here about a yard long, at the Basis four
inches over, two edged, and pointed exactly like a Rapier.
He preys on Fishes, having first stab'd them with this
Sword. (a) (a) Charl.
Onom. Zoic. The Whale, saith Ligon, to shake off the Sword-
Fish and Theshall, his two mortal enemies, leaps sometimes
more than his own length above water. (b) (b) Hist. of
Barb. p. 6. He is taken
frequently in the German Ocean; as also in the Black-Sea;
and sometimes in the Danuby. The HEAD of the TUCK-FISH. Of the Sword-fish
kind, but a different Species from the former. Whether
it be any where describ'd, seems doubtful. The hinder
parts of the Head are here broken off. The Snout is not so
flat as in the Rapier-fish, but thicker and rounder, more like
a Tuck, from whence I take leave to name it. 'Tis half
a yard long; near the Head, two inches over; about the
middle, one. Not with a flat point, but one perfectly
round. The upper part hereof is smooth, the nether 87 rough, the smooth and rough parts continu'd obliquely
from the Point to the Root. Both the Chaps are also
rough in the same manner, in the place of the Teeth,
which this Fish hath not. The nether Chap hath also a
different shape from that of the Rapier-Fish: this being
not above four inches over, that half a foot; yet both
are a foot long. It is composed of two Bones, so joyned
together, for the space only of an inch and half, as to make
a sharp point. Marggravius and Piso (and out of these Johnston) de-
scribe an American-Fish by the name of GUEBUCU, of kin
to this, the Head whereof is here describ'd. But cannot be
the same, unless both the Pictures which they give, and
Marggravius's Description (who particularly saith, That
the Snout is sixteen inches long, the nether Chap, ten) be
false. For in this Head, the nether Chap is broader, and
comparatively not near so long. The HEAD of the UNDER-SWORD-FISH. It is de-
scribed by no Author that I have perus'd. The Fish seems
to be a smaller kind. The Head is of a triangular figure,
having one acute Angle below, and a blunt one on each
side. An inch and quarter high; the Forehead an inch
over, flat, and scaly. In length 'tis about two inches and
a quarter. The Eyes, proportionably, exceeding great,
sc. three quarters of an inch over. The Snout half an inch
broad, not above ¼ of an inch long, a little ridged in the
middle. The Chaps, instead of Teeth, are rough with
many little Asperities, almost as the skin of a Scate. The Sword grows in a level, not from the upper but
the under Jaw, from whence we may give the Fish his
Name. In length three inches; near the Jaw half an inch
over, from whence growing narrow all the way, it endeth
in a Point like that of a Sword. It is not round, but flat,
as that of the Rapier-Fish, and in like manner two-edged.
It seemeth to be composed of two Bones, but very firmly
coherent edge to edge all the way. Whether this Fish be
Viviperous, is uncertain; yet being of the Sworded-kind,
I have ventur'd here to describe the Head. A pair of the MANATEE-STONE'S. Taken out of
the Head of the SEA-COW, by the Indians called Manati.
Bigger than the biggest sort of Walnuts; with several 88 knobs and hollows, like as in the Ear-Bone, but much
greater. It is said by Joh. de Læt to be much com-
mended against the Stone. There are two of them in every
Head. The Head of the Manati is like that of an Ox or Cow, (a) Charl.
Onom. Zoic.
out of Hie-
ron. Benzon.
Hist. N. Orb.
l. 2. c. 14.
from whence the English Name; his Eyes little; his Body
long, like that of an Otter; his two Feet like an Elephants.
Sometimes he is about thirty five feet or twelve yards long,
and four broad. (a) He feeds not on Fishes, but the Grass
on the banks of the Creeks and Bays. (b) Calves and
suckles her Young (as some other Fishes) with two (b) Traph.
Disc. of Jam.
Duggs. (c) A certain Indian King kept and fed one of
them with Bread six and twenty years in a Lake near his (c) Ibid.
House, which grew tame, beyond all that the Antients
have written of Dolphins: He would sometimes carry ten
people on his Back, with ease, a cross the Lake. (d) (d) Charl.
On. Zoic. out
of Petr. Mar-
tyr. They
breed in Hispaniola, Jamaica, Brasile, and other places. The BALANCE-FISH. Zygæna Libella. Curiously
pictur'd in Salvian. Where also see the Description. He
hath his Name not unaptly from the shape of his Head,
very different from that of all other Fishes, being spread
out horizontally, like the Beam of a Balance; his eyes
standing at the two extremes, as the iron Hooks do at the
end of the Beam. He grows sometimes to the length of
four or five yards: but this is a young one. They breed
in the Mediterranian, especially, saith Bellonius, near
Smyrna. The HEAD of a great BALANCE-FISH. It is two
feet ½ over, or from eye to eye. The Head of the lesser
now mention'd, is five inches over, the Fish, 20 inches
long. That therefore to which this great Head belong'd,
was ten foot long. The SKULL of the MORSE: so called by the Musco-
vites; by the Danes, Rosmarus. He hath four feet, and his
Body shapen not much unlike the SEA-CALF. But grow-
eth sometimes to be bigger than an Ox. In his upper
Jaw, he hath two remarquakble TUSKS, bended
a little inward. In this Skull, the exerted part is five
inches long, and four round about at the Root. His other
Teeth are undescrib'd. They are sixteen, eight on each
Jaw. Not Grinders but Punchers, or somewhat answer-
89able in shape to the Tusks of a Dog. In the upper Jaw,
the longest; standing on each side, two or three of them,
within side of the Tusks. They have a small flat on their
insides, against which the Teeth of the under Jaw work;
which are much smaller, and flat-sided. The shape of
these Teeth seems no way fitted, and their strength very
superfluous, for the eating of green Leaves at the bottom of
the Sea, as this Animal is supposed to do. The Figure which Olaus Magnus gives of this Animal, is
fictitious. But that in Joh. de Læt (as to the Head at
least) is a very good one: from whom Wormius borrows
his. One of the Cubs is accurately described by Everh.
Vorstius, quoted by John de Læt, by Wormius, and by Ter-
zagi in Septalius's Musæum. This Animal, when he goes,
drags his hinder part after him, as the Seal. They always,
saith Scaliger, (a) (a) Exer.
218. S. 4. come on Land in Companies; and when
they sleep, one of them, as among Cranes, is set to watch.
They climb upon the Rocks on the Sea-side by the help
of their great Tusks, wherewith, as with two Hooks, they
hold themselves from sliping. They breed numerously
near St. Lawrence Isle. Their Tusks are used by the Turks and Tartars for the (b) Musæ-
um Wormi-
anum.
making of Sword-Handles. (b) I have a Girdle, saith Wor-
mius, (c) composed of Plates made of these Tusks; which
being worn, is an infallible Remedy against the Cramp: (c) Ibid..
Spasmo proculdubio immunes reddit. A piece of a MORSE-HIDE. Than which, saith Wormi-
us, I believe there is no Animal hath one more close and
solid. I add, nor perhaps any that hath a thicker, being
above half an inch thick. A PISLE, said to be that of the MORSE. 'Tis above a foot
long, and seems to be only the exerted Part. At the
Glans, half a foot about, now it is dry. The Muscovites,
saith Vorstius, (d) (d) Quoted
by Læt, l. 2. take the Powder hereof to bring away the
Stone. The MALE or WHITE SHARK. Canis Carcharias
mas. See the Description hereof in Rondeletius. This is
about two yards long, and near ¼ of a yard over, where
thickest. But they are found sometimes seven or eight
yards in length, and more. One hath been taken, saith
Gesner, from an other person, near four thousand pounds 90 weight. The sharpness and multitude of his Teeth espe-
cially, and the widness of his Mouth, are remarkable. They
will often bite off the Legs or Arms of those that ven-
ture into the Sea in a Calm; and sometimes swallow them
up whole. (a) (a) Ligon's
Hist. of Barb.
p. 5. Their Teeth generally stand in a six-fold Row; but
Bellonius observes one with four Rows only. There are
some other Fishes which have as many, and the Scate hath
more: but take their Number and Bigness together, and
they are more considerable. In Septalius's Musæum, there
is one, saith Terzagi, (in words at length) with a thou-
sand and two hundred Teeth. But neither hath this here,
nor had any other that I ever read of, near half so
many. Of his Optique Nerves, Rondeletius observes, That
they are not, as in other Animals, but plainly Cartila-
ginous. The Goldsmiths in France, saith the same Author, set the
Teeth of the Shark (which there they call Serpents Teeth)
in silver-Cases; and the Women hang them about their
Childrens Necks, to make them breed their Teeth the bet-
ter. The Brain of the Shark, saith Wormius, (b) (b) Out of
Læt. is highly
commended by some for the Stone. The people of Island,
saith the same Authour, boil them for Lamp-Oil. They
are found sometimes upon our own Coast, near Corn-
wall. The LONG-SNOUTED SHARK. So I call it, be-
cause it is much longer, than in the above-mentioned; so
as to be as it were the beginning of a Horn. The Body
of this likewise, in proportion, is much shorter and thicker.
Rondeletius seems to give the Figure of this particular
Species. There is no sort of Animal, saith Aristotle, (c) (c) Hist. An.
l. 2. c. 1. near
the end. about
us, which hath a double Row of Teeth. So that he never
saw a Shark, nor divers other Fishes that are commonly
known, and such as are not unlikely to breed about
Greece. That he includes Fishes, is plain by the Con-
text. The GILL-FIN of the long-snouted Shark. The JAWS of a SHARK. There are six or seven
pair of these here preserved. Terzagi mentions one pair 91 in Septalius's Musæum, that were wide enough to have swal-
lowed any Man. Two great TEETH of a SHARK. They are both
curiously indented, like a Saw, on each edge: as also the
Teeth are in younger Sharks, but not so visibly. One of
these is above an inch and half long. But one of those
in a Shark of above two yards in length, is not half an
inch. The Shark therefore, to which This belonged, was
about eight yards long. What the Teeth of a Shark wants in thickness, they
have in breadth, whereby they are the more terrible; both
pricking with their Points, and cutting with their Edges at
the same stroak. Part of the BACK-BONE of a SHARK. The TOOTH of a PICKED-DOG. Not much un-
like that of a Shark. The difference is, That the exerted
part of this is bended, not inwards, but side-ways. The SPOTED HOUNDFISH or SEA-PANTHER; Galeus
Asterias; because of the Stars or Spots upon his Skin. But
the radiation of the Spots in the Figure commonly given,
is fictitious. See Rondeletius's Description. He hath a
rough Skin, as have all of this kind. Yet this Author saith,
he hath a smoother Skin, than the Galeus lævis: which,
however comparatively taken, it may be true, is not well
expressed of either. The said Roughness is caused by an
infinite number of most hard and sharp Prickles, composed
in the same manner as the Scales of Fishes. The Female brings forth often times twice in one month,
and so is said to Superfœtate: which, saith Aristotle, (a) (a) Hist. An.
lib. 6. c. 11.
& l. 5. c. 10.
seems rather to be, because her Eggs are hatched (in her
Womb) one after another. The PICKED-DOG. Galeus Acanthias. Because he hath
two strong and sharp Spikes growing on his Back, behind
the two Finns, and pointing towards his Tail. See the
Description in Salvianus and Rondeletius. Besides the two
Finns which grow on each side the Anus, the Males, saith
Salvian, (b) (b) Hist. 42. have also two Appendices, one on each side
the Anus. But betwixt the Anus and the Tail there is no
under-Finn; by which he differs from the rest of the Dog-
kind. He is said scarce to grow so big, as to exceed twenty
pounds in weight. His Skin is rough with the like Prickles, 92 as in the former; so small, as scarcely visible without a
Microscope. But easily felt by drawing your hand towards
the head. The shape also of the Teeth is odd and un-
usual, being armed with little sharp Hooks on each edge.
They are taken sometimes upon our English Coast. The Anatomy of the Galeus (the Male) is given us by
Sir George Ent, in Dr. Charleton's Onomastic. Zoic. Some of
the most observable Remarks, are the peculiar shape of the
Pancreas, and especially the Spleen, having a Label produ-
ced from one side, above twice its own length. Likewise
the Purse at the farther end of the Duodenum, into which
it opens only by a very small round Hole, not so wide as
to receive the end of ones little finger: all which are de-
scribed and figur'd. He hath also growing on the lower
Eye-lid, a thick and firm Membrane, wherewith he often
winkles or covers his whole Eye: the same with that called
the Periophthalmium, common to very many Birds. The Description of the Viviparous Eggs in the Female;
which are not unlike to those of the Raya, is given by Ron-
deletius. Bellonius hath seen an indifferent One, to bring
forth thirteen young ones at a Birth. So soon as ever
she hath brought them forth, they swim along with her,
and if any of them are afraid of any thing, it runs imme-
diately into the Mouth, say some, into the Womb of the
Dam: when the fear is over, returns again, as if by a second
Birth. The Skin is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory
Works. The HEAD of a DOLPHIN, about a foot and ½ long.
The Dolphin therefore to which it belong'd, was above two
yards and half long. In the Skin, 'tis hard to find any
passage of sound for Hearing. And Aristotle denies that
the Dolphin hears. But Rondeletius truly saith, that he doth,
and that the whole structure of the Internal Ear may be
seen in the Skull. See Bellonius's Description and Figure
of the Dam and her Fœtus. The HEAD of a DOLPHIN, lesser than the former. The TAIL of the DOLPHIN. It is expanded (as al-
so in the Porpess) in a way peculiar, not uprightly, as in
other Fishes, but horizontally: by the help of which, he
makes his Gamboles above the Water. And at the same 93 time takes his Breath: as Mr. Ray hath well observed of
the same use in the Porpess. It is also of use to cast him
forward by strong and repeated jirks, whereby he is so ad-
mirably swift, as it's said, above all other Fishes. (a) (a) Phil.
Trans. N. 76.
p. 2275. There
is also another Dolphins Tail here preserved of the same
bigness. The SKELETON of a PORPESS, or Sea-Hog. (b) (a) Tursio
Plinii. Pho-
cæna Ron-
deletii. The
Description and Anatomy of the Animal is given us by
Bartholine (Hist. Cent. 2.) By Mr. Ray (Phil. Trans. N. 76.)
By Dan. Major (Miscel. Curios. German. An. 4.) And lately
more largely by Dr. Edward Tyson. Some of the particu-
lars more remarkable are, That the Fat, which is an inch
thick, encompasseth the whole Body, as in a Hog. That
the Fibers which run through the Fat from the Membrana
Carnosa to the Skin, do obliquely decussate one another
like a Lattice. And I may here observe, That the like
Decussation is made betwixt the white and red Fibers of all
Muscules. 'Tis further noted, That the Fat is nothing else but Oil
contained in a great number of little Bladders. I add,
That all these Bladders are the continuation of the Fibers
which decussate, in a finer Work. And that there is no
difference betwixt the said Fibers and those of the Membra-
na Carnosa, saving their Relaxation, (as when a Spung swells
with water) by the interposition of Oil. The Stomach remarkable, consisting of three Bags. The
Guts eleven times the length of the Fish. The Glands of
the Kidneys so distinct, that each having a white substance
in its centre, and out of that its Papilla, seemed to be another
little Kidney, about the bigness of a large Peas. And I shall
here take notice, That the whitish substance within every
Gland, and the same which is in the Kidneys of other
Animals, is truly Carneous or Muscular, by which the
conveyance of the Urinous parts of the Blood into the
Pelvis is promoted. The Paps are placed one on each side the Pudendum.
The Ovaria (it being a young Fish) not above an inch
long, and thick as a Goose-Quill. The Diaphragme, with-
out the usual Tendon in the centre. The Heart, with two
Ventricles and two Auricles. The Foramen Ovale, closed.
The Lungs consisting of two great Lobes. The Larnyx 94 very prominent, oddly shaped, like an old fashion'd Ewer.
The Spout with strong Muscules; and Papillæ for the issu-
ing of Snot. The Eye with the Musculus Suspensorius, as
in Bruits. The Brain large, weighed above lbj averdupois,
the Fish lbxcvj. The Musculus Psoas, and two others on the
Back, very large and strong. The Teeth (96 in all) so placed, that those of one Jaw,
are received into the distances of the other. Stand not
in distinct Sockets, but all in one common Furrow. The
Ear-Bone is oddly seated in a hollow, and encompassed
with Muscules. The Drum well braced, but no Incus
stapes & Malleolus to be seen. The Brain-Pan five inches
broad, and but three long; the Brain answerable. The
Back-Bone is composed of sixty Vertebræ. The same number,
as is before observed to be in that of a Crocodile. The Bones
of the Fore-Finns, resemble those of an Arm with Hand and
Fingers. Of the Tail, like those of two feet joyned together. From the Nose to the Tail-end about an Ell long, and
roundish, the Eyes and the Gape of the Mouth small, the
Back and upper parts black, the Belly white, the Tail hori-
zontal: much like a Dolphin, saving that she is shorter
snouted. The SEA-CALF or SEAL. Phoca. Vitulus Marinus;
From the noise he makes like a Calf. See Rondeletius's
Description. His Head comparatively not big; shaped
rather like an Otters; with Teeth like a Dogs; and Musta-
ches like those of a Cat. His Body long, and all over
hairy. His fore-Feet, with Fingers clawd, but not divided;
yet fit for going. His hinder Feet, more properly Finns,
and fitter for swimming, as being an Amphibious Animal.
The Female gives suck, as the Porpess and other Vivipa-
rous Fishes. This here is about a yard long. But some-
times they are as big, saith Mr. Ray, as a Heifer of two
years. The Skin of this Fish is commonly used for the cover-
ing of Trunks. They are innumerable in the Atlantick-
Sea; especially the Bay there called The Seal-Bay. (a) (a) Læt.
l. 13. Our
Mariners and Fishermen often take them in the Isle of
Wight, as they lie asleep upon the Shore. (b) (b) Charl.
Onomast.
Zoic. As also about
Cornwall. Another SEAL like the former, only somewhat thicker.
Given by Mr. J. Houghton, Ph. L. 95 The LONG-NECK'D SEAL. I find him no where
distinctly mention'd. He is much slenderer than either of
the former. But that wherein he principally differs, is the
length of his Neck. For from his Nose-end to his fore-
Feet, and from thence to his Tail, are the same measure. As
also in that instead of fore-Feet, he hath rather Finns; not
having any Claws thereon, as have the other kinds. The SKULL of a SEAL. Given by Henry Whistler
Esq;. The Teeth are shaped somewhat like a Dogs. The
tops of them all are flat, being doubtless filed off. The
processus of the Os Frontis which makes up the Orbit of the
Eye in Land-Animals, is here wanting; and the said Bone
pinched up much more narrowly: Both to make room,
as it should seem, for a very large Eye. The passage into
the Ears stands very oddly. In Dogs, Cats, and most other
Land-Animals, forward and outwardly. But here it stands
just oppositely, sc. behind and inwardly. The FORE-FOOT of a very great SEAL. The VIVIPAROUS EEL-POUT. Mustela marina vi-
vipara. (the Male, Lupus marinus Schonfeldii.) 'Tis
well pictur'd by Adam Oleareus, (a) (a) Tab. 27.
f. 2. who calls it a
Sea-Wolf (Ein See-Wolf). As also by Johnston; but not
described. But in Gesner's Paralypomena 'tis both figur'd
and described by Ge. Fabritius under the Name of Klipfisch
(i. e. Rock-Fish,) so called by the people near the Baltick
(where he breeds.) Fabritius is particular only as to the
Teeth, and is also mistaken in some things. I shall there-
fore add the Description I drew up before I met with his. 'Tis a yard long. The Head ½ a foot long, and almost
as high; being compressed on the sides, three inches and
½ over underneath, her Forehead but a little above two.
Her Snout a little Convex. The Eyes very high, an inch
long. The Nostrils before the Eyes ¼ of an inch. Both
the Chaps blunt-angled before, from the Corners of
the Mouth three inches long, between the Corners, as
much. The Teeth all very thick, like those of Quadrupedes;
both in figure and scituation, very unusual. In the upper
Jaw, five before; not Incisors, or Cutters, but thick Pun-
chers. To the Roots of which, within side, grow as it
were nine little Teeth. Behind, are three Grinders; one 96 of which, on each side, is fasten'd obliquely inwards, half an
inch broad, and above an inch long. The third, and the great-
est, stands betwixt them in the middle of the Palate. Each of
these having deep Incisions, seem, as it were, eight or ten
Teeth. In the under Jaw, are two Punchers or Claviculars,
each of them having two sharp Processes within side. Be-
hind, there seems to be only one Grinder on each side, half
an inch broad, and above two inches long, arched inward,
and with sixteen or eighteen Incisions looking like so many
Teeth. Her Gills open almost from the top of her Head to her
Throat. The Fins are four. The Gill-Fins about five inches
long, and as broad, placed so low, as to meet in the Breast,
and so to supply the Breast-Fins. The Back-Fin is extended
from Head to Tail; before, an inch high; behind, above
two. The Belly-Fin reaches from the Anus (which opens
a foot behind the Head) to the Tail, about an inch deep.
The Body, where highest, above ½ a foot, the Back a little
convex, grows slender all the way to the Tail, the extre-
mity whereof is here wanting. She is cover'd with a tough
Skin, now of an Iron-colour, besprinkled all over with
round spots. That which is most remarkable in this Fish, are his Teeth:
which are so made, as to be fit either for Ravine, or for
the eating of Grass and other Herbs on the Rocks, and un-
der Water. They seem also to be made for the Cracking
of Shell-Fish. As likewise for Rumination: which may as
well be ascrib'd to this Fish, as to the Scarus. This Fish is one, amongst divers other instances of Aristo-
tle's error, where he saith, Οιἱ δὲδ'ἰχθύες πάντες εισὶ καρχαρόδντες,
πλὴν τοῦ ἑνὸς τοῦ καλουμένου Σκάρου. (a)
(a) De Part.
Anim. l. 3.
c. 1. The tops of this Fishes Grinders are commonly sold for
Toadstones. As Dr. Christopher Merret hath also observed
in his Pinax. The SCATE, or Angel-Fish. Squatina, sive Angelus
Marinus. The figure in Johnston is tollerable. But the De-
scription very short and imperfect. That of Rondeletius is
better, yet not full. And either the Fish he describes is a
different Species, or his Description of the Teeth is not
true. This is above an Ell long. His Head about ¼ of a yard 97 long, and near as much over, (here) with several Angles
or Ridges: His Mouth five inches over, his Lips almost
Semilunar. Each of his Jaws are armed with about six and thirty
Rows of most sharp Teeth, and in every Row there are
four Teeth. So that in all they are about two hundred four-
score and eight, all couched a little inward. About three inches behind his Nose-end stand his Eyes,
as it were on the top of his Head, and three inches and ½
distant. Proportionably very small, sc. not above ½ an inch
over. About an inch and quarter behind his Eyes, and a
little lower, he hath two Spouts, one on each side, above
an inch long, and convex before. His Neck ½ a foot over.
His Back before, three inches above a foot, expanded (here)
on both sides, as if it were shoulder'd. His Middle or Wast
about eight inches. The lower part of his Back, ten inches,
spread like a pair of Buttocks. From his Shoulders to the
bottom of his Buttocks about a foot and ½. The length
of his Tail, as much: the forepart whereof above four
inches over, growing slenderer all the way to the end. He hath seven Fins. His Shoulder-Fins with Cartilagi-
nous Rays, expanded ½ a foot out like a pair of Wings, and
almost square. His Buttock-Fins prolonged hinderly ½ a
foot, stand continguous to the Tail on both sides. On
the top of his Tail, two lesser; three inches high, and
couched backward. At the end a forked one ½ a foot
long, and almost as high. From hence half a foot forward,
the Skin is as it were pinched up into a little Ridge or
Doublet on each side. Above he is very rough with innumerable small Prickles,
especially felt upon drawing your hand forward. And the
edges of the four side-Fins are all thorny. But underneath
the Skin is so thick or closely cover'd with little hard round
knobs, as it seems almost smooth. This Fish hath two Spouts, like the Saw-Fish, because of
the breadth of his Head. His Teeth admirable for taking
sure hold of the most slippery Prey. Those Doublets on
the sides of his Tail, seem to add strength to the Muscules
which move the Tail-Fins. And so in some other Fishes.
By the posture of the Fins he seems to make at the Prey, not
by a forward stroke, but by ascending as a Dog to his 98 Meat, or descending as a Hawk when she stoops. With
the broad Fore-Fins, saith Oppian, the Female shelters her
Young, as a Hen her Chickens with her Wings. But
Aristotle affirms, That she gives them protection as doth
the Dogfish, by receiving them into her mouth. He also
saith, That of the Cartilaginous kind the Scate only beareth
twice in a year, sc. Spring and Fall. Salvianus (a) (a) Histor.
50. saith, That the Skin of his Back is smooth;
deceived by the Authorities of Aristotle, Epicarmus, Athenæus,
and Pliny: witnesses enough to prove an Error. The Skin
of this Fish is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory
Works. He is taken, saith Mr. Ray, sometimes near Cornwall. Another SCATE. 'Tis a young one, but in shape altoge-
ther like the former, saving that the Shoulder-Fins are
here produced, more like a Wing, into a sharp Angle
before. The HEAD of a SCATE, about the bigness of that
above described. Sometimes they grow to the weight of
a hundred and sixty pounds. The HEAD of the GREAT MAID. Caput Rajæ
Oxyrrhynchæ majoris. See the Description of this and the
other Kinds in Rondeletius, and Bellonius. They all differ
from other Fishes, in having a broad and squat Body, with
a long slender Tail appendent, but not so slender, as in the
Cat-Fish. The end of the Snout in this, is all beset with
little sharp Hooks pointing backward. And with the same
Hooks, both the Jaws: but far bigger, and standing in se-
veral Rows, eight, ten, or twelve in a Row. The Skin of the Raja, being artificially reduced to a
monstrous shape, is by some shewed, and is commonly
taken, for a Basilisk. The EGG of a THORNBACK. Ovum Rajæ Clavatæ.
Or rather the Bag or Case of the Egg. Hereof see Ron-
deletius. 'Tis very smooth, and (now) black and horny.
Seven inches long, and four over. From each of the four
Corners is stretched a sharpe ended Membrane two inches
long. In the middle it swelleth up on both sides: so
that in shape 'tis just like a Pulpit-Cushion. There are some
other lesser ones of the same shape and colour. In the upper part of the Womb, saith Rondeletius, are
a great number of Eggs of several sizes, consisting only 99 of a Yelk, as in the Ovary of a Hen. These successively
ripening, are found in the lower part, consisting of Yelk
and White, and cover'd with the said horny Case. Out of
every one of these mature Eggs, another Fœtus is also suc-
cessively generated. Whereby it is intelligible, How this
Fish produceth but one at once, and yet so numerous a
breed. The SKREW-GUT of the RAJA, described by Steno's
Son. Sent by Dr. Swammerdam with some other particulars
mention'd in the first Section. It winds between parallel
lines like a Screw or Stair-case. The knobed TAIL of a THORNBACK. Of an ash-
colour, and about a yard long. The spiked TAIL of a THORNBACK, almost black.
The knobs of both are so hard, that they will file Iron or
Brass. The Skin of this Fish is used for Knife-hafts, &c. The smooth CAT-Fish. Pastinaca marina lævis. Fabius
Columna, (a) (a) Lib. de
Aq. & Ter-
rest. hath described two Species of this kind: but
both of them seem to be different from the Fish here. It is
somewhat phantastically stuffed; yet I shall give the De-
scription as well as it will admit. From the tip of his Snout, to his Tail, a foot and three
inches, about a foot over, and ½ a foot (being, I suppose,
thrust out somewhat more than the natural dimension by
the stuffing) in height. His Eyes ½ an inch long, two and ½
inches distant, three and ½ behind his Nose-end. Just be-
hind his Eyes, and a little more distant, he hath two Spouts,
one way, an inch and ¼ over. His Snout prolonged for-
ward an inch and ½ with an Obtuse Angle; and extended
towards the side-Fins, wherewith it is also joyned by the
mediation of a Skiny-Border ½ an inch broad. His Mouth
very little, not an inch and ½ over; curiously rough-cast
like a file, underneath, and behind his Snout-end two inches
and ½. Over his upper Chap hang two little Labels above ½
inch long. His Gills are five on each side, but towards the middle of
his Belly. He hath four side-Fins. His fore-Fins are
stretched out two inches in breadth, extended in length
towards the Tail, almost a foot. The hinder-Fins are
almost two inches broad, and above an inch and ½
long. 100 The Tail a foot and two inches long, at the Root about
an inch and ½ over, the extremity very small like a Shoo-
makers Thread. The Skin not very thick, nor stubborn,
(now) of a yellow colour on the back, on the Belly straw-
colour'd: every where very smooth, excepting on his
Tail, where there are some few very short prickles. Whether this be not a young Fish, and upon that ac-
count only wanteth the Radius (as the sharp Saw upon the
Tail is called) to me is uncertain. With this Radius he is
said to strike and kill his Prey, for which he lies as it were
dormant, till it swims within his reach. Ælian, cited by
Rondeletius, saith, That he sometimes flies. Which that he
may do a little above the water, as the flying Fishes, seems
possible by the horizontal production of all his Fins, and
their extension all along his sides. The Chineses and Moors eat this Fish greedily. The nether LIP of the smooth CAT-FISH, two inches
long. The BRASILIAN FROG-FISH. Rana Piscatrix minor.
In Brasile, GUACUACUYA. The figure which Johnston
gives is tolerable; but his Description very defective. The
length of this is eight inches. His Mouth open makes a
Circle ¼ of an inch over. His Lips, in the usual place of
Teeth, are rough; as also is his Tongue. He hath a black
Horn on his Forehead, stooped forwards, round, an inch
and ½ long, one third over at the bottom, pointed, and
having little Spikes round about it. What Johnston means
by the Cuteus Nervus, appears not. At the top of his Head,
just under the Horn, stand his Eyes a ¼ of an inch over, and
(here) no more distant. The Nostrils a little before the
Horn. His Body two inches and ½ long, and four broad; be-
fore, Semilunar. His Back convex, his Belly flat; with a
Border or Fin all along each side ½ an inch broad. Behind
are subjoyned a pair of Fins almost two inches long, and
an inch and ½ wide. In the middle of his Belly are two
other lesser close together, above an inch long, but not more
than ¼ broad. The length of the Tail four inches and ½. At the root 'tis
round, and an inch over; at the end, with the sides com-
pressed, and ½ an inch high. The Tail-Fins three, one 101 above, another just under it, the third at the end much
bigger. The Skin of his Belly and Tail underneath, whi-
tish, thin, and rough. Of his Backside, Fins, and Tail above,
black, thick and set with short spikes arising from a round
Base radiated like a Star. He seems, by his shape, to be
near of kin to the Thornback; and therefore to be less appo-
sitely Nam'd. A lesser Brasilian Frogfish of the same kind. The TRUMPET-FISH. So called from the figure of
his Bill, which is an entire Pipe, shaped almost like that of
the Snipe-Fish. Acus Aristotelis. Well described by Ron-
deletius; saving, that he describes the Body to be Sex-
angular all along. Whereas from the Head to the Anus
it is Septangular. The Scales are also engraven with small
lines almost of an Elliptick figure. Salvianus errs in saying
he is not scaly. Another also of the same Species. The Female, saith Rondeletius, hath a Canale extended
from her Anus, in which the Eggs are hatched into young
Ones. Of the use of the Bill, see the Snip-Fish. The lesser TRUMPET-FISH, or Viviparous Needle-
Fish. The HORSE-FISH. Hippocampus. A small Fish. So
called, because his Head is shaped like a Horses, and his
Tail divided by several Incisures, somewhat like those of
Caterpillars, called κάμραι. Given by Mr. Scotto a London
Merchant. It hath the same number of Fins, and in the
same place, the same kind of Bill, the fore-Body Septan-
gular, and the Tail square, as the Trumpet-Fish. And is,
therefore probably, also Viviparous: and so I have ventur'd
to place it here. Another HIPPOCAMPUS taken in the Mediter-
ranean. A STURGEON. Acipenser. Sturio, because one of the
greatest of edible Fishes; for Stur, in the Danish-Tongue,
signifies Great. (a) (a) Wor-
mius. See Wormius his Description. Especially
that of Salvianus, with his curious figure. The like in
Besler. The parts by which he is best distinguished, are
his very long and sharp Snout, his little Mouth, to be seen
only when he lies on his back, and his thick and bony
Scales; which stand in Rows so, as to make the Fish al-
most Pentangular. The figure of most of the side Scales 102 is Rhomboidal. It is affirmed by Moufet, (a) (a) L. de Re
Cibaria. That the Scales
of a Sturgeon turn towards the Head; borrowing his
Error herein of Pliny. Lately, a piece of a Sturgeons Gut was shewed me by
Dr. Edward Tyson, which he had cut off of a great One
sent to my Lord Major. It is very thick, strong and Mus-
cular. And the inner Coat made of Fibers, so loosely
woven together, as to look like a Net; and that above
the eighth of an inch in thickness. In which a plenteous
Chyle is conveniently lodged, and thence gradually trans-
mitted to the Lacteal Veins. Scaliger saith (b) (b) Exerc.
182. S. 2. of the Guts of a Sturgeon, that
being taken out and cut all to pieces, those pieces
will still move. Which may partly depend upon their
great thickness and muscularity; the like being observable
in cutting the Heart and other Muscular parts of divers
Animals. The Sturgeon is taken in most great Rivers, as well as
in the Sea. He hath sometimes been seen, saith Bellonius,
six yards long. The bigger he is, as all other Fish, the
better meat. The Italians (c) (c) Salvian. prefer the Belly before the
Jole. His Liver very delicate. At Hamburge and Dantsick
they eat (or did in Moufet's time, who reports it, eat)
Sturgeon roasted. In the same Author, see a most excel-
lent Pickle for this Fish. The Eggs being salted and made
up into a Mass, were first brought from Constantinople
by the Italians, and called Caveare. Of the way of making
it, see Gesner. The pickled pieces made of the Chine, are by
some called Schinalia. Of the long Bag (d) (d) Salvian. which grows
next the Chine, the people that live near Tanais make
Glew. The HEAD of a great STURGEON. MOON-FISH. Mola Salviani Luna; Because the Tail-Fin
is shaped like a Half-Moon, By which, and his odd trussed
shape, looking as if he were only the Head of some great
Fish cut off from his Trunk, he is sufficiently distinguished
from all others. Well described by Rondeletius and Sal-
vian; and by this latter, very curiously pictur'd. The
Gill-Fins, as he observes, are so postur'd, as not to move
from Head to Tail, or vice versa, but from Back to 103 Belly, & è contra. The use whereof seems to be, To ena-
ble him to make a more direct and sudden descent; that
so when any Ravenous Fish makes full speed at him, he
may in an instant strike himself under his way, and so escape
him. It may also be noted, That being a tall Fish, and
with his sides much compressed, he hath a long Fin upon
his Back, and another answering to it on his Belly: by which
he is the better kept upright, or from swaging on his
sides. Another MOON-FISH of the same Species, but some-
what lesser. Neither of these is above ½ a yard long. But
that which Salvian describes, was above an hundred pounds
weight. They are taken, as Mr. Ray saith, about St. Ives
and Pensans in Cornwall. CHAP. II.
OF OVIPEROUS OVIPAROUS FISHES, particularly
such as are NOT-SCALED. THe The HEAD of the RIVER-WHALE. Caput Siluri.
Johnston gives the figure of this Fish, but without a
Description. That of Rondeletius is not full. This Head
is ½ a foot long, as broad, and half as high. The Snout flat.
Both the Chaps before of a Semilunar figure. Armed with
an innumerable company of prickly Teeth, standing like
those in a Card wherewith Women Comb Wooll. The
nether Chap stands out above an inch before the upper.
The Eyes round, and for such a Head, very small, scarce the
third of an inch over. Distant three inches and ½. An
inch above the corners of his Mouth, he hath two strings,
smooth and round, here (for they are broken) ½ a foot
long, about the thickness of an Earth-Worm, taper'd and
bended backward; outwardly nervous, inwardly Cartila-
ginous or Grisly. His Gills descending almost from the
top of his Head, meet under his Throat. What may be the use of these strings is uncertain, and
to be collected only from observing their communication
with other parts, and the manners of the Fish. But the 104 intent of their structure is less obscure; the Nervous part
serving to draw it too and fro; the Cartilage, as the spring
in a Pendulum Watch, to stint the motion and make it more
steady. And being flexible, it does the same as a joynted
Series of many little Bones. The little SEA-UNICORNE. Monoceros minor. It was
sent from Brasile, I find it not described nor pictur'd in
any Author. Nor is it certain whether it be Ovipa-
rous. Yet I have ventur'd to place, and shall describe it
here. 'Tis ½ a yard long, almost ¼ high, with its sides very much
compressed, being not above two inches and a ½ over.
High-Bac'd, like a Perch. And also (which is unusual)
bow-Belli'd. His Head hath some resemblance to that of
a Baboone; from the top to the bottom four inches and ½.
His Mouth, which stands below, not much above an inch
over. His Teeth, in both Chaps, the thickness of a midling
Needle, the eight of an inch long. His Gills subtended
to his Eyes and Mouth like the segment of a Circle. His
Eyes stand near the top of his Head; and are an inch
over. From the top is prolonged a smooth (now) blackish,
round, taper'd, strait Horn, couched a little down below
the level, two inches round about the Root, and three
inches long. It seemeth not to have any Bone within it;
nor is it inserted into any, as in the Unicorne of the Cetace-
ous kind before described; but is the Skin it self prolonged
and hardened (as the Cuticula turns to Cornes) into a kind
of horn. The Fins are seven. The Gill-Fins two inches long, and
one broad. The Back-Fin is extended from Head to Tail,
above an inch and ½ high. The Breast-Fins ¼ of an inch
before the Anus, near two inches long. The Belly-Fin,
like that of the Back, and extended from the Anus to the end
of the Tail. That at the end of the Tail triangular, two
inches and ½ long, three high. The Anus, if you measure
by a perpendicular from the Gills, opens, oddly, not above
an inch and ½ behind them. He is cover'd with a (now)
blackish, thick and tough Skin, and when you draw your
hand forward, also rough. The SHIPHALTER. Echeneis. Remora. Johnston hath 105 given an indifferent figure of it. But I meet with no
tolerable Description any where. 'Tis about ¼ of a yard long. His Body before, three
inches and ½ over; thence tapering to the Tail-end. His
Mouth two inches and ½ over. His Chaps ending some-
what angularly. The nether a little broader, and produced
forward near an inch more than the upper. His Lips rough
with a great number of little prickles. His Eyes round,
¼ of an inch over, an inch behind his Mouth. His Head squat, adorned with a kind of Oval Coronet,
somewhat Concave, five inches and ½ long, above two broad,
cut traversly with three and twenty Incisions or long
Apertures, making so many distinct Membranes, with
rough edges, joyned altogether with a Ligament running
through the middle of the Coronet, and perforated on each
side the Ligament. The Gills wind from an inch and ½ behind the Eyes down
to the Throat. The Fins seven. The Gill-Fins above
four inches long; The Breast-Fins as long. About a ¼ of
a yard behind the Coronet a fifth extended on the Back
above ¼ of a yard. A sixth like it on the Belly. The
Tail-end, like a Spear, a little compressed. The Tail-Fin
three inches and ½ long. The Anus open about the middle
of the Fish. His Skin is (now) brown, smooth, and tough,
or like tan'd Leather. Perhaps the same Fish, which Ligon (a) (a) Hist. of
Barbadoes. saith, always
swims along with the Shark, and frequently sticks to some
part about his Head. At least, it is very probable, that
this Fish is able to fasten himself to any great Fish, Boat, or
Ship, with the help of the Coronet or Sucker on his Head;
which seems to be most fitly contrived for that purpose.
In some sort answerable to the Tail of a Leech, whereby
she sticks her self fast to the smoothest Glass. Or to those
round Leathers, wherewith Boys are us'd to play, called
Suckers, one of which, not above an inch and ½ diametre,
being well soaked in water, will stick so fast to a Stone, as
to pluck one of twelve or fourteen pounds up from the
ground. Of the stupendious power which this Fish is supposed to
have, there are many concur in the story; as that he is able
to stop a Ship in its career under full Sail: and what not? 106 and great pains is taken to assign the Cause; and to prove,
That though the Moon be made of a Green Cheese, yet is
not the only Nest of Maggots. Rondeletius alone, in
ascribing it to his easily altering the position of the Helm,
and so the motion of the Ship, coming near to good
sense: especially if he had proved, That the Name of the
Fish, and the Story, were not Things much older than the
Helm of a Ship. 'Tis plain, that the Tradition had a very early beginning,
when little light Boats were the Ships which people us'd.
To the side whereof, this Fish fastening her self, might easily
make it swag, as the least preponderance on either side will
do, and so retard its Course. And the Story once begot
upon a Boat, might still, like the Fish it self, stick to
it, though turn'd to a Ship. Assigning as great a power to
this Neptune in the Sea, as the Poets have done to Apollo the
God of Life in the Heavens; who yet appears by the best
accounts of him put together, to have been at first no better
than a Crafty Mountebank. The TOBACCOPIPE-FISH. By the People of Brasile,
and by Marggravius who describes it, called Petimbuaba.
He hath only omitted the Line, which, like a very small
Chain, runs along both sides, as in the Sea-Scorpion, from
Head to Tail: Both the Body and Snout are long and slen-
der, from whence its Name. 'Tis also pictur'd, and in some
sort described by Piso. The PRICKLED TURBUT. Rhombus aculeatus. So
called from his figure and the prickles on his Back or brown
side. Described by Rondeletius. The two strings that
hang at the nether Chap, are here wanting. He is said,
having hid himself in Mud, with these, to Prey upon little
Fish, which seeing them rigle, make at them, supposing them
to be Weeds. The little GLOB-FISH. Orbis minor. So called from his
Orbicular figure. Described in most Musæums. Most
curiously figur'd in that of Calceolarius. He is armed with
long, round, hard, and sharp Spikes or Needles all round
about, almost like those of a Hedg-Hog; and is a sort of
Porcupine-Fish. 'Tis probable, That the Fish swims with these Needles
all closely couched down round about, for that otherwise 107 they would hinder her swimming. But if at any time
she is pursu'd, she immediately advances her Pikes, and bids
the enemy come at his peril. This and the other kinds are found, especially, in the River
Nile. The SEA-PORCUPINE. Histrix Piscis. Johnston hath
figur'd it ( Tab. 45.) but not well. Neither do I find any
tolerable Description of it. This here is above a foot long, near half a foot over,
and as high, round, and almost of an Ovale figure. His
Chaps about ½ an inch long, shaped somewhat like the Bill
of a Sparrow, each of them one single Bone, without any
Teeth, but sharp-edged; at the corners of the Mouth an
inch over. His Eyes ½ an inch over, an inch behind his
Mouth, and two and ½ distant. The Gills but ¼ of an inch long, Convex before, very
high, viz. in the same level with the Eye. As also the Gill-
Fins, which are about two inches long, and three broad.
Two inches and ½ before the end of the Tail, a third an
inch and ¼ broad and two inches long. An inch and ½ be-
fore the end of the Tail underneath, a fourth somewhat
less. The Tail-Fin above two inches long, an inch and ½ high,
with its extream edge Convex. He is cover'd with a Skin on the Back (now) of a
brownish yellow, on the Belly whitish. Armed all round
about, excepting his Tail, with round, hard, and most
sharp Needles, about an inch and ¼ long, ½ an inch distant
one from another, each having three Roots (now) visibly
spread under the Skin, one on each side, and a third
before. 'Tis most probable, That to these Roots are fasten'd
so many Muscules, whereby these little Pikes are govern'd
in their motion, and kept steady in their posture of
defence. Another SEA-PORCUPINE like the former. The FROG-GLOB-FISH. Orbis Batrachoides. Fi-
gur'd by Johnston under the Title of Gestachelt meer
Taube, Tab. 24. But I find it not described to any pur-
pose. This is seven inches long, three broad, and as high.
His Forehead above an inch and ½ over, by the eminency 108 of his Eye-Brows a little hollow. His Eyes round, above
½ an inch over. His Mouth very broad and semilunar, like
that of a Frog; from whence I take leave for his Name.
His nether Chap a little broad and more forward than the
upper. Without any Teeth, but rough like a File. The
Gills ½ an inch long, an inch and ¼ behind the Eyes. The
Fins are five. The Gill-Fins above an inch long, almost as
broad. Before the end of the Tail, one above about an
inch long, that underneath broken off. The Tail-Fin above
½ an inch long, near as high. The Anus opens an inch and
quarter before the Tail-end. He is cover'd all over with a very hard and tough Skin,
(now) of a yellowish straw-colour. Armed round about
with strong Spikes about ¼ of an inch long, couched back-
ward, and fixed with three Roots, as in the former. But not,
as those, round, but flat with two edges like the point of a
Sword. It may further be noted of these Spikes, That being fixed
in the Skin, both here and in the other kinds, so as to couch
and point backward, the fish needs not to tack about, but is
at the same time in a posture of defence, and of flight, for its
surer escape. The EGYPTIAN GLOB-FISH. It differs from the rest,
especially by the smallness of its Prickles, which are rather
like the little Thorns on a young Rasperry-Bush. He is not
armed with them, as Rondeletius saith, all over; the Skin
behind the Gills for the length of ¼ of an inch, and on the
lower part of the Tail, being bald. The HARE-GLOB-FISH. Orbis Lagocephalus. I find it
not any where pictur'd or describ'd. 'Tis above a foot
long, ½ a foot high, almost five over. His Head almost
like a Hares, from whence I have Nam'd him. His Fore-
head plain and almost square, an inch and ¼ broad. His
Eyes round, above ¼ of an inch over, and stand high.
Three quarters of an inch before the Eyes, two holes like
Nostrils. From thence to the Nose-end a little above an
inch. The end above ½ an inch over, and round. His up-
per Lip stretched thence to the breadth of ½ an inch. Each
Chap as it were divided into two great Teeth ¼ of an inch
broad. The Gills an inch and ¼ long, behind the Eyes an inch, 109 below them ½ an inch. The Fins are five. The Gill-Fins
stand obliquely between the Back and the Breast, an inch
and ½ long, and three broad. Three inches before the Tail-
end, a third almost two inches long and one broad. Un-
derneath, a fourth somewhat less. This, which may be
noted, being couched backward, the other foreward.
The Tail-Fin two inches and ½ long, and as high, with its
utmost edge Convex. His Skin Membranous and limber, on the top of his
Head, Back, upper Sides and Breast, and round about his
Tail, smooth and bald. On his Belly and lower part of his
Sides and Breast, armed with little short Prickles, about the
third of an inch distant, and fixed with little Roots, as in
the former. From the Crown of his Head are drawn two Lines al-
most to those holes like Nostrils. From the hinder part of
the Head, two more all along the Back and Tail, in the
figure of the Letter s. And two others from the Gill-Fins
towards the Anus, and from thence to the end of the Tail.
By these Lines, were there no other marks, it is easie to
distinguish him from all the other Species. An OVAL COMPAGES of BONES, said to be the
Sceleton of a Globe-Fish. The RED-GOURNET. Pavo Salviani. Cuculus, from
the noise he makes like a Cuckow when he is taken. Well
described by Rondeletius. But his figure, especially in ma-
king him with a long Snout, answers not, unless it be of ano-
ther Species. For the Forehead of this is square, and the Head
almost cubical, like that of the Scorpion-Fish. From which
this chiefly differs in not having the Fins of the Back prickly
or spiked, and having a Line running from the top of the
Back on each side the Back-Fin to the Tail, like a small linked
Chain. The LONG-SNOUTED GOURNET. Cuculus Ron-
deletii. By which Author 'tis well described. It differs
from the former Species, chiefly, in having a much longer
head, and a saddle-Nose. The STAR-GAZER. Uranoscopus. Because he looks
directly against the Sky: whereas, as Rondeletius observes,
the Ray and several other fishes, although they have their
Eyes standing on the top of their Heads, yet the Pupils of 110 their Eyes are not directed upwards, but side-ways. The
Fish is accurately described by the same Author. Saving,
that he hath omitted the arching or bowing of his Body
with the Head and Tail upwards: unless both the shape
of the Fish here be forced, and his own figure thereof
false. This Fish, when alive, hath a slender Membranous string,
which he projects and draws in, at pleasure, as a Serpent
doth his Tongue. With this he duckoys little fishes, and
then preys upon them. For plunging himself in Mud (Ron-
deletius saith, he hath seen him) and then lifting up his head
a little, he casts out the said string; which the little fishes
taking for a Worm, and nibling at it, he immediately
plucks them both in together. The SQUAR-FISH. Piscis quadrangularis. I think it
is not described or figur'd by any. There are two square
fishes described by Wormius, the former of which he sup-
poseth to be made so, not bred. But neither is this, as
that is, spiked behind; nor as the other, horned before,
besides other differences: 'Twas sent from the East-
Indies. 'Tis about fifteen inches long, four high, in the middle
three and ½ over. His Forehead square, by the eminency
of the Eye-brows, a little hollow; two inches and ½ over.
His Eyes near an inch. His Nose blunt, not very steep, an
inch and ½ long. Two small holes in the place of Nostrils.
His Mouth exceeding little, ½ an inch over. His Teeth also
very small. The Gills are strait, an inch and ¼ long. His back a
little Convex; towards his Tail, and on his sides blunt
angled. So also his Belly, but plain or flat; and consi-
derably rising up towards his Tail. He hath five Fins. The
Gill-Fins are two inches in length, and two in breadth.
They stand a little obliquely. Like these, a little before
the Tail, one above, another under. The Tail-Fin three
inches long, and three and ½ high. Some part of both the Chaps and of the Tail are cover'd
only with a Skin. The rest of the fish with a kind of Crust:
yet not altogether so hard as in the Crustaceous kind. This
Crust is all over adorned with innumerable little round
knobs reduced, for the most part, into hexagonal figures,
subdivided into equilateral Triangles. 111 Wormius calls this Crust a Leathery Skin: but not rightly;
as any one that compares it with the true Skin upon his
Chaps and Tail, whereof he takes no notice, may easily
judge. That it may be bent, proves it not a Skin; for so
may the Crust of a Lobster. To which this seemeth to
stand in the next degree, as that doth to a shell. Or to
speak properly, it seems neither a Skin, nor a Crust alone,
but a Medly of both together, or a Crust upon a Skin:
Nature having here, as in many other examples, united two
extreams by a third Thing in the middle. Another SQUARE FISH stained with black Spots. Given
by Mr. John Short. The CONEY-FISH. Piscis Triangularis. Described
by Marggravius. Wormius also supposeth his first Square-
Fish to be the same. But neither of them are particular
enough. 'Tis above ½ a yard long, above ½ a foot high, the Belly
flat, and almost ½ a foot over. From whence his sides rise
up into a sharp Angle. His Head somewhat like that of
a Coney; from whence his Name. His Eyes great, sc. an
inch and ½ long; and stand high. His Forehead almost
square, and by the eminency of the Eye-brows a little hol-
low; an inch and ¼ broad. Half an inch before the Eyes
two little holes like Nostrils. His Nose descending almost
perpendicularly, three inches deep, and blunt-ended. His
Mouth not above an inch over. The Teeth ⅓ of an inch
long, and sharp: ten in the lower Chap, in the upper
twelve. His Back arched between the Head and Tail, and,
as is said, very sharp. On each side his Belly he hath a strong
sharp Spike ⅓ of an inch long, standing near, and pointing
toward his Tail. His Gills are strait, above an inch long, and parallel to
his Nose. The Fins five. The Gill-Fins here broken off.
A little before his Tail, one above, another below, both
two inches long, an inch and ½ broad. The Tail-Fin
three inches long, and two and ½ high. Excepting his
Chaps and Tail, which are naked, he is cover'd all over
with the like Crust, as the former. On the upper part of
the Tail, also grows a distinct Crust, of an Oval figure. The Chaps and Tail of this Fish, and the rest of the kind,
are both left naked, for the more easie and convenient 112 motion of the one in eating, and of the other in swim-
ming. And for the same reason, the Gill-Fins do also
stand upon a naked Membrane. The Female-CONEY-FISH. The Nose here descendeth
not so steeply. The Belly not so broad. The Crust every
where, except the middle of the Belly, stained with a great
number of round black Spots. Hath not many of the
triangular subdivisions. Nor the Oval Crust upon the
Tail. Another of the same Species, with that now de-
scribed. The HORNED CONEY-FISH. Piscis triangularis
cornutus. Johnston hath figur'd it. (a) (a) Tab. 45. But without either
Description or Name. It differs from the fish last described
chiefly by its Horns, which he hath upon the top of his
Forehead, ½ an inch long, near an inch about the bottom,
and pointed; almost like an Horses Ears when he pricks them
forward. His Teeth are also smaller, his Mouth lesser,
and more naked. His Belly narrower, and so his sides
more compressed. The Tail-Fin longer. And the Oval
Crust on the Tail, not above but beneath. ANOTHER of the same Species, with two Oval-Crusts,
one on the top of the Tail, the other underneath. A THIRD, without the said Oval-Crust, and the triangu-
lar subdivisions. Two more HORNED CONEY-FISHES. All five of
one unmixed ash-colour. CHAP. III.
OF SCALED-FISHES. THe The HEAD of the CUCUPU-GUACU; so called by
the people of Brasile, where it breeds. Described
by Marggravius. Who saith it is sometimes two yards
long, and a yard and half about. The Mouth of this
Head standing quite open, makes a circle of a yard in com-
pass. So that, probably, 'tis the biggest of Scaled-Fishes, 113 excepting the Sturgeon. Of all our European Fishes, it seems
to come nearest to the Cole-Fish or Black-Cod. The SCALES (perhaps) of the same Fish. They are
almost circular, above three inches in Diameter, and an-
swerably thick. Like other Scales, they are horny, trans-
parent, and elastick or springy. That part of their edge
which is inserted into the Skin, bluntly Toothed. They
have a great many exceeding small Striæ, hardly visible,
but by holding them up against the light. The FILE-FISH. CAPRISCUS. It was sent from the
Bermudas. Curiously pictur'd and described by Salvian. (a) (a) Hist. 71.
I call it the File-Fish, from the likeness which the foremost
Bone upon his Back hath to a file. There are three of them:
which, saith Salvian, he raises and depresses at his pleasure;
yet so, as not one alone, but altogether. And although
you press the foremost, and greatest never so hard, it will
not stir: but if you depress the last and least of all never
so softly, the other two immediately fall down with it:
just as when a Cross-Bow is let off by pulling down the
Tricker. For which reason also the fish is called, at Rome,
Pesce Balestra. Another thing peculiar to this fish is, that his Scales (as
Salvian calls them) are separated by cancellated lines, or
Lattice-wise. I add, and that they are all incrustated, and
rough-cast with little round knobs. So that the cover of
this fish, is near a kin to that of the Square-Fish; that be-
ing only one entire Crust, this divided into many little
ones. It may be noted, That where Salvian describeth this
fish to be compressum & latum, atq; fere orbicularem, he
hath not properly expressed his shape. For he is not Broad,
but Tall; and much nearer to a Rhombus or Diamond-
square. This fish seems to be the same which the People of Bra-
sile call GUAPERUA; described and pictur'd by Marg-
gravius and Piso, and out of them by Johnston. (b) (b) Tab. 34. The TALLEST FILE-FISH. This seems to be that
Species particularly described by Salvianus. It differs from
the foregoing only in being taller and narrower: and
in having the Tail-Fin with longer horns. The PRICKLE or longest FILE-FISH. It is a young 114 One. Differs from that of Salvian. In that on the sides
hinderly, grows a little short Prickle upon the centre of
every Scale, pointing backward. It is also ratably much
longer and lower, his Nose a great deal shorter, and less
steep, and his Tail-Fin less spread. Another LONG-FILE-FISH of the same Species, and
about a foot in length. But the Prickles above-said are here
worn off. The STREAKED FILE-FISH. Capriscus striatus. This
differs from the last, In that its Scales are not prickled, but
streaked with many small Lines; forward, entire; but hin-
derly composed of many little knobs. The SNIPE-FISH. Scolopax. It was taken in the Baltick-
Sea. I find it no where well described. It is a little fish, when at full growth, as Rondeletius,
who had seen three of them all small, and full of Eggs,
well observes. This here, about three inches and ½ long,
¾ of an inch high, the sides much compressed, being not
¼ of an inch thick. The Orbits of his Eyes very great, sc.
a ¼ of an inch over. His Forehead as much. He hath a tubular or pipe-like Snout, resembling that of
the Hippocampus, or the Horse-Fish. It consisteth of only
one hollow Bone, strait, and from his Eyes above an inch
long, or one third of his whole length. At the root, above
¼of an inch high; at the extremity, ⅒. Where he hath
an exceeding little Mouth; which openeth not before, but
above. His Gills large, behind the Eyes ⅕ of an inch, from
whence carry'd to his Snout or Bill, they describe ¼ of a
circle. The Fins four. The Gill-Fins almost ½ an inch
long, in the same level with his Mouth and the bottom of
the Eye. The Tail-Fin as long, ⅕ of an inch high.
Before and above the Tail a fourth, a ¼ of an inch long, ⅕
broad. A little before this Fin, stands a white and very sharp
Spike, or Saw, above an inch long, couched a little backward,
and armed with a double row of small sharp Teeth, all
pointing upward. To this great One, are subjoyned two
lesser, by one common Membrane, as in the File-
Fish. His Skin grey with some few rays of red; possibly more 115 in the living fish. He is scaly, and rough with a single
Row of very small Prickles near his Eyes, with a treble one
on his Belly and Sides; hardly visible without a Glass. By the great length and structure of this Fishes Bill, he
should seem, upon dilating his Throat at his pleasure, to
suck in his food, and so to use it as a Sirynge. Withall,
his Mouth not being open before, but on the top of his
Bill-end, like a Gutter-Trough, doth much promote the
current, of all that comes in at it, to his Throat. And so in
the Trumpet-Fish. The three Spikes on his Back (whereof Rondeletius and
others only observe the greatest) being associated in the
same manner, and having the like mutual proportion, as
in the File-Fish; it may reasonably be supposed, that they
have also the same Motions, depressions and erections, as,
in speaking of the said fish, hath been described. And that
therefore, while the fish swims secure, they are all
couched down close to his Back, that they may not hinder
his course: but that when ever he is pursued, he strait erects
them all, and by the help of the lesser, keeps the great one
tite up against his Enemy. The SQUARE ACARAUNA; by Mariners, The Old
Wife. It hath some marks of kindred with the tall Acarau-
na, described and pictur'd in Marggravius and Piso. But
hath also divers others of distinction from it; as the diffe-
rent position of the Spurs, the different shape both of Head,
Body and Tail, &c. as may be observed by comparing the
Descriptions and Figures of both together. The tall Aca-
rauna is figured also by Johnston, (a) (a) Tab. 32. out of Marggravius;
but without any Inscription of Number or Title. This here was brought from Suranam. Eight inches
long and ½, above three high, about one and ¼ over. His
fore parts and Tail are (now) of a pale straw-colour; all the
rest are of a blackish brown. He is cover'd all over with
Scales engraven with small parallel Lines: except on his
Forehead and Chaps before, where his Skin is only ruged as
you draw your Finger downward. The Crown of his Head rises up into a blunt Angle, his
Forehead flat, above ½ an inch broad. His Eyes round, ½
an inch over, and stand high. A little before them, two
small holes like Nostrils. His Mouth also stands high, and 116 is extreme small, scarce ⅓ of an inch over. His Teeth con-
tiguous, like small Needles. On his upper Jaw grow four little Prickles on each side.
On each side his nether, two great Spikes or Spurs, hard, and
very sharp, about an inch long, pointing obliquely down-
ward, and bended a little like a Cocks Spur. From the Root
of these several little short Prickles run in a strait Row to the
Eyes. The Gills behind make a strait Line, and an Angle, from
whence they are produced forward. The Fins seven. The
Gill-Fins hang under the Spurs, an inch and ½ long near
an inch broad. The Breast-Fins also an inch and ½ long,
½ broad. The Back-Fin from the top of his Head, the Belly-
Fin from his Anus are carry'd to the Tail-Fin, so as to stand
betwixt two parallel lines, making the fish almost square;
from whence I have Nam'd it. They are both stretched
out beyond their roots with two sharp Angles. The Tail-
Fin an inch and ½ long, and higher, with its utmost edge
Convex. The Spur above describ'd, is a dangerous, and as it seems,
a malicious Weapon; wherewith the fish strikes side-ways,
and as it were under-hand, not suffering, in its doged humor,
any other fish to consort with it. The SWALLOW-FISH. So called from the length of
his Gill-Fins, which reach to the end of his Tail, like a
pair of very long Wings. By some, the Flying-Herring,
from a likeness in the shape of their Body. Perhaps Ronde-
letius's Mugilis Alatus. But by Salvian called Hirundo, by
whom it is well described. (a) (a) Histor.
62. That Line (saith he) which
in other fishes goes either from the Head or Branchiæ by
the sides to the Tail; here runs from the Belly-Fins along
the Belly to the Tail. Johnston also describes it out of
Aldrovandus, but omits the just number of seven Fins. In
the figure also which he gives, the Belly-Fins are wanting.
And the Orbits of the Eyes, which are extraordinary great,
he representeth little. His Gill-Fins he useth as Wings, wherewith he flyeth,
for escape, above the water, when pursu'd by another fish;
especially, as Piso saith, by the Dolphin. But as they fly
(as the same Author) they often become a prey to Water-
Fowl. Hundreds of them are sometimes seen above the 117 Water at once. When they fly, they make a kind of Stridor,
as some Fowls with their Wings. KITE-FISH. So called also from his Wings or Gill-
Fins, which, what they want in length, they have in breadth
and strength. Figur'd by Rondeletius, and accurately de-
scribed. Saving, that he mentions but seven of his eight
Fins. This fish seems to be the same with that which Marggra-
vius describes by the Name of PIRAPEBE PIRABEBE. Another KITE-FISH of the same Species. Figur'd by
Johnston, Tab. 17. N. 9. Of the GILL-FINS of the FLYING-FISH, it is further
observable, That they are fastened very high near their
Backs; that so at the same time their Bodies may be in some
part sustained by the Water, and their Wings have a little
scope to play above it, for their easier advance into the
Air. The BEARDED-LOACH or GROUNDLING. Gobi-
tes Barbatula. It is a small fish about five inches long,
bearded with six small Threads, three on each side. Yet
Bellonius mentions but four. Nor doth Gesner picture more
in his corrected figure. See them both. The MAILED-FISH. Cataphractus Schonveldii. It was
brought from Guiny. But is also often taken in the Mouth
of the Elb. It is well described by the Author of the Name.
And by Johnston well figur'd, Tab. 46. But in Tab. 24. but
scurvily, unless it be another Species. It is a small fish about
five or six inches long, with a broad squat head, and thence
taper'd to the end of the Tail. His Scales are as it were
doubled, by which he becomes of an angular figure, with
about eight Angles before, and six behind. His Nose-end
armed with two Prickles standing together in a semilunar
figure; supposed to be venemous. The TAMOATA pictur'd and described by Piso, seems to
be the same with this fish. Another MAILED-FISH of the same Species. The MAILED-FISH of Brasile. It hath a near re-
semblance to the former; from whence I have Nam'd it.
I find it no where describ'd. 'Tis ½ a foot long. His Head
an inch and ¼ long, and near as broad. On the hinder
part of his Head he hath three Angles, one on each side, 118 and a third in the middle. The Forehead almost flat. His
upper Chap Elliptick. The Orbits of his Eyes round, ½ of
an inch over, an inch behind his Nose-end, ¼ distant. A
little before the Eyes, two large holes like Nostrils. His
Mouth a little prominent, near ½ an inch over. His Lips
in the place of Teeth, only rough. His lower Jaw and
Belly flat. His Body before, an inch and ½broad, an inch
and ¼ high, his Back round, the Sides ending in two Angles.
His Tail taper'd, and with the Sides a little flat. One half of the Gills opens on the sides, the other under-
neath in the Breast. The Fins are eight. The Gill-Fins of
an unusual structure, having their utmost Spine or Bone
very rough, thick and strong, above an inch and ½ long,
flat and crooked, almost like a Reaping-Hook, seven or eight
times as big as any of the rest of the Fin-Bones. The Belly-
Fins much less, and above an inch behind. Just over these
the Back-Fin. On the Tail one above, underneath, and
at the end: But the two first are here broken off. His Head is cover'd with a brown and rough bony Hel-
met. His Back, Sides and Tail with Scales of the same
colour, but a little lighter, rough, engraven with small
parallel Lines, and of a Rhomboidal figure. His Breast
and Belly only with a thin limber Skin. The BRASILIAN NEEDLE-FISH; by the People of
Brasile called TIMUCU. Acus Brasiliensis. Marggravius
hath described and figur'd it well. 'Tis a long slender fish,
from whence its Name. It hath also a pair of Chaps like
a long Bill. He only omits the two scaly Lines which run
along the Belly and Tail of the Fish, which every where else
hath a naked Skin. The CHAPS (perhaps) of the GREENLAND NEEDLE-FISH. The Teeth which stand in single Rows on the
Edges of the Chaps are thick and strong, yet very sharp.
In the lower Chap, near the two edges, are two furrows,
into which the Teeth of the upper Chap strike. The two
Bones which compose the Chap, are joyned together by an
indented Suture, most curious to look upon. The fish
seems next a kin to the common great Needle-Fish, or the
Girrock, which is described by Rondeletius, Aldrovandus,
and others, and pictur'd by Johnston, Tab. 15. It is an Observation of Aristotles, (a) (a) Hist.
Anim. lib. 2.
c. 17. That most fishes 119 having no Gullet, but their Stomachs standing just behind
their Mouths; it often comes to pass, that while the
greater pursue the lesser, προπίπτει ἡ κοιλία εἰς τὸ στόμα, their
Stomachs come out into their very Mouths. Some re-
semblance whereof, in a low degree, may be felt by those
that with an eager Appetite first begin to eat; the Gula
rising up a little as it were to meet the meat half way; which,
upon its retreat, it sucks in after it. Which hath happened
in some with that violence, as to have endanger'd their be-
ing choaked. CHAP. IV.
OF EXANGUIOUS FISHES. THeThe Rough HORNED-LOBSTER. Given by Dr. Tho-
mas Allen. I call it so, from the many pointed knobs
which he hath all over his Back. Squilla Crangone. De-
scribed by Rondeletius. See also the figure hereof in Gesner,
p. 1099. This fish, instead of the Plates on the Tail of a common
Lobster, hath so many Fins, which for the far greater part
of them are naked, or without a Crust upon them. All Lobsters use their Tails, as Fins, wherewith they
commonly swim backward by Jirks or Springs; reaching
sometimes ten yards at a Spring. For which purpose,
whereas the Gill-Fins of other fishes, which are their Oars,
are a little Concave backward; these have the Plates of
their Tails when they bend them down, as they use to do,
a little Concave forwards. Another HORNED-LOBSTER with a smoother Back.
These fishes are the most pleasant meat of all the Crustaci-
ous kind; except perhaps the Punger. A CLAW of the GREAT LOBSTER. Astacus Leo.
'Tis above a foot long, and a foot and three inches round
the middle. So that, ratably, the Lobster it self must have
been about a yard in length. TWO more of the same, a little lesser. The CLAW perhaps of a rare sort of CAMARUS, with
the inner Joynt forked. 120 The MOLUCCA-CRAB. Cancer Molucensis. The best
figure hereof is given by Besler, who alone shews the
Eyes; yet not so clearly as could be wished. Not ill de-
scribed by Joh. de Læt. That which Clusius makes to be
the fore part, he makes the hinder: and Wormius doth the
like; and saith, it is plain, from the position of the Legs;
With both whom I agree. And to what Wormius saith, I
also add, the position of the Eyes; for from Clusius's
Description, it would follow, that they stood in the hinder
part of the Crab. Here are eight or nine of them; the entirest
and largest, given by Henry Whistler Esq;. The Eye of this Crab, hath a horny Cover. But stands
almost flat, or in the same plain with the rest of the shell.
'Tis pleasant to look on, being latticed like the Eye of a
Butterfly. The latticed-work is discernable to a naked Eye,
but much better through a Glass. The People (a) (a) J. de
Læt. l. 2. that live near the River Chovacoêl in
Nova Francia, pile their Shafts with the Tails of this Crab,
which breeds there abundantly. The CLAW of the PUNGER, or the VELVET-CRAB,
called Pagurus. It is one of the biggest sort; and the best
meat of any. Linschoten reports, That some (but he saith
not of what kind) in India, have been found so big, that
whensoever they got any man with in their Claws, it cost
him his life. The PRICKLED-CRAB. Hippocarcinus, or Cancer asper,
because of the Spikes that grow upon his Back. They breed
near Norway. Another with a great number of Center-shells growing
upon its Back. It is noted by Aristotle, (b) (b) De Part.
Anim. lib. 4.
c. 8. That all Lobsters and Crabs
have their Right Claw, the greater and stronger. Crabs
have no Tail, nor need it, saith the same Author, (c) as
Lobsters do to swim with; because they live much upon (c) Ibid.
the Land. CRABS-EYES. Oculi Cancrorum. A Crustaceous-stone so
called, growing as is commonly (but I doubt falsly falsely) said, in
River Crabs. Especially, saith Cerutus, (d) (d) Mus.
Calceol.
Sect. 1. in the Female, at
that time, when the new shell begins to grow. Both the Powder and the Magistery of Crabs-Eyes; and
the Claws, and Distilled-Water of Crabs, are all used in
Medicine. 121 The NAKED-SHRIMP, commonly called The Souldier-
Crab. Cancellus. Here are two of them housed; one in a
Sea-Snail-shell; the other in that of a common Wilk. It is
accurately described by Aristotle. (a) (a) Hist. An.
lib. 4. c. 4. His fore part is armed
with crustaceous Plates, as the Lobster, but rather resembles
the Shrimp. His hinder part is naked, or without a Crust:
from whence I take leave for the Name: Neither the usual
English Name, nor the Greek, καρκίνιον (according to which
the Latin) being sutable to the shape of this Animal, a
quite different kind from a Crab. Two NAKED-SHRIMPS unhoused, or without a
shell. This Animal, because his hinder part is naked, always
houses himself in some empty shell, or other capable Body.
When he hath filled one shell with Excrements, saith Bello-
nius, or grows too big for it, saith Aristotle, he transplants
himself to another. Those that house themselves in the
shell of the little long Wilk, or the Purple-Wilk, are called
Little Souldier-Crabs, those in the great Wilk-shell, the
Great Souldier-Crab: and so, if in other shells of like
bigness. The INMATE-CRAB. Pinnophylax. Because it is said
to watch for the Prey, and to give notice to the Pinna
when to apprehend it. 'Tis shaped like a Crab; but seldom
grows bigger than a Chesnut. They are of a lovely white,
and some with rays of a light Red or Pinck-colour. One
difference betwixt the Cancellus and this, is, That that
always chooses an empty shell, this hospitates with the living
Animal in the same shell. He cohabits not only with
the Pinna, but also the Muscle, Oyster, and Scallop. The PREKE or POULPS. Polypus. See the Description
in Rondeletius and others. 'Tis a Naked-Fish, having eight
Fingers or Arms spread out almost like the Rays of a Star-
Fish, and the Mouth in a manner in the middle of them.
Their Arms serve them both to swim with, and to Attaque
the Prey. When they are pursu'd by a fish, they presently
cast forth a black Liquor, which they have always ready
in a Bag, and wherewith they darken the water, and so
make their escape. Being boiled with Wine and Spices,
they are, saith Moufet, (b) (b) Lib. de
Re Cibariâ. a very excellent meat. The SMOOTH STAR-FISH or SEA-PAD. Stella 122 marina lævior. It was sent from the East-Indies. I find it
not described. When alive, it is of a flesh-colour. It hath
five Arms or Rays, each an inch broad, and proportion-
ably very long, sc. above five inches; the Trunk being
not above an inch and ½ Diameter. The upper or convex
side is wrought all over with very little lenticular knobs,
almost like a Chamæleon's Skin; with small Concavities
interjected, like those in Poppy-seed. Underneath, each
Arm is furrow'd, the Margins of the Furrows being set with
a kind of curious Fring. The Margins of the Arms wrought
with Lenticular eminencies set in a straight Row, and
besprinkled as it were with little Century-seed. All Stars have their Mouths in the middle underneath,
as the Sea-Urchin. They feed upon Shell-fish. And seem,
saith Rondeletius, to have no other passage for their Excre-
ments, but their Mouths. Whereof I much doubt. They
take the Prey, as the Polypus, and swim very swiftly, by
stretching out or contracting their Arms at their plea-
sure. The BRANCHED STAR-FISH. Stella marina arbores-
cens. A rare kind. It was taken in the Bay of Mastachuset in
New-England. See the Descrisption hereof in Rondeletius,
and out of him in Wormius. As also in the Philosophical
Trans. (a) (a) Num. 57. under the Title of Piscis Echinostellaris Visci-
formis. Before I had perused these, I had drawn up a
Description of my own, which I will take leave to subjoyn.
It is above a foot Diametre. The Mouth, in the middle, is
divided into five Lips. The figure both of this and of the
Trunk or Body is pentangular. The Diametre of the
Trunk almost three inches. The sides grow thin from the
Mouth to their Edges, which are so many exact Hyper-
bola's. From the five Corners of the Trunk, as many Branches
being produced, are presently each divided into two others,
about an inch in compass; round, but by a double Row
of little knobs, seeming to be square. Each of these, are
again subdivided into lesser and lesser Branches. The last
whereof, are scarce thicker than a Horse-Hair. In number,
by a moderate estimate, above a Thousand. As he swims, he spreads and stretches out all his Branches
to their full length; but so soon as he perceives the Prey 123 within his reach, he hooks them all in, and so takes it as it
were in a Net. The PRICKLED STAR-FISH. Stella marina hirsuta.
Perhaps Rondeletius's Pectinata prima. It hath five Arms,
each Arm pointed, and also slender or narrowed next the
Trunk, but spread in the middle. Two inches and ¼ long;
the Trunk it self not above ½ an inch Diametre. The upper
part hath a rough shag of short Prickles; the other, of
longer: where also the Arms are furrow'd. These innu-
merable Prickles upon their Arms, are all movable, as in the
Sea-Hedg-Hog. Three more PRICKLED STAR-FISHES; which
indifferently answer the second, third, and fourth of Ron-
deletius. The CROWN'D-STAR-FISH. Stella marina Coronalis. It
was taken in the Danish-Sea. I meet not with the De-
scription any where. 'Tis a little One. It hath five short
Arms, bluntly pointed, about two inches long. The
Trunk two inches and ½ over, the five Sides whereof are
Hyperbolick. The upper part rises up like a Crown,
adorned with round Knobs of the bigness of a green Peas,
with other little ones, on both sides like Pins heads, ranged
into five even Rows from the ends of the Arms to the top
of the Star; in some sort, as precious Stones are set upon
a Royal Crown: from whence I have named it. The
spaces also between them are beset with little knobs. The
edges of the Arms and Sides are in like manner set round
about with lesser upon greater. Underneath, the furrows
of the five Arms meet in the middle, paved with little
Stones almost like Teeth; the broad Margins, with other
round knobs or stones. These Stones, are in colour, substance, and nature con-
generous, with those which are commonly called Crabs-
Eyes. The HIGH-CROWN'D STAR-FISH. It differs from
the former, in being much taller, and in having no Knobs,
but only Spikes, the one half whereof are ranged into
certain correspondent Orders. A FLAT SPIKED STAR-FISH, taken in the German
Ocean. Little STAR-FISHES with five Arms, taken in the British
Seas. 124 A STAR-FISH with six Rays or Arms. They are almost
like those of the smooth Star-Fish; excepting, that two of
them are as short again as the rest. Whether a monstrous
Production, or a distinct Species, I cannot say. A STAR-FISH with TWELVE RAYS; by some called
Sun-Fish. 'Twas taken in the British-Sea. The Basis of
each Ray is much slenderer than by the figure in Johnston
is represented. Neither is it shag'd only on the edges, as in
the same figure, but all over. SECT. VI.
OF SHELLS. CHAP. I.
Of whirled and single SHELLS. THereThere is a large Treasure of Shells in this Musæum:
in all, great and small, about six hundred. The
Reduction of all which to the Order of Nature,
whoever shall go about, will find to be no little Task. Nor
can it be perfectly done here, because as yet the Collection
it self is not perfect. According to the best Method I can
at present think of, I shall here place them. And that it may
be the better judged, how far it is natural, or not, I shall
afterwards digest them into Schemes. Most of them are
Strangers in England and the British-Seas, and therefore I
must be allowed a little more than ordinary liberty for the
English Names. Note, That when I speak of the Right or Left Lip of a
Shell, I mean, as it is held with the Mouth down-
wards. The FROG-WILK. Murex Coracoides. Described and
pictur'd by Johnston out of others. As are also most of
those that follow, which are only named. It hath three
Appendices on each side, like fingers or feet, and one at the
end. 125 The BROAD-LIPP'D WILK. Aporrhais. The Lips of
this are pale and even. Of this kind, three great Ones are
here preserved, one of them above a foot in length. The BROAD-LIP'D WILK, with wrinkled Lips, and
dyed with a deep purple. See a curious figure of this in
Calceolarius's Musæum, (a) (a) Sect. 1. under the Title of Conchilium
Muricatum. This Shell, saith Cerutus, (b) (b) Ibid. the Indians use
as a Trumpet, both in their Wars, and in Hunting. The MARBLE WILK. Murex marmoreus, from its
mixed colours, which make it look like spoted Marble. Of
these, here are five. The ORIENTAL WILK. Murex Orientalis. The right
Lip of this is even. Here are four great Shells of this sort,
near a foot in length. Another ORIENTAL WILK, with the right Lip
undulated. Betwixt the three sorts of Shells above mentioned, there
is this difference, That the right Lip of that commonly
call'd The Oriental, is only expanded; that of the marbled,
expanded or spread, and turned outward; of the Broad-
Lip'd, spread outward, and as it were Finger'd. A SHELL like the ORIENTAL, with a KNOBED
Turban or Whirle. Another of the same sort with an EVEN Whirle.
It is a small shell, not above an inch and ¼ long. Forward,
somewhat flat, and white as Milk. Hinderly, stained with
tauny spots. The left Lip is turned or spread out. The
right, at the bottom wrinkled, and stained with a light
purple. Towards the Cone or fore Corner, is gather'd into
an open Angle. The Whirle is smooth, not very high,
maketh six Rounds. The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK. Murex Labris paral-
lelis. Both the Lips of this are plain or even on the
Surface. I call it Long-Mouth'd, because the Mouths of
all that have been nam'd before, are very wide. The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK, with oblique furrows
on the left Lip. Here are four of this sort: whereof one
is near ½ a foot long. Each of the inner Rounds of the
Whirle or Turban, is one third part lesser than that next
without it. The SPIKED-WILK. Murex Aculeatus. This, of all 126 the rest, hath the Name, Murex, most properly given it;
from the spiked Instrument used in War, so called. The
Spikes of this are round. Here are three of these Shells, one
of which is ¼ of a foot long. Well figur'd by Olearius. (a)(a) Tab. 32.
f. 5.
And better by Besler. The SPIKED-WILK, with doubled or PLAITED Spikes.
Here are two of this sort, one of them near ½ a foot long.
Both the Lips are a little drawn outward, and so the Mouth
almost Oval, both the corners thereof pretty long, the left
Lip spread outward, the right wrinkled; the main Body
somewhat Conical, the Whirle low, consisting of six Rounds;
both striated, and armed with plated Spikes standing in a
spiral Order. The BOSSED or KNOBED-WILK. In the place of
spikes it hath round knobs. Here are five or six, all lesser
ones, about the length of a Katharine-Pear; so that 'tis
probable they grow not much bigger. The CONICK SNAIL. Cochlea Cylindrica; so it is
commonly called by Zoographers, but very improperly,
the figure hereof being Conical. Here are about fourteen
of this sort. Whereof some have a plain, others a knobed
Turban. Some are all over white, or yellowish, others are
stained white and black, or blackish-bay, white and brown,
or white and yellowish. In some the colours are laid in
spots, in others undulated, and in some others Lattice-wise.
Rondeletius saies, That this Shell seldom exceeds the thickness
of the Thumb. Yet one of these is above ½ a foot long, and
the Base above three inches over. The rest are small, all of
them plain Cylinders. Not unelegantly express'd in some
variety of figures by Olearius, Tab. 31. and Fig. 3. of
Tab. 32. The Whirle maketh nine or ten Rounds: which hold
the same proportion one to another, as in the Long-Mouth'd
Wilk. In the Kingdom of Congi, and some other places in
the East-Indies, these Shells go for Money. The CONICK SNAIL a little convex, and with the
Rounds of the Turban also convex. Another Convex Conick Snail, with the Rounds of the
Turban Concave. The GREAT PERSIAN WILK. Concha Persica major.
Of this sort there are four here preserved, of which, two
are above ½ a fo yields a purple juyce, anciently used for deying.
The Cover of this Shell is called Onyx or Unguis, because
in shape like the Clawot long. 127 This Wilk of a Carniverous Bird. The best of
these Opercula or Covers are found in and brought from the
Red-Sea. The lesser PERSIAN WILK, with furrow'd Lips. Of
this sort there are five here preserved of a middle size. The
Great Persian Wilk is knobed, and hath only one Series of
wrinckles. This even, and with a double Series of
wrinckles a cross one to the other. Each of the outer
Rounds of the Whirle is double the thickness of the next
within it. The lesser PERSIAN WILK with even Lips. 'Tis a
small shell, scarce bigger than the Kernel of a Filbert. The
Mouth is almost Oval, each Corner ending in a small
Channel. Both the Lips are turned outwards sideways, and
as far as the end of the Turban. The Back is speckled with
white, red, and blew. The Turban not high, nor hath more
than three Rounds. The PERSIAN WILK, with the Rounds of the Whirle
plated and interrupted; so as the Plates of the several
rounds do anticipate one another. Of these here are
three. The FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL. Cochlea sinistri Labri angulo
duplici. Not described. In a manner half a long Oval. The
left Lip is flat, whereby it hath a double edge. Deep within,
'tis stained with a shining Bay. The left Lip near the Turban
almost an inch broad; before, it ends sharp. The Turban
maketh but about two Rounds. Both this and the Body
are beset with knobs in a spiral order, and are cover'd over
with a pale purple Crust. The short FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL. 'Tis white within; yet
the left Lip is stained with two Bay spots. The Back of a
light ash-colour. The Knobs of this have no Incrustation.
The Rounds of the Turban are three. The WRINKLED-SNAIL. Cochlea rugosa. Here are
two of these, whereof one is near ½ a foot long. Each of
the outer Rounds of the Turban is twice as big as the
next within it. One of these is curiously figur'd by
Besler. The HOOK-NOS'D SNAIL. Cochlea Rostro recurvo. So 128 I call it, though it is not properly the Nose or Beak of the
Snail, but of its shell. The Turban is pretty high. Both
this and the Body are wrought with knobs and lines in an
oblique and spiral Order. The SNAIL with the SPIKED TURBAN. Cochlea
Turbine aculeato. This shell is described and figur'd by
Fabius Columna. (a) (a) In his
Purpura. But
better in his
Book de A-
quat. &
Terrestr. Yet in some things he hardly reaches
it. The Mouth is a kind of long Oval. The right Lip
is spread, and as it were doubled outward. The Back faced
with smooth Plates like so many more lips, carry'd ob-
liquely from the left Lip to the Turban, and there set
with short but very sharp Spikes. The spaces betwixt these
are ½ an inch broad, wrinkled with very small furrows,
and curiously stained with pillars of white and brown lines
meeting together in several Arches, as if it had been done by
a Painter. The SHORT-NOS'D SNAIL, with a low and plain
or even Turban. The DIPING-SNAIL, Cochlea Immerso Turbine. Not
described. In other Snails the Rounds of the Whirle stand
either in or else above a plain; here, they dip or run down
within the shell. Here are divers of them; all very smooth,
and of an Oval figure. One of a white colour, besprinkled
with an innumerable company of small brown specks;
about the bigness of a little Horse-Plum. The rest are
smaller. The LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL. Cochlea Labris paral-
lelis, s. Cylindrovalis. The figure hereof is betwixt Cylin-
drical and Oval. One half only of the left Lip is turned
outward, and uneven with oblique furrows. The right
Lip plain. The fore-angle of the Mouth crooked. The
Rounds of the Turban furrow'd, not high, four or five in
number. The Back is painted with a mixture of yellow,
bay, blew and black specks. It is about two inches long.
There are some more of the same Species that are
less. The NAVLE-SNAIL. Cochlea Umbilicalis. The Turban
of this is smooth. The end of the inmost Round is produ-
ced like a Navle, whence its Name. Another sort of NAVLE-SNAIL. The Turban of this is
set with short doubled or plated Spikes. It is almost a foot
in length. 129 The OVAL LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL. Scarce bigger
than a Filbert Kernel. The Lips are parallel. The right
turned or doubled outward. The left uneven with three
oblique furrows. The Back speckled with white and red.
The Whirle hath four Rounds pretty high. The PURPLE-WILK with solid Spikes. Purpura aculeis
solidis. This and the other kinds commonly found in the
Dead-Sea. The PURPLE-WILK with long plated Spikes. Purpura
Aculeis plicatis longissimis. By Ferranto Imperato, called
Echinata. Olearius gives a good Figure, (a) (a) Tab. 29.
fig. 1. Fab. Columna
the Description, with the Title of Purpura muricata sive
Murex Rostratus parvus. I will add my own a little fuller.
The main Body is not much bigger than a good big
Nutmeg. But hath a Horn no less than two inches and
½ long, near the Mouth ¼ of an inch over, and sharp-pointed.
Almost a Pipe, but a little open underneath by the length.
Along the right Lip and the Turban it self, in three Rows,
stand several long sharp plated or gutter'd Spikes triangu-
larly. But on the Turban they a little anticipate each other.
As also do the Plates of the several Rounds. The right Lip
is in some sort toothed, the left turned outward. The PURPLE with REDOUBLED SPIKES, i. e. with
the greater doubled Spikes collaterally subdivided into
lesser. Of these there are four. Two of them white,
described by Columna with the Name of Purpura sive
Murex Pelagius marmoreus. Another, ash-colour'd; and a
fourth, brown. All Purples have a Canale or Gutter'd Horn long or
short, in which is lodged that part which is called the (b) Fab.
Column.
Purpura.
Tongue; but performs the same Office as the Gills in other
Fishes. (b) The Animal creeps and directs its own way
with its Horns, like a Snail: yet hath it not four, but two
only. (c)(c) Mart.
Lyster de
Cochl. The Purple Tincture it yields, is contained betwixt that
part which is called the Papaver and the Neck. (d) (d) Aristot.
Hist. Anim.
lib. 5. c. 15. It is of
a different degree; in some, more upon the Red, like that
of Cochinele; in others, more upon the Blew, like that of
Violets. It was anciently (pressed out of the living (e)(e) Musæum
Worm.
Animal, and) used especially for the deying of Silks. But
is now grown out of use, as is likely, from the great 130 abundance of a sort of Fucus, which the Italians call Roc-
cella, wherewith Silk-Dyers do now make very rich Purples
of all varieties, with less labour and charge. (a)(a) Fab. Co-
lum. Pur-
pura. That little Shell called Blatta Byzantia, is the Operculum
or Lid of the Purple. The SQUARE-WILK. Buccina Rhomboidea, i. e. It hath
in a sort four equal sides, with unequal Angles. I find
it not describ'd. The Mouth almost Oval, both the
Corners a little gutter'd. The right Lip is first turned out-
ward, and then doubled or returned back again inward;
and the edge a little toothed. Just opposite to this Lip,
is laid upon the shell a kind of list, and doubled down in
the same manner. Upon every Round of the Turban also
are certain edged pieces in two opposite Rows. By these
and the list above said the shell is made square. Both the
main Body and the Turban are wrought over with
knobs great and small standing in oblique and spiral
Orders. All WILKS that have the Rounds of the Turban thus
edged, are betwixt a Purple and a common Wilk. The LONG SQUARE WILK. Neither do I find this
described or figur'd. Both the doubling of the right Lip,
and the opposite List, are less close, than in the former.
Neither hath it any of the larger knobs. The LONG THICK-LIP'D WILK. The right Lip
of this is swoln or stands thick outwardly; and on the
Rounds of the Turban are many edged pieces. The same sort of WILK, with few edged pieces on the
Turban. The THIN-LIP'D WILK. The fore Corner of this
ends in a gutter'd-Horn. Columna describes and pictures
it with the Name of Bucciunm Rostratum. (b)(b) Lib. de
Aquatil. &
Terrest. The GREAT THIN-LIP'D WILK. Strombus magnus.
This sort hath edged pieces on the Rounds of the Turban.
The biggest of turbinated-shells: this here is almost ½ a yard
long, and above ½ a yard round about. The TRIANGULAR WILK. No where describ'd that
I find. The Mouth almost Oval. The fore Corner hereof
ends in a gutter'd-Horn bended a little upward. The left
Lip only turned outward. The right is first bended out-
ward, and then doubled or returned inward. From thence 131 at the distance of ⅓d of the circuit of the shell, is laid a
a List, in shape imitating the said right Lip. At the same
distance, a pretty broad-pointed knob. By both these and
the right Lip the shell is made Triangular. The knobs on
the right Lip and List, are white, the other parts tawny, and
as it were wrinkled. The Turban, which hath six rounds,
is also a little angular. The COMMON WILK. This sort is short-snouted,
or hath no horn. Of this sort are several here pre-
serv'd. It is affirm'd by Aristotle, (a) (a) Hist. An.
lib. 5. c. 15. That you may know how
many years a Wilk is of, by the number of Rounds in the
Turban. Of the manner of laying their Eggs, see Bello-
nius. They are desired by some, as a rare sort of Meat.
The best are in clean Creeks. That which Mr. Lyster de-
scribes, (b) (b) De
Cochl. Mar.
Tit. 1. by the Name of Buccinum maximum, is fished out
of the Sea at Scarbrough. A Wilk, saith Nicolaus Myrepsius, being burnt, pow-
dered, and mixed with old Oil to the consistence of Glew,
and so the Head, first shaved and rub'd, anointed there-
with, is an admirable Remedy against Baldness and Morph
of long standing. 'Tis usual to give Drink to Children
that have the Chin-Cough, out of a Wilk-shell; and it is
observed, saith Wormius, (c) (c) Musæum. to do them good. The WILK-SNAIL. Buccicochlea. So I call it,
because, in Figure, it approaches to the Wilk; to the Com-
mon Snail, in the thinness of its shell. Columna (d) (d) Lib. de
Aquat. &
Terrest. describes
and figures this with the Title of Buccinum exoticum varie-
gatum. The WILK-SNAIL winding, from the Mouth, towards
the right Hand; whereas almost all other shells wind the
contrary way. The Mouth is white as Milk, and almost
Oval. The left Lip spread and turned outward. The
Rounds are Convex, as in the Wilk. In number six, speckled
with yellow Bay and blew spots. The shell is as thin as
that of common Land-Snails. Of kin to that shell described
by Mr. Lyster under Tit. 1. lib. de Cochl. Mar. The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE. Turbo Ventricosus.
This shell runs all into a Whirle or Turban. It is also belly'd,
i. e. swells out a little betwixt the Mouth and the Cone.
And the left Lip is uneven with oblique Furrows. 132 The WHIRLE-SNAIL. Turbocochlea. The rounds of this
sort wind from the Mouth to the right Hand, and that very
obliquely, in number six, speckled with Chestnut spots in
Rows. The Mouth very long, and one Lip ridged. 'Tis
thin like a common Snail-shell. Columna (a) (a) Lib. de
Aquat. &
Terrest . describes and
figures one pretty like this by the Name of Turbo alter
minor. The SMALL WHIRL-SNAIL, with numerous rounds,
and also winding from the Mouth toward the right Hand.
There are about fifty of them in a Bottle. They are of a
brown colour; and thin as the shell of the common Snail.
Their Mouth almost round. The right Lip hath a little
Angle. It hath nine rounds with very small transvers
Striæ. Columna describes and figures one like this with the
Title of Turbo Terrestris non descriptus. Mr. Lyster (b) (b) Lib. de
Cochl. calls
it Buccinum pullum; and very aptly compares it, both as to
shape and bigness, to an Oat. He saith it is found in
England in the Cracks of old Trees, and in Garden-walls. The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE, with small spiral
Furrows. Another BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE, with little knobs
in spiral Orders. The LEVEL-WHIRLE, or the SPIRE. Turbo planus sive
verè Conicus. The rounds are all knobed, and the right Lip
gather'd into small wrinkles. Another KNOBED SPIRE, with the right Lip plain or
even. Here are several little Ones of this sort. The SMOOTH SPIRE, with high or swelling rounds.
Here are two sorts of these; one with oblique, the other
with spiral small Furrows. This shell is described by
Mr. Lyster. (c)(c) Lib. de
Cochl. Mar. The SMOOTH SPIRE, with flat rounds. Here are also
two sorts of these; the one furrow'd, the other not, described
and figur'd by Columna under the title of Buccinum Persicum
eburneum nitidum maculosum. Of all these here are several
small Ones. The Natives of Brasile make a sort of Musical Instru-
ments with these kind of shells. (d)(d) Joh. de
Læt. The LOOSE WHIRLE. Penicillus. The one half of it
windeth loosely like a Worme; the other is a small long
Turban. 133 The SHORT WHIRLE. Trochus. This is somewhat
more prolonged than some others of this kind, the Base
broader, and the Rounds in a level. Of this sort here are
two great Ones, curiously stained with Crimson waves
from the Base (which is about four inches over) to the
Cone. It is of kin to that which by Columna is called Turbo
Persicus maximus. Another level SHORT WHIRLE, also somewhat longer
than the rest, and with the Rounds in a level, but the Base
narrow. A thin level SHORT WHIRLE, shorter than the
former, and with flat rounds. Here are two sorts of this;
the one with smooth, the other with ruged or knobed
rounds. A fourth WHIRLE of the same kind, with high rounds.
Here are also two sorts of this; the one smooth, the other
ruged. The BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE with spiked rounds.
'Tis no where described that I find. The Base two inches
broad, the Cone as high. The Mouth almost round, and
within of a Pearl colour. The whole shell without whitish.
The Base all over wrought with round, and obliquely
radiated wrinkles. The rounds are knobed, and the under
edges of every round with flat doubled Spikes. Here are
two more of the same sort, with the Spikes ground off. Another BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE, almost smooth,
having only very small wrinkles, without any Spikes. The CONCAVE SHORT WHIRLE. Trochus centro
latè concavo. Hitherto undescrib'd. 'Tis two inches broad,
an inch an ¼ high, being Belly'd, and having the Cone much
depressed. As also the Mouth, which is therefore a flattish
square. Both the Base and the Rounds are wrought with
small spiral and radiated wrinkles running across. It hath
five or six rounds, somewhat swelling. Not, as in most
other shells, contiguous in the centre, but thence receding,
leave a wide space in the middle of the shell, representing
in some sort a pair of Winding-Stairs. The ridges also of
the rounds are wrought with Tooth-Work, answering to the
Sculpture on the edges of a Stair-Case. There are several sorts of short Whirles or Trochi, saies
Mr. Lyster, (a) (a) Lib. de
Cochl. Mar. found in England, as at the Mouth of
Umber, and in Lincoln-shire by the Sea-side. 134 The LITTLE ROUGH WILK. Nerites Turbine
rugoso. The LITTLE KNOBED WILK. Nerites Turbine tube-
rato. The GREAT ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL, with a
Pearl colour. Cochlea cælata. Here are three of these; of
which two, are each above ½ a foot wide. Their pearly
gloss, on the outside is artificial; within, natural. The natural
colour without is sometimes green, with white and bay
spots. One way whereby it receives a bright pearl colour, is
by being steeped in Vinegar; which eats away the rough
and duller surface. The GREAT NAVLE-SHELL. Umbilicus marinus
Indicus major. It is the lid of the Cochlea Cælata; and hath
its Name from its shape. Very well described by Wormius. The LITTLE NAVLE-SHELL, with wrinkled edges. A SECOND, with the Convex side more plainly wind-
ing like a Navle. A THIRD, with the same side besprinkled with a great
company of small round knobs. The little Navle-Shell is well express'd by Olearius, Tab. 33.
Fig. 7. Here are several of them kept in a Glass. Not only this, but other turbinated shells have their lid.
Which, as Mr. Lyster well observes, is as it were another
Valve. Spirit of Nitre droped upon this Shell, riseth up with a
strong efferrescence. The admirable Virtue of this Shell is
experienced, saith Wormius, (a) (a) Musæum. by men of very good note,
in stainching of Blood; the flat side hereof being only applied,
with Spittle, to the Forehead. 'Tis usual to lay a cold Key
or Stone in the Neck. But if the same, especially a good
big Pebble with one side flat, like a Painters Mullet, were
apply'd to the Forehead, I should expect as good advantage
from that, as from the application of this shell. The Women in France, saith Bœtius, (b) (b) Lib. de
Gem. &
Lapid. nimio Mensium
fluore laborantes, commonly take this shell reduced to a
fine powder, which they find to be a very good remedy,
and keep it as a Secret. The LESSER ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL, with a
shorter knobed Turban. 135 The SPIKED or TOOTHED SNAIL. Cochlea
Echinophera sive Echinis plicatis. Of an ash-colour. The
Mouth round. The Turban short, having only three
rounds almost flat. The Base wrought with circular
wrinkles. The utmost round, as it were toothed with short
flat-doubled Spikes. The FINGER'D SNAIL. Cochlea Dactylata. Not yet
described. The Spikes of this are doubled and redoubled,
yet not flat, but thick and round, so as to resemble so many
little Fingers. Without, it is of a sad brown. Within,
of a Pearl colour. The Mouth round. The Turban low,
making only three rounds, which so recede from the
centre, as to leave an empty space in the middle of the
shell. 'Tis all over rough with small plated Spikes, and
pointed wrinkles in a spiral Order. The HIGH-CROWN'D SNAIL, with a semicircular
Mouth. The LOW-CROWN'D SNAIL, with a semicircular
Mouth. The HALF-LIP'D SNAIL. So I call it, because one
half of the inner Lip being spread outward, the other
half seems as if it were clip'd off. Of this here are two
sorts; one with the upper, the other with the nether half
deficient. Another SNAIL like the former, saving that the inner
Lip is whole, and the Turban somewhat higher. Another SNAIL with the Turban somewhat lower. Of
this here are two sorts; one with the rounds of the Turban
even or smooth; the other, wrinkled. The SEMICIRCULAR MOUTH, TOOTHED on both
sides. The Teeth of the outer Lip are the lesser; they
stand not on the edge of the Lip, but deep in the Mouth,
just over against the inner Lip: where the white parts of
the shell on both sides are defined or circumscribed by a
Circle, whose centre is at the edge of the inner Lip. Out-
wardly, the shell is speckled with white, red, and black
Spots, and ruged with spiral wrinkles. One like to this is
described by Columna with the Name of Cochlea marina
marmorea. The BLOBBER-LIP'D SNAIL. Cochlea Labrosa. The
Mouth of this is also Semicircular, the outer Lip being 136 round and spread out a little; the inner strait, like white
Marble, its inner edge toothed, and spread outward almost
as far as the Navle of the shell; from whence I have
nam'd it. The Turban is low and almost flat. It maketh
scarce more than two rounds, which therefore immediately
run from great to small. On the outside 'tis ruged with
transverse wrinkles, and speckled with red and black spots
upon white. The toothed Lips of both these last Shells, most pro-
bably, serve as Joynts to hold their lids, so much the more
close and steady. The FORE-WHIRED FORE-WHIRLED SNAIL. Cochlea Turbine antico.
This is no where described. 'Tis smooth, of an ash-colour.
The outer Lip is spread a little backward; and toothed with-
in: as is also the edge of the inner Lip. Both the corners of
the Mouth are placed on the circumference of the utmost
round. Whereby, contrary to all other shells I ever yet saw,
it hath the Turban or Whirle made before. 'Tis much de-
pressed, consisting of five flat rounds. The assertion of
Aristotle, (a) (a) Hist.
Anim. lib. 4.
c. 4. That the Turban always stands behind, is here
proved false. The FLAT-WHIRLE. This Snail is a perfect Helix, all
the shell lying as it were between two levels. Of this kind
Mr. Lyster (b) (b) Lib. de
Cochleis.
Tit. 26. describeth three sorts. Of which he ob-
serves, That upon the sprinkling a little Salt or Pepper,
or the like, into their Mouths, they yield a Crimson
liquor. The same Author (c) (c) Ibid. p. 1. hath observed some particulars of
the parts of Snails; as their Horns, Eyes, (as he supposeth
them) Teeth, Anus, Lungs, milkly Veins (which are all they
have) parts of Generation, &c. Which last, saith he, are so
like, as to make it seem very probable, That they are Her-
maphrodites. In the time of Coition, they strike a sort of
small testaceous Needles (Spicula testacea) into one an
others Necks. For what cause, or in what manner, he could
not so well observe. No Shell with a Turban, hath less than two rounds, nor
hath any, saith the same Author, (d) (d) Ibid. of English Shells, above
ten. The slick SAILER. Nautilus lævis. This sort is brown
on the Back, and black on the Belly. Curiously figur'd both 137 in Calceolarius's Musæum, and by Besler. Here are two of
them, whereof one is near ¼ of a yard long. One half of the same sort of shell cut down the middle.
By which it appears to be divided by about 40 oblique
transverse Partitions. The Animal is of kin to the Polypus. Famous for the
Art of Navigation. He rises to the top of the Water with
his Shell inverted; and being there, returns it. Then
having a thin Membrance spread against the Wind for a
Sail, two Feet for the Rudder, and two for the Helm, he sails
along. If any fear arises, he pulls all in, and filling his shell
with Water, immediately sinks himself to the bottom of
the Sea. (a) (a) Arist.
Hist. Anim.
l. 9. c. 37.
Scal. exercit.
Rondeletius
out of Oppia-
nus. Bello-
nius. And
out of him
Septalius's
Musæum. The PEARLY SAILER, 'Tis both within and without
of the colour of the best Oriental Pearl. This sort is
brought from India and the Persian-Gulf. Hereof Neck-
laces are sometimes made. As also Images and Beads used
at Devotions. The SPIKED SAILER. The Back and Belly of this
are flat with two ridges, and on each ridge grows a row of
short Spikes. The MAILED SAILER. Nauticlus Laminatus. I meet
with it no where. Both within, and especially without,
of the colour of the richest Pearl. It is composed of a con-
siderable number of Plates, as if in Armor. Yet the Plates
continuous; furrow'd along the middle, and produced with
a blunt Angle, almost like a Widows-Peak. From under
each of which, emergeth a kind of little Tongue, like that
of a Shoo-Buckle. VENUS-SHELL. Concha Veneris. Because beautiful.
Or else, saith Terzagi, quòd partem Veneris Imperio subdi-
tam referat. The first I shall name is that with Blobbed-lips,
or having as it were a white thick Facing. They are also
furrow'd, and stained with Chestnut Spots. But the Back
with a Purple. VENUS SHELL, with the right Lip furrow'd, but neither
of them faced or turned out. A SECOND of this kind with the left Lip furrow'd. A THIRD, with both Lips furrow'd. The HIGH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL. Of this kind,
here are three of a Chestnut or Bay-colour; one stained 138 with Green, another with Brown, a third with white
spots. And a fourth, white, speckled with yellow, red, and
purple. The NAVLED VENUS-SHELL. 'Tis also somewhat
high-back'd, and with each Lip furrow'd. On the thicker
end, it hath some resemblance of a little Turban or
Navle. The LONG-VENUS-SHELL. Of this sort here is one
stained with white spots upon a Bay ground. The rest of
the same Figure, are somewhat rough, having, as 'tis
likely, been steeped in Vinegar, or some other ways cor-
roded. The BUNCH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL. Described and
figur'd by Columna under the Name of Concha utroq; latere
se colligens. It hath a transvers Angle or Ridge in the mid-
dle. Where also, there is a distinct piece, most closely inlaid
into the Back of the Shell. The Lips also are both even. The VENUS-SHELSHELL with smooth or even Lips, and
without any ridge on the Back. The little white Ones of
this kind, are those which are particularly called ENTALIA.
With these, saith Rondeletius, the French adorn their Horses
Bridles, and other parts of Equipage. Of these and Jet
mixed together, they also make Bracelets, and other
Ornaments, for Widows in Half-Mourning. Many of this
sort, striated, are found, saith Mr. Lyster, near Hartle-pool in
the County of Durham, where the People call them Nuns. Divers other lesser VENUS-SHELLS of several kinds,
and stained with several colours, are here collected. The Italians use this Shell for the polishing of Paper,
and other things. (a)(a) Wormi-
us. The people living near the Red-Sea
gather them in abundance, and sell them to those that
trade to Memphis; for with these the Egyptians smooth
their Linnen Cloth. (b) (b) Bellonius. Goldsmiths cut them in two, and
make Spoons of them. They are commended against
those Ulcers in the great Corner of the Eye, which usually
turn to Fistula's, because of their admirable drying qua-
lity without heat. (c) (c) Ronde-
letius. Yet we have no reason but to believe,
that most other shells may be of equal Virtue. But if we
observe, it is usual for people to have a high esteem of
those things, even as to their Medicinal Virtue, that look
prettily, or that are rarely to be had. Whereas, it is 139 plain, that Nature generally supplyeth us with the greatest
plenty of those things, which are the most useful. The round SEA-URCHIN or BUTTON-FISH. Echi-
nus orbicularis. Here are several Species hereof. The first
I shall name is the Edible Button-Fish. These have very
great Prickles, with Seats or Bases proportionable, in five
double Orders. And the shells are orbicular. See the full
Description in Rondeletius. They were anciently eaten raw before Supper, as Oysters
are now, and as much esteemed. The ROUND BUTTON-FISH, with ten Orders of
midling Prickles. Of these Prickles it hath five Orders
of bigger, and five of less, all Conical at each end, and
bounded by ten more. Of this kind, here are some
more, others less round. Some also that are White, and
others Redish. The ROUND BUTTON-FISH, with the least sort of
Prickles, and disposed into ten Orders. Of this sort here are
White, Brown, and Green. These, Mr. Lyster saith, are found
in the English-Seas. The GREAT OVAL SEA-URCHIN. Echinometra
Aristotelis. See the Description hereof in Calceolarius's
Musæum. The greatest, and so as it were the Mother of
all the other kinds; from whence its Name. This here is
near ½ a foot long. Its Figure is not orbicular, but comes
near an oval or flatish Heart. The MARE-MAIDS-HEAD, or lesser Oval SEA-
URCHIN. Echinus Spatagus. This differs from the for-
mer, only or principally in being much less; seldom
exceeding the bigness of a Hens Egg. These are shells
rarely found. The Sea-Urchin maketh its progressive motion with its
Prickles which it useth instead of Feet. (a) (a) Arist. H.
Anim. lib. 4.
c. 5. And it is affirm-
ed, by Moufet, particularly of the Great Oval, that it moveth
in a spiral line. The SEA-EAR. Auris marina. It hath its Name from
its Figure, somewhat like a Mans ear. The inside is of a
Pearl-colour, the outside brown and ruged with many
small radiated and spiral wrinkles running across. There
are several Holes on one side it, through which the Ani-
mal admits and expels the water at pleasure. Here are three 140 of them, whereof two, are each about five inches long. This
shell is found in abundance near Garnsey Island. (a) (a) Lyst. lib.
de Cochl. The Gold-
smiths in France (b) split them into thin Plates, wherewith
they beautifie Cabinets, and other Works. (b) Bellonius. The VAULTED-LIMPET. Patella concamerata. No
where described, that I know off of. It seems to be of the
Limpet-kind, or to stand betwix this and the Sea-Ear. It is
in a manner a half Oval split by the length, which is an
inch and half. It hath a Navle, as the Sea-Ear, winding
to one side. The Back is rough, and of a whitish ash-colour.
Within, very smooth and of a pale purpleish white. The
hinder half is vaulted with a most white Plate, joyned to
the sides ¼ of an inch below the edges. The EVEN OVAL LIMPET. See the figure hereof in
Johnston. That part which may be called the Navle,
stands a little above the convexity of the shell. The Seat
of the Animal is shaped so, as in some sort to resemble the
Stag-Beetle. The edges thereof curiously angul'd, parti-
colour'd white and bay. The edge of the shell is perfectly
Oval, and the inner Margin of a pale blew. Here are two
fair Ones of this sort, about three inches long. The PEARLY OVAL LIMPET. The inside hereof is
of a curious pearl colour, with some rays of purple. It
hath a greater convexity than the former, and is waved all
round about. The OVAL LIMPET, with very deep furrows round
about. Whereby the edges also are very angular. The Seat
of the Animal white. Columna (c) (c) Lib. de
Aquat. &
Terr. c. 50. seems to have de-
scribed this by the Name of Lepas sive Patella maxima
striata. The LEVEL-LIMPET. Patella Plano-convexa. The sides
of this lie level betwixt the edges and the top. 'Tis also
furrowed, but not deeply. Yet the edges are more angu-
lar than of the former. The Seat of the Animal is white,
surrounded with a kind of double Glory. The outer Mar-
gins are of a blackish shining Bay. There are several small
ones of this sort, having the inner side streaked with black
and yellow. The CONICK-LIMPET, with the top high, and the
sides and edges level round about. The CONICK-LIMPET, with part of the edge raised 141 toward the top or Navle of the shell. This sort I meet with
no where. Without of an ash-colour, rough with wrinkles
in rays, and waved Circles. Within smooth, the Margin
white, about ¼ of an inch broad; the Seat of the Animal
yellow spread out both ways. The Animal it self is headed and horned like a Snail.
See Bellonius's Description. Our Fishermen use the ordinary
kinds to bait with, who find them every where in our Seas (a) Lystri
lib. de
Cochl.
on the Rocks near the shore. (a) If they feel themselves
touched, they stick so very fast to the Rock, that they can
hardly be loosened thence without a Knife. (b) Wormi-
us. (b) CHAP. II.
Of SHELLS Double and Multiple. NOteNote, That when I speak of the Base, I mean, that
part on which the Teeth, Joynts or Hinges stand.
When of the Navle, the peeked end of the shell, which
for the most part stands behind the Base; as also that part
which answers to it, where it doth not. When of the sides,
not the Concave and Convex, but the edges produced from
the Navle on the right and left. The SEA-WING. Pinna. Each Valve is very like in shape
to the Wing of a large Fowl, from whence I name it.
Where broadest, near ¼ of a yard over. In length two
feet: being the largest and longest of all the shells that I
know. The two Valves are naturally ty'd together with a
sort of Tow; whereby they are also fastened to some Stone
or other Body under Water. The Animal is very good
meat. The SEA-OYSTER; in distinction from the common,
which may be called the Shore-Oyster. Ostrea Pelagia. Here
are several of this sort, all of them but small. Rondeletius
saith, that in India they are sometimes a foot long. The CHESTNUT-OYSTER. I meet with it no where
described or figur'd. It is near two inches and ½ long, of an
Oval Figure, and somewhat writhen. The outside is of a
dark-brown, very uneven with large Oval Furrows. The 142 inside of a dark-Bay; from whence I name it. Held up
against the light, it looks like a deep Tincture of Safforn or
Myrrh. The Seat of the Animal is rough with small
frizled or undulated Wrinkles, surrounded with a smooth
Margin, on one side above ½ an inch broad, after an odd
fashion turn'd or spread outward, Convex inward, and
entirely encompassing the Navle of the shell. Here are
three or four smaller Ones of the same Species. A SHELL with the Base a little cover'd. Ostrea Basi Cooper-
ta. I find it not described. It's somewhat doubtful whether a
Limpet or an Oystershell. I think the latter. The Navle stands
obliquely. But the sides make equal or similar lines from the
Base. Somewhat above an inch in length, very Convex, the
Margin oval. The Base is as it were shaded with a transverse
Plate ⅛th of an inch broad. The inside, blew; the outside
speckled below with tawny and black spots, above with
white and purple, with very small lines running across or
Net-wise. The PLAIN ROUND ESCALLOP. Pecten Valvis
rotundis & æqualibus. The ROUND FURROW'D ESCALLOP, with smooth
Shells or Valves. Another of the same sort, with rough shells. The LONG ESCALLOP. These and the other kinds
seldom exceed the bigness of the palm of the Hand. But
Linscholen (a) (a) P. 90. saith, That by Malacca are shells found like
Scallops, so big, that two strong men can hardly draw one
of them, with a leaver, after them. Scallops will move so
strongly, as oftentimes to leap out of the Catcher wherein
they are taken. (b) (b) Arist. H.
A. lib. 4. c. 4. Their way of leaping or raising up
themselves, is, by forcing their under Valve against the
Body whereon they lie. (c) (c) Scal. ex-
erc. 219. S. 1. They are taken amongst other
places, near Portland, and at Purbec and Selsey, where they
are excellent good. Rondeletius prefers them, for Meat,
before Oysters. COKLE. Pectunculus. Here are of these, both White,
Red, and speckled with various Colours. The CORALLINE SCALLOP. Concha Corallina. I
call it a Scallop, because it seems to be but another sort
without ears. This is only waved. See Rondeletius's De-
scription. He saith 'tis rarely found, and seldom, except 143 in the Dog-days, after long Southern Winds, cast on the
shore. The CORALLINE-SCALLOP both waved and wrink-
led; the Wrinkles and Waves standing not across, but the
same way. The long GAPING COCKLE. Chama. 'Tis thiner
and more easily broken than most other shells. The Valves
are seldom or never close shut. The sides are produced
from the Base by similar lines, as in the Cockle, and the
figure of the shell oblong: from whence I have taken leave
for its Name. Whether the Anatomy of the Animal would
suggest a better, I know not. This here is about an inch
and ½ long; and of an ash-colour. Of this, and probably all the other Species, it is omitted
by those that describe them, that from each of the two
Joynts at the Base, is produced a kind of bony Epiphysis,
about ¼ of an inch long, thin, sharp and flexible: where-
upon some of the muscular parts of the Animal seem to
be fastened, for the restraining the opening of the shell from
any inconvenient degree. The BLACK GAPING COCKLE. This is somewhat
lesser than the former, and of a rounder Figure, radiated,
and the edges wav'd. As thin as the former, and hath the
like Epiphyses. This sort, when the South-Wind blows, rise up to
the top of the Water, and setting their two shells wide
open; with the one under them, as a Boat; and the other,
on one side as a Sail, they scoure along. (a)(a) Bellon.
H. Anim. lib.
15. c. 12. The Broath of this Shell-Fish is affirmed by Dioscorides
to be both Laxative and Diuretick. They have a kind of
biting tast taste, like Pepper; and are therefore called, by the
French, Des Flammes: and the Italians, for the same rea-
son, call them, Peverazas. (b)(b) Bellonius. The SHEATH-FISH; commonly so called from its
similitude to the sheath of a Knife. Solen. Unguis. As the
Sea-Wing is the longest, so this is the most expanded of
all Shells; though usually call'd A long Shell, but impro-
perly. For it may be noted, that the length of a shell
is properly from the Navle to the edge directly opposite;
the breadth, between the two sides thence produced, which
in this Shell are the two ends: as if you should crush 144 the two ends of a mouldable substance of an Oval figure,
till you made the two sides become the two ends. Some
of these are ½ foot wide, or more. This Shell is found on the shore near Scarbrough after
long Winter-Storms. (a) (a) Lyster.
de Conch. The Animal shines much in the
dark, especially when the shell is full of liquor, the drops
whereof glister where ever they fall; by virtue of which,
it is most probable, that the Flesh it self becomes
shining. (b)(b) Pliny. The ROUND-OYSTER, with similar sides produced
from an oblique Navle. The Convex is very white,
and finely wrought with circular, and radiated lines
across. The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER with a bended
Base. The Convex is smooth, and stained with Chestnut
upon white. Its Base is in a manner semilunar, produced
a little forward from the Navle. Upon this Base are
fourteen, sixteen, sometimes twenty small Joynts, standing
obliquely, and also in a bended line answerable to the Base.
To the two ends whereof, the Seat of the Animal is con-
tiguous. The fore-edge and Margin are furrowed and
toothed within. Here are four of this sort. The BROAD-OYSTER, with similar sides. The FISTULAR OYSTER. Concha Valvis Fistulosis.
Described by Columna with the name of Concha exotica mar-
gine in Mucronem emissa; who hath also figur'd it well.
It hath not only several Furrows or Gutters reaching
from the Navle to the edges round about, but the Fur-
rows are also cover'd over, and so properly fistular;
whence I have nam'd the Shell. The circumference or
edg edge is also prolonged into several Peaks, which have some
kind of likeness to Sword-points. But Columnas name is
somewhat obsurdly given, unless instead of divers, there had
been one only. The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER, with a strait
Base. Described and figur'd by Columna with the name
of Concha πολυλεπτογίγί λυμο. Here are two of this sort. The
chief marks hereof are, that it hath a great number
(twenty or more) of slender Joynts, about ¼ of an inch
long, placed parallel, upon a strait Base. The ASSE-FOOT OYSTER. Ostrea Gaderopoda, So 145 called from its Figure. Described by Bellonius. Its chief
Characters are, that it hath very great Joynts, like the eye-
teeth of a Man, and upon a strait Base. It grows not loose,
as other Oysters, but fixed to the Rocks under Water: and
therefore in those Seas only, which ebb and flow not, (a) (a) Bellonius. as
the Ægean, the Hellespont, &c. The CORALLINE-OYSTER. Spondylus Echinatus &
Corallinus. I meet with it no where. 'Tis of an unusual
Figure. The Base hereof is strait, and an inch and ½ over.
In each end hereof is a roundish cavity, doubtless for the
reception of answerable Joynts. An inch and ½ or more
beyond this, the Navle, which is a little bended upward,
smooth within side, and scaly without. The inner part
of the shell is exceeding white, smooth, hard, and thick.
The outward Crust thiner, yet also very hard, wrinkled,
spiked, and of the colour of red Coral. Part of it is bro-
ken off. MOTHER of PEARL. Concha Margaritisera. See
a true, and good Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musæum. It
is naturally within of the same colour with that of a Pearl. (b) Quoted
by Rondele-
tius.
It is sometimes seen with a pearly Knob growing within it,
as in this here, near the centre. But the Pearls themselves
grow within the Animal: within the Flesh (as Athenæus (c)
Philos.
Trans. N.
101.
(b) affirms) as that sort of Kernel in a Hog, called Grando.
Although more probably in the Stomach, as Bezoar, and
the like, in other Animals. (c) As Eggs in the Belly of a
Pullet, saith Tavernier. (d) (d) Indian-
Voyage. The Shell is said to be found
near the Island Borneo sometimes so big, as to weigh forty
seven pounds. (e)(e) Charl.
On. Zoic. Take Mother of Pearl, the small White Venus-Shell of
each equal parts. Pour upon them, being first powdered,
the juyce of Lemons, and let them stand together (a day
or two) then filtre the liquor, and keep it, as the best wash
for the Face in the World. (f)(f) Prævot.
lib. de Med.
facilè para-
lilibus. MOTHER OF PEARL, with the backside cover'd all
over with those little Shells called DENTALIA, as having
some little likeness to Teeth: that is to say, White, Smooth,
Conick, and bended Tubes, which grow to this and other
Shells. See Gesner of Entali & Dentali, p. 940. The inside
of the Sea-Ear, of some sorts of Limpets, and of divers other
Shells, are commonly sold in Shops for true Mother of Pearl. 146 ORIENTAL PEARL, round, and with a good
Water. PEARLS of the bigness of a large Peas, and perfectly
round, but without a Water. ROUND PEARLS, of divers Colours, sc. White, Ashen,
Brown, Red, and Bay. PEARLS of divers Figures, sc. Oval, Cylindrical, Flat,
Conick, Twins, and three and four together. WELSH-PEALRPEARL. Given by the Honourable Mr. Boyle.
They are most of them flatish, and of a shining blackish
colour. Heretofore, the most rich fishing for Pearls, was at the
Island Margarita. Whence their Name. (a) (a) Gesner. At this time
the chief Fishings in the East-Indies are three, the Persian-
Gulph, on the Coast of Arabia the Happy, and in the Island
Ceylan. In the West-Indies, five; along the Islands Cubagna,
and Manguerita, at Camogete, Riodela Hacha, and St. Marthas.
They fish in twelve-fathome Water, five or six leagues off at
Sea, Spring and Fall. (b)(b) Tavern.
Indian-Voy-
age. Of Pearls we have these following Preparations, and
probably the first, of all, the best, if perfectly ground.
Pulvis,Essentia,Flores,{Commune
Sal,Tinctura,Magisterium,{Butyraceum
Liquor,Arcanum,{Plumaceum
{Riverij.
The PEARLY OYSTER. Concha Cœlata. 'Tis shaped
much like the Mother of Pearl, but is somewhat oblong. It
hath also a pearly-colour within-side; but of a more leaden-
water. The SQUARE-MUSCLE. Concha Rhomboidea, s. Mus-
culus striatus Rondeletio. That part where the Valves joyn,
i. e. the Base, is long, not rounded, but strait, and standeth
erect or perpendicular, by which it may be distinguished
from other Shells. It lies in the deeper parts of the Sea, and
is rarely found. The RUGGED-OYSTER. Not described, that I know.
The Joynts hereof very shallow. The Navle very oblique.
The Sides thence produced, dissimilar. The Back cut with
round Furrows; and the Furrows edged, and beset with a 147 number of little short prickles. It is of a dull ash-colour,
roundish, and somewhat bigger than a Half-Crown. The SAND-MUSCLE. Tellina. They live much in the
Sand; for which reason, unless they are shaked long in (a) Ronde-
letius.
water, before they are boyl'd, they are very gritty. (a) At
Rome, they are esteemed a pleasant Junket. (b) (b) Wormi-
us.Here are
several shells of this sort. The TOOTHED-MUSCLE. It is of a roundish Figure,
and the edges, especially before, toothed almost like a
Saw. The GREAT WAVED-MUSCLE. Well described and
figur'd by Columna with the Name of Concha Maxima
marmorea exotica imbricata. It is also called Concha Tri-
dachna: because it contains as much meat, as a Man can
swallow at thrice. A certain number put for an uncertain:
for some of them hold meat enough almost to fill a mans
belly, being a foot in length, or rather in expansion or
breadth; this here ¼ of a foot. The Back is waved with
broad and deep Furrows, and the edges indented answerably.
It is (c) (c) Bellonius. commonly found in the Red-Sea. The LONGISH-MUSCLE, with rough Wrinkles or
Rays. ANOTHER with smooth Rays, i. e. Concha Rondelet.
Striata 3. The ROUNDISH radiated Muscle. The PLAIN LONGISH MUSCLE. This hath no Rays
on the Back. The PLAIN BROAD MUSCLE. Of these here are
two sorts, the one less, the other more expanded. This lat-
ter is by Rondeletius called Concha longa; mistaking what
is properly the breadth, for the length of the shell. Of this
(d) (d) Ronde-
letius. Shell, is commonly made a sort of Lime. The BROAD-MUSCLE, with deep Joynts. The TOOTHED BROAD-MUSCLE. Described and
figur'd by Mr. Lyster, (e) (e) Lib. de
Conch.
Tit. 35. with the Name of Tellina intus
ex Viola purpurascens, &c. 'Tis a little shell not much above
an inch broad, the edge indented round about with curi-
ous small Teeth; and having within-side a faint purple
blush. ANOTHER little broad Muscle, without Teeth, or even-
edged. 148 A BLOBLIP'D-SHELL, which seemeth to be a kind of
Muscle. I find it no where. Here are several single shells
of this sort, but not one pair: which makes me somewhat
doubtful what to make of them. Most of them have
about an inch of expansion. The Concave in the inside,
is triangular, with small strait transvers Wrinkles, one
Angle obtuse, two acute. From the two longer sides of
the triangle, the Margin is spread out, and on one side as it
were doubled backward. It hath also one, sometimes two
Joynts, very deep, and for so small a shell, remarkably
strong. The Natives of Brasile use Muscle-shells for Spoons and
Knives. (a) (a) Barlæus,
de rebus
gestis in
Brasilia. The ashes of Muscle-shells, saith Wormius, are of
a Caustick-nature. As if it were peculiar to this shell. Whereas
the shells of all sorts of Shell-Fish, being burnt, obtain the
like. Most of them, being so order'd, and powder'd, make
excellent good Dentifrices. Hitherto go the Double Shells, or with two Valves.
There remain some which are made up of several shelly
pieces conjoyn'd to make one Concave-shell: as The Conick CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus major. De-
scribed by Rondeletius, and others. It is in shape somewhat
like a Tulip, the several shelly Plates which compose it, being
pointed at the top, and standing together, as so many
leaves. They always grow fixed to some other Body.
When boyl'd, they are a delicate sort of Meat. The SPUNG-CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus Spongiarum. So
I name it. Commonly, but somewhat absurdly, called Lapis
Spongiæ. For being well observed, they appear to be little
Centre-Shells, which probably never grow very big; and
wherein the leaves seem to be a little more separate, than in
the former Species. They look just like small petrifi'd Buds
of Trees. A small Centre-Shell, growing upon a Branch of Coral. The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus compressa. Com-
monly called the BARNACLE-SHELL; and CONCHA
ANATIFERA. Because supposed to be the Egg of the
Barnacle. And by some (b) (b) Hector
Bœthius
quoted by
Gesner, and
our Country-
man Dr. Tur-
ner. it is confidently deliver'd, that in
the Orcades there are certain Worms grow in Hollow-Trees,
which by degrees obtain the Head, Feet, Wings and all the
feathers of a Water-Fowl, which grows to the bigness of a 149 Goose. Scaliger also describes this (supposed) Bird within
this shell. (a) (a) Exercit.
59. toward
the end. And with respect to so worthy a Person as
Sir Robert Moray (who never meant to deceive) I my self
was once induced to publish his Description of the same. (b)
But having examined the Shell it self, I am of Opinion, (b) Philos.
Transac. N 137.
That all that is said of a Bird, is fabulous. Bartholine (c)
would have it to belong to a kind of Cancellus. But I rather (c) Histor.
Cent. 6.
agree with Columna, that it is a sort of Centre-Shell; as being
fixed in like manner upon it's Base, and composed of several
shelly parts. Of these Shells two Species are here preserved. One of
them consisting only of five shelly pieces. Two greater,
almost like little Muscle-shells. To these are joyned, edge to
edge, and oppositely, a much lesser pair, sc. in such manner,
as their Base stands over the Cone, and their Points descend
half way towards the Base, of the greater pair. Both these
pairs are on one side hem'd in with a fifth piece, narrow,
long, and inwardly Concave, almost like a Larks Heel. The
Neck to which they are fasten'd is here wanting. This Spe-
cies is figur'd, and in some sort described by Wormius. But
the Figure in Calceolarius's Musæum answers not. The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL with the Scaled Base.
Balanus compressa & Squamata; so I call it. This Species
is in some sort figur'd by Rondeletius. But his Description
worth nothing. 'Tis near an inch long, and ¼ of an inch
broad at the Base, where it is somewhat narrower than
in the middle. Whitish, and with some Rays of blew. It
consists of five greater pieces, whereof the middlemost
pair, the greatest and the longest. The lesser pair are joyned
to them edge to edge, reaching half their length, but not
oppositely with their Points downward, as in the former
Species, but upward. The fifth piece not joyned to this lesser
pair, as in the other Species, but to the opposite edge of the
greater. Round about the Base of the Shell several little
pieces, some bigger and some less, stand after the manner
of Scales, with their points also forward. So that it looks
almost like a great Bud crushed flat. 'Tis joyned to a Neck
about ¼ of an inch over; an inch, sometimes more, or
less, in length; of a brown colour, rough, and composed of
an innumerable company of small Knobs, almost like those
on some Fishes Skins. Several Shells, by the like Necks,
commonly grow all together in a Cluster. 150 I have seen some of these Shells perfectly formed in all
their parts, not much bigger than a Cheese-Mite. Thus far the Titles and Descriptions; the Schemes fol-
low, which take in all, save one or two of the Sub-Species:
and wherein the Order is a little more corrected. 151 152 153 154 SECT. VII.
OF INSECTS. CHAP. I.
Of Insects with Naked-Wings: THeThe Bigger HUMBLE-BEE. Bombylius major. First,
With a broad-Belly, colour'd with Ashen, White, and
Brown. Another, with a Broad-Belly, Yellow and Citrine. A Third, with a Long Tawny-Belly, and Brown
Wings. The Middle HUMBLE-BEE, with a Scarlet Breast, and
Wings spoted with white and brown. The Lesser HUMBLE-BEE, painted with Citrine and
Iron-colour. A WILD-BEE, with her Follicle or Bag, near the big-
ness of a Wrens-Egg. Another sort of WILD-BEE, with their BAGS. They
are about ½ an inch long, of a Cylindrical Figure, very thin
and transparent, like the inner Coats of the Eye. Admira-
bly placed, for warmth and safety; sc. length-ways, one
after another, in the middle of the Pith of an old
Elder-Branch, with a thin boundary betwixt each Bag.
The little Bees are somewhat thicker than the Flying-
Ant; and their Bellies marked with four or five white
Rings. Another sort of WILD-BEE, which breeds in the stocks
of old Willows. Curious to observe. They first bore a
Canale in the Stock, which, for more warmth, they furnish
afterwards with Hangings, made of Rose-Leaves, so rowled
up, as to be contiguous round about to the sides of the
Canale. And to finish their Work, divide the whole in to
several Rooms or Nests, with round pieces of the same
leaves. Hereof see in the Philos. Trans. (a) (a) Num.
65. the Obser-
155vations of Dr. Edm. King; whereto some others are added
by Mr. Willughby, and explained by Figures. Some parts of the NEST of another WILD-BEE.
Not much unlike the first of those not inelegant figures,
which Johnston gives under the Name of WESPEN-
STOCK. The under or hinder Wings of a Bee, are the least; that
they may not incommode his flight. (a) (a) Mouf. de
Insect. cap. 1. The Honey-Bag,
is the Stomach, which they always fill to satisfie, and to
spare; vomiting up the greater part of the Honey, to be
kept against Winter. A curious Description and Figure of the
Sting, see in Mr. Hook's Micrography. In windy Weather,
Bees often hold a little stone in their hinder Feet; which
serves as a Ballast to make them sail through the Air more
steadily. (b) (b) Ibid. The History of Bees, the best that Aristotle
hath given us, (c) (c) Hist. An.
lib. 9. c. 40. of any one Animal. Of their Polity,
Generation, Conservation, Diseases, and Use; see also
Moufet, Butler, and a late Treatise of Mr. Rusden. All that
Authors speak of the Spontaneous Generation of Bees, is
fabulous. The ashes of Bees are put into most Composi-
tions for breeding of Hair. A WASPES-NEST. Vespetum. Given by Sir Jonas Moore,
who received it from New-England. See the Figure of
one in Johnston. 'Tis above a foot high, and near a foot
over. Composed of a great number of little Cells, as in
the Wild-Bees Nest, and encompassed with a Cover of
the same stuff. All wrought about the Branch of a
Tree. Both this, and the Bees-Nest now mention'd, consist
of the small Fibers of Plants, cohering, altogether as in
Paper; as may be seen by a Glass. So that the Stuff may
not be improperly called BEE-PAPER. Another WASPES-NEST, like the former. Given by
Dr. Thomas Allen. A LONG-OVAL FOLLICLE (perhaps of a sort of
Hornet) with this peculiar, That the Silk is cover'd with a
kind of brown Crust, marbled with blackish Veins. A NESTED FOLLICLE, or one within another. Here are
three of this sort, not fortuitous, but according to Nature.
The utmost, is about an inch long, brown, and composed
of Stiff-work, with a great many small Interstices: so that 156 it looks just like an Oval-Net. Within this, lies loose
another much smaller, of a light Ash-colour, and made like
other Insect-Bags. The Polish'd FLESH-FLY; that which is of a blewish-
black, like Steel. Another FLESH-FLY with a strong Proboscis or Trunk,
tawny Wings, black Eyes, bunched Back, brown, long,
and sharp Belly, forked Tail, Chesnut Feet, the hinder the
longest. The GOLDEN-EYE. Musca Chrysopis, as Moufet calls it.
The Eye of this Fly is very curious, not only with its golden
colour, but in being most elegantly latticed, like that
of a Butterfly. Whilst alive, they have a very stinking
scent. The OX-FLY. Musca Boaria. Asilus. The WHAME. Musca Apiformis. Tabani species. The WASP-FLY. Tabani species altera. The TWO-BRISTLED-FLY. Musca Bipilis. He hath
two Bristles upon his Tail, standing level. Moufet describes
five Species. The THREE-BRISTLED-FLY. Tripilium. Of these
Moufet also describes five sorts. Here are two of them;
One greater, the other less. They are most in May and June
before and after the Rains. Flys, at the end of their Proboscis, have a Piercer where(a) Mouf. de
Ins. c. 10. -
with they broach the Skin. (a) They go only, saith Moufet,
with four Feet, using the two foremost instead of Hands. (b) (b) Ibid.
This latter part of his Assertion is true; but the former, con-
trary to common Observation. The Hair of the Head being often wet with the water
of common Flys distill'd in Balneo Mariæ, will grow to a
very great length. (c) (c) Id. c. 12. Almost all Flys, being chew'd and
swallow'd, cause violent vomitings. (d)(d) Id. c. 12.
out of Arnol-
dus. Two FLY-NESTS; with some of the Flys. They are
all black, with four Wings, the Horns and hinder Legs
both long, and the end of the Tail thick. Of kin to the
M. Bipilis. The Nests are fasten'd or wrought, one, upon a head of
Cypress-Grass; above ½ an inch long: the other, on the top
of a Branch of Fern; and is about an inch long. Both
oval, and white like Wooll; very porous and compressible, 157 like a fine Sponge; and perforated with several little round
Holes. Cuting one of them down the middle, I found,
within, the more elaborate Work, consisting of a great
number of little oval Cells, as in a Wild Bees-Nest. These
Cells are placed in their length transversly to that of the
Nest. In each of which, each Fly is bred a part from the
rest. The Great BUTTERFLY. Papilio major. This is of the
second magnitude. The Wings are painted with citrine
and black, both in long streaks and spots. The Great PLUMED BUTTERFLY. The Wings are
painted with black and scarlet Rings. In the place of Horns,
he hath a pair of Plumes in his Forehead. Another, with LONGER PLUMES. The Wings of this
are spotted with black and tawny. The lesser BUTTERFLY, with scarlet Wings; the fore-
most of which are far shorter than the other. Another, having the Wings speckled with red, yellow,
brown and black spots. Of the larger, middle, and lesser kinds, Moufet reckons
up and describes five and thirty sorts. (a) (a) Latter
part of C. 14. That which seems to be a Powder upon the Wings of a
Butterfly, Is an innumerable company of extreme small
Feathers, not to be discerned without a Microscope. (b) (b) See Dr.
Powers Mi-
crosc. Observ.
and Mr.
Hook's Mi-
crography. Butterflys, as most Insects, saith Moufet, are very Diure-
tick (urinas egregiè movent) and with more safety. (c) 'Tis
worth the trial. The Great ADDERS Boult; from the strait long (c) Cap. 14.
figure: Dragon-Fly, from the colour and bigness. Water-
Butterfly, because they most frequent Rivers and watry
places. Perla, from its colour. Libella, from its figure,
when the Wings are spread out. In this, the Bases of the
Wings are spoted, the Belly almost triangular, the Tail
pointed, painted with black and gold-colour. Another GREAT ONE, with silver Wings, a golden
Mouth, a green Forehead, Chesnut Eyes, a round Belly
painted with citrine and black. A THIRD, with citrine Wings, a green Back, and a yel-
low Belly. It is furnished both with Horns and Plumes in
the Forehead. The Middle ADDERS Boult. It is of a dark-Green. 158 The Head small, the Chest or middle part short, the Belly
very long and slender. Moufet reckons up in all about
20 sorts. The LANTHORN-FLY of Peru. Cucujus Peruvianus.
A quite different Species from that described by Moufet.
And, with respect to his Wings, is no way of kin to the
Beetle or Scarabeus-kind, but rather the Locust. I find it
no where described. 'Tis above three inches long, and thick as the Ring-finger.
His Head, in bigness and figure, admirable; near an inch
and half long, in the thickest part of it above half an inch
over. From the Eyes forward it first swells or bellies out,
afterwards contracts into a smaller, yet blunt end. 'Tis
also crowned with a broad blunt knob, and the end resi-
mated or bended upward. In its Circumference it hath
seven low Ridges or Angles, marked with so many black
lines, an eighth line being added betwixt the two upper-
most Angles. The greater part hereof (now) betwixt
yellow and straw-colour. Yet stained with brown and red
streaks and spots, neatly ranged, especially on the top and
both sides. It seems, at least in the fore part, to be hollow,
and almost like a Bladder blown up. The Eyes, for the bigness of his Body, very small. Of a
dusky-colour, yet glossy, and Sphærical, looking just like
two brown Seed-Pearls. Under these stand two small round
parts, open at top, which seem to be the Roots of a pair
of Horns: unless any will conceit them to be his Ears.
Both these and the Eyes are guarded with a semilunar
Ridge. The other parts, being more or less spoil'd, cannot be
perfectly describ'd. His Proboscis sufficiently strong, about
½ an inch long, and as thick as a stitching or Taylers Needle.
The Feet all broken off. His Body an inch and ½ long, not
much exceeding the length of the Head; about ¾ over.
Composed, besides the Shoulders, of about ten Rings. He
hath four Wings, almost like those of the Locust; the
uppermost somewhat stronger and stiffer than the other.
Both Pairs are of a dun-colour, sprinkled with dark-brown
spots. They are extended considerably beyond the Body;
yet the ends are worn off. That which, beside the figure of the Head, is most 159 wonderful in this Insect is the shining property of the same
Part, whereby it looks in the Night like a little Lanthorne
(Lamphorne.) So that two or three of these fasten'd to a
stick, or otherwise conveniently disposed off, will give
sufficient light to those that travail or walk in the
Night. A BAULME KRICKET. Cicada. It is the fourth in
order described by Moufet. The upper Wings of this Insect
also are stiffer than the other, like those of the Locust. But that
which is most remarkable, is the broad Hood which is
spread over his Head and the top of his Shoulders. It is a
Stranger here in England. This Insect, saith Moufet (a) (a) Lib. de
Ins. after others, feeds only upon
Dew; and hath no Excrement; which is most unlikely. It
is by some given inwardly instead of Cantharides, both as a
safer, and more effectual Diuretick. And so far also a better
Remedy in Veneris languorem. (b)(b) Cap. 17.
p. 133. A Great WINGED-LOCUST. Given by Sir John
Hoskins. It seems to be the second Male described by
Moufet. In length almost three inches. The Face perpen-
dicular, from the Mouth to the Crown of the Head ½ an
inch. The Wings Membranous; the upper pair, the stiffest,
stained with dark brown spots, and a few Rays of Red. It
is one of that Swarme which some years since destroyed all
the fruits in the Island of Tenariffa. Of the Winged-Kind, Moufet reckons up about a dozen
Species. Of their Generation, and the Description of the
Parts thereunto subserving, see the same Author. The
Description and Figure of the Lungs in Malpighius. (c)(c) De Bom-
byce p. 28.
Tab. 4. Locusts hurt the Corn, Meadows, and Hort-Yards, not
only by eating, but also by their Dung; and an ill-natur'd
Spittle, much of which they spew out of their Mouths, as
they eat. (d) (d) Moufet
out of Val-
leriola. 'Tis probable, That the Spittle (if they
spew any) is not ill-natur'd; because the Jews were per-
mitted to eat this as a clean Animal. Yet may prove hurtful
to the Corn, as a Nest fit for the breeding of small Worms,
or other Animals, which may disease it. The Ethiopians, and divers other Nations, eat them, being
first salted and dryed. (e) (e) Mus.
Wormian. The FEN-KRICKET or CHUR-WORME: Because
towards Night, when he comes out of his Buries, he 160 makes a noise like that of a Kricket. So great, saith Moufet,
as to be heard above a mile off. Gryllotalpa: so called by
the same Author, for that with his fore-feet, which
are very strong and broad, and shaped like those of a
Mole, he continually digs up, and makes himself Buries
in the Earth. His hinder Feet are very long, wherewith
he leaps; and by which, as well as by his Hood, he borders
at least, upon the Grashopper-Kind. His Hood or Mantle,
which Moufet I think omits, is about ½ an inch long;
extended forward, over part of his Head; behind, over
part of his Wings; before Concave, behind Convex. His Eyes protuberant, yet not great (as Moufet would
have them) but very small if compared with his Body: in
colour, shape, and bigness like a Strawberry-seed. His Wings, saith the same Author, are longer than his
Body. Whereby it appears, that he did not take notice, That
this Animal hath four Wings, whereof the uppermost pair
are not above ¾ of an inch long. The other indeed are
prolonged above ¼ of an inch beyond the Tail. Each of
these apart is most curiously foulded up inwards with a
double Roll, so as to end in a point; having their middle
Rib (as I may call it) which covers the two Rolls, flat and
edged, and divided with transverse lines at right Angles.
Their being thus folded up, is a contrivance to secure
them from being torn, as he runs to and fro under
ground. CHAP. II.
Of Insects with sheathed-Wings. THeThe TINGLE-WORME. Proscarabæus. He's remark-
able, especially, for his Teeth, which are two great
Hooks bended inward, almost as in the Squill-Insect. He
differs from the Scarabæus, chiefly, in that the Vaginæ or
Wing-Covers are very short, reaching but about ½ way
toward the end of the Tail. His Wings, notwithstanding
Moufet calls them Alarum rudimenta, are very perfect, and
by a treble fold lodged under their Crustaceous Covers. He 161 also omits the Description of his Eyes, which, through a
Microscope, are a curious sight. This Insect, with the least touch, drops a kind of Oily
liquor from his Mouth; for which cause Moufet calls it
The Oil-Clock. (a) (a) Cap. 23. Being bruised, it yields a fragant smell. (b)
They are numerous in Heidleburge and other parts of Ger-
many.(b) Id. out of
Toxites's
Onomasti-
chon. The Great BULL-CHAFER. Taurus volans maximus.
Johnston out of Marggravius in some sort describes four
Species of Bull-Chafers, of which, as I take it, this is one.
I meet also with the Picture of it in Olearius. (c) (c) Tab. 16.
Fig. 2. He hath
three Horns. The first is only the Snout produced and
bended upward, and is therefore moveable with the
Head. In length, according to the figure in Olearius (for
it is here broken off) about an inch and ½ forked at the end,
and with one upper branch a little before the Eyes. The
Head very little. Upon his Shoulders he hath two im-
movable or unjoynted Horns, about ¾ of an inch long, ¼
of an inch over at the Base, directed forward, and with
their points inward, like a Bulls-Horns. From the end of
his Snout or fore-Horn to the end of his Tail he is about
five inches long, over his Back above two and a ¼; the bigest
of Insects yet known. His fore-Feet are armed with
Spikes, as so many Claws; wherewith, 'tis likely he digs
himself Buries. Of his Wings it is Observable, That at
their utmost Joynt, they are laped up, or doubled inward
towards the Head, and so kept safe under the Wing-Covers;
being, when out at their full length, almost twice as long
as the hinder Body or Section of the Animal. The like is
observable of the Wings of some other Beetles. His Horns,
Legs, Back and Wing-Covers are all black; his Belly
brown. Another Great BULL-CHAFER. Of the same sort. The Lesser BULL-CHAFER. Nasicornis Triceros minor,
so it may be called. 'Tis all over of a shining-black. Above
two inches long, almost one broad. The Snout-Horn is
not bended upward, as in the former, but downward,
⅔ds of an inch long, and edged above. On the top of his
Back or fore-Section he hath two other little Horns, about
⅛ of an inch long, thick as those of a Snail, and bended
down as the former. 162 The HEAD and Fore-SECTION of the same Animal;
but of one far bigger. The TODDY-FLY. Taurus volans Marggravii Quartus,
or Nasicornis Diceros. This here came from Guinea. 'Tis
very well described by the said Author. Except, that he
doth not well compare the Eyes to a Hemp-seed: for they
are not only Sphærical, but as big as a well grown green
Peas. But that shelly-Guard, which, as it were, hoops in
the Eye, and hides the greater part of it, unless you lay the
Insect on his Back, might occasion his mistake. He hath
but two Horns, yet those great ones. A Snout-Horn
bended and toothed upward, and a Shoulder-Horn bended
downward. From the end of which to the end of his
Tail, about five inches. But he is not so broad as the
Great Bull-Chafer. Thirty or forty of these together, rasping or sawing off
part of the Barque of the Toddy-Tree by the help of their
Snout-Horn, will drink themselves drunk with the liquor
that flows from it: from whence their English Name. For
which purpose, Nature hath well placed the Teeth of the
said Horn, above: for that here, the Work is not done, as
by a Man in sawing, by the weight of the Animal, which
is inconsiderable; but by the strength of his Legs, which
force the Horn upward. See the Description of the Parts subserving to Generation
in the Philos. Transact. N. 94. Communicated by Dr. Swam-
merdam. Two more TODDY-FLY'S, like the former. The RHINOCEROS BEETLE. Scarabæus Rhinoceros.
See the Figure and Description hereof in Imperati. It hath
only one Horn upon the Nose standing almost upright,
only bended a little backward, as in the Rhinoceros; whence
its Name. The PRICKLE-NOS'D BEETLE. Scarabæus Naso acu-
leato. I meet with it no where else. So I call it, because
that in the place of the Horn above-said, it hath only a
small short Prickle. The fore-Section also, near the Head,
is depressed and somewhat Concave. 'Tis very near as big
as the former, and of a like Chesnut-colour. The STAG-BEETLE. Cervus Volans. Described by
Moufet, Imperati and others. He hath his Name from 163 his two Horns, which are branched like those of a Stag:
but yet moveable. His Head is very big and broad; ratably,
far bigger than in any other known Beetle, much exceeding
the bigness even of the fore-Section. Under his fore-Feet,
he hath Tufts of short brown Hair. His Wings are
doubled up inward and towards the Head, as in the Great
Bull-Chafer. From the Tips of his Horns (which are about
an inch long) to the end of his Tail, above three inches in
length. His Horns being moveable, he useth them to catch
hold with, as a Lobster doth with his Claws. For which pur-
pose, they are not only branched inwardly, but also toothed
with a numerous Series of little knobs, by which to take the
surer hold. The Description and Figure of the Lungs of this Insect (a) De Bom-
byce, p. 27.
Tab. 3.
is given by Malpighius. (a) Some Observations of his
Nature, see in the Philosoph. Trans. N. 127. Chioccus saith,
That there are many of them in Lombardy. (b) (b) Mus.
Calceolar. The Horns of this Insect being set in Gold, and so worn as
an Anulet, are said to be of excellent force (c) (c) Chioccus
in Mus. Cal-
ceol. in easing
of Pains, and against the Cramp. Read Fienus, Of the Power
of Phancy. Four more STAG-BEETLES; but lesser than the for-
mer. Another, with the Head broken off. The little THREE-HORNED BEETLE. Scarabæus
Triceros minor. Moufet seems to describe it by the Name
of Βουκερὼς; but imperfectly. His Head is guarded with
two Shoulder-Horns, and one in the Neck between them,
not in his Forehead, as Moufet mistakes. They are all three
immoveable or unjoynted, of the thickness of a little Pin,
or the bigness of short Gooseberry Thorns. That in the
middle stands reared upward, the other two are bended a
little downward. In all other parts 'tis shaped like the Sca-
rabœus Melanocyaneus with furrow'd Wing-shells; of which
anon. The NOCOONACA. So called by some of the Natives
of the West-Indies, from whence it came. I meet with
it no where else. 'Tis three inches long, and an inch
broad. The Head ½ an inch broad, ⅓ of an inch long.
The Horns rooted on each side the top; but are all broken 164 off, saving a Joynt or two: which are of that thickness,
as he seems to be of kin to the Capricorne-kind; and may
be called The Great West-Indian GOAT-CHAFER. His Back-Piece near ½ an inch long, ¾ broad, armed
with two black sharp Prickles, ⅛ of an inch long, and
bended a little backwards. The Wing-shells almost square,
knobed on each side before, where each of them hath one,
and at the hinder end two more very short Prickles. They
are cover'd with a kind of Down, or very short and fine
Hair, like the Pile of Velvet; for the most part brown, but
adorned with Dashes of Red and Yellowish, or Citrine, of an
answerable shape upon both shells. The brown spaces
before are also rough-cast with a great number of small
round black knobs, like Mourning Pins-Heads. The fore-
Feet are four inches and ½ long, as long again as the other;
contrary to what, at least, for the most part, they are in other
Beetles. They are also set with sharp black Prickles like
those on the Back-Piece. The rest without them. All of
them vary'd with the aforesaid Colours. Another NOCOONACA of the same bigness. The Great European GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus
maximus Europeus. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. Described
by Moufet. 'Tis about two inches long. Of a dark brown
or Musk-colour. He hath on his Forehead two slender
Horns, knoted or with many Joynts; above an inch long,
and commonly standing backward, like those of a Goat,
from whence his Name. The Goat-Chafer, saith Moufet, being weary with flying,
to spare his weak Legs, wraps his Horns (I doubt weaker than
his Legs) about the Twig of a Tree, and so rests himself. The LONG-SHELL'D GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus
Vaginis longioribus. I think no where describ'd. It is
above an inch long, and the Wing-shells of themselves
an inch, being prolonged near ¼ of an inch beyond the
Anus; and near ½ an inch broad; so deep, as to come down
below the Belly on both sides. All over of a straw-colour.
The Shoulders a little knobed. The Neck, red; and about
⅕ of an inch square. The Head still lesser, scarce so big as a
Flesh-Flys. The MUSK-GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus odoratus.
It is of the Middle-kind. Described by Moufet. (a) (a) Cap. 21. 165 While it lives, and for sometime after its death, It hath a
fragrant smell; from whence the Name. The lesser Goat-Chafer blew and green. Minor Chloro-
cyaneus, as it may be called. About ⅔ of an inch long, the
Head and Neck green, the Wing-shells blew, both glossy.
The Horns ⅓ of an inch. The Legs like bright Steel. The little Saffron-Goat-Chafer. Minimus rubrocroceus.
About ½ an inch long. His Horns ⅓. His Legs like polish'd
Steel. The little Brown Goat-Chafer. Minimus pullocroceus, as
we may call it. About ½ inch long, and slender. Of a
brown colour, with a yellow Ring on the upper part of
his Neck, two more on his Wing-shells, and two sloap
streakes upon each: His Horns and Legs of a Chesnut. The GREAT GOGLE-EYED BEETLE. Carabus Indiæ
Orientalis maximus. I find it no where described or pictur'd.
Two inches and ½ long, and an inch broad. His Head of a
middle size. His Face perpendicular, about ⅓ of an inch
long, in the middle of a golden green. His Teeth like
polish'd Steel, of great thickness and strength. His Eyes
of a fine colour betwixt a light Chesnut, and that of red
Coral; of an Oval figure; and ratably, very great, sc. ¼ of
an inch long. Which also, so far as I have observ'd, is the
principal Character of all the Carabus-kind, so far, as distinct
from the Capricorne: whence I take leave for the English
Name. His Horns rooted between the Eyes and the Snout;
but they are here broken off. His Shoulder or Back-Piece
almost square; yet edged with a Convex Margin on each
side; above ¾ of an inch broad, and ½ an inch by the
length of the Insect; burnish'd with two large spots of
the colour of polish'd Bellmettle; betwixt which, and on the
edges or margins of a shining-green. The Wing-shells almost two inches long, with small
furrows running by the length, and united with short
transverse lines, all together, like Network. Not Oval,
but rather expressing the figure of a Speer-Mint-Leaf. At
the end of each, two very small points or prickles. In
the middle, of a glorious golden red like that of burnish'd
Copper; On the edges of a shining blewish green. The
Belly of the same colour with the middle of the Wing-shells;
saving, that the fore part of every Ring (whereof there 166 are three) and the Tail-piece, is also variegated with a
curious sort of small white Streaks, which, at the first, look
like fine Hair. The great Joynts of the Legs (as is also best observable
in other larger Insects) are joyn'd together, not only by
Ligaments, as are the Bones in other Animals; but the glo-
bular knob of one, is entirely inclosed, and so winds,
within the globular Concave of another. The imitation
whereof, may be seen in the Joynted Images, which some
Stone-Cuters make use of, for their direction as to
Postures. The THICK GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-
Indies. Carabus Orientalis crassus. I find it not describ'd.
About an inch and ½ long, ¾ of an inch over where thickest.
His Eyes near the colour, shape and bigness of golden
Millet-seed. His Teeth of a sad Chesnut, and very robust.
His Horns are broken off. His Forehead, the sides of his
Breast, Shoulder-piece, and Wing-shells, all rough cast,
especially the two parts last nam'd; the Shoulder-piece
with numerous small punches, the Wing-shells with greater
and fewer; two whereof before, rounder and larger than
the rest. On his Breast he hath a short, thick and sturdy Thorne or
Spike directed forward, and somewhat downward. He
is all over of a curious green, bright and with strong
Rays of Gold, but mostly on his Belly, Forehead, and the
inward Margins of his Wing-shells. The hinder ends of
which have one or two little Indentures. His Legs bro-
ken off. The long GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-Indies.
Neither is this describ'd, that I find. About an inch and ¾
long; where broadest ½ an inch. His Head small, somewhat
bigger than that of a common Bee. His Eyes great,
Oval, and of a Chesnut colour. His Forehead between
them of a shining green, and rough cast. His Teeth very
strong. His Horns broken off. His Shoulder-piece almost
square, but somewhat broader behind. This, his Wing-
shells, and his Breast of a glorious green mixed with some
faint Rays of Gold; but their outer Margins, especially,
as you turn him on his Belly, look of a pure Bice-Blew.
Their hinder ends (as also the Tail) tinged with the 167 colour of bright Copper. Their ends are likewise indented
like the leaves of some Plants; and so rounded, as both
together to make an Elliptick. His Feet are lost. The LONG STRIATED CARABUS. Carabus sextus
Aldrovandi. Above an inch long, and ¼ broad. The Wing-
shells are furrow'd by the length with small Striæ, and also
wrought with punched or pricked lines in the same Order.
The fore-feet are soled each with four little Tufts of Down
or short Hair. Here are Three of this sort. One, all over
of a blackish colour. A second hath his Shoulders and
the Rimms of his Wing-shells, blew. The third hath
Crimson shoulders, or like pure Lake, and the Wing-shells
of a sad green with some Rays of Gold. Another Carabus of the same kind with the former, but
lesser, being not above ½ or ⅔ of an inch long. Here are of this
Species of several colours. Some, of a dark-brown; others,
cole-black; others, of a gilt-green; and others, of a gilt-
red like bright Copper. None of these are punched, but
only striated. The LONG SMOOTH CARABUS. 'Tis all over of
a shining-black; very smooth, without either prick'd or
striated Lines. Only a row of very small Pricks just above
the Rimm of the Wing-shells. Also in proportion some-
what longer and slenderer than the former. The little GREEN CARABUS. About ½ an inch long.
His Head small, scarce so big as of the common Black-
Fly. His Snout oblong. His Eyes gogling, and of a Chestnut
colour. His Neck also little. His Belly and Wing-shells
much broader, especially behind, which is unusual. Above,
of a curious green; the Wing-shells marked with seven or
eight white Specks on the Margins, and two in the middle.
Underneath of a golden red. The Little BROWN CARABUS. Like the former, saving
his colours; his Snout being of a shining straw-colour; as
also his Eyes, and very great; finely Cancellated; through
a Glass a curious sight. His Wing-shells brown, with
whitish Spots, fewer and bigger. His Legs of a golden
red. The Little BROAD CARABUS. Shorter, and propor-
tionably broader, than any of the precedent Species. All
over black. The Head extream small. The Shoulder-piece 168broad, smooth, and almost square. The Wing-shells
striated, each with three ridge-lines, and each having a nar-
row and level Rimm or Margin; as in the other Species.
Of this sort, here are three or four; the bigest ⅓ of an inch
long, and ⅓ broad. The common slender SPANIHSSPANISH- FLY. Cantharis vulgaris.
It seems to border both upon the Capricorne and the
Carabus. Spanish-Flys, being taken in too great a dose, will ex-
ulcerate the Bladder. Some bold Whores take them to kill
and bring away their Conception. Moufet (a) (a) Lib. de
Insect. c. 19. speaks of a
singular Remedy which he had, Contra Veneris Languorem.
Which seems to be some Præparation of Spanish-Flys, by
the Symptome which he saith did once follow the use of it,
which was bloody Urine. Yet this hath sometimes hap-
pen'd, only ex effrænatâ Venere. ℞ Spanish-Flys ʒj, Rhenish-Wine, or rather Spirit of Wine
℥iiij. Digest them, without fire, for some days. Then
filtre the Spirit through a brown Paper. To every spoonful
of this, add seven of clean Wine or Ale. Of this mixture
take the first day, one spoonful; the second, two; and so
increasing every day. Against a Virrulent Gonorrhæa, a
suppression of Urine, and the Stone, the happy success of
this Tincture, saith Bartholine, (b) (b) Thom.
Barthol. Hist.
Cent. 5. hath been experienced
by Dr. James-Francis Kotzbue. I mention it, for a safe way
of using this Insect inwardly, if in any Case we may expect
more from them, than other Medicines. The BROAD GILDED BEETLL. Cantharis latus
Moufeti. Here are several of them. They all agree in
shape; their Principal Characters, That they are broad
Back'd, and Headed, like the Scarabæus Melanocyaneus;
Tail'd, like the Scarabæus Fullo (of both which anon) and
have a small Part indented betwixt the fore-ends of the
Wing-shells, like the Tongue of a Buckle. But their
Colours are various. Two of a golden green on the Back,
and like burnish'd Copper on the Belly. One like Bell-metal
on the Back and Belly. And one like Copper on the Back
and Belly. The DORR or HEDGE-CHAFER. Scarabæus Arboreus.
Described by Moufet. His chief marks are these, His Head
small like that of the common Beetle. This and his Eyes 169 black, notwithstanding Moufet saith these are yellow. His
Shoulder-piece and the middle of his Belly also black; but
just under the Wing-shells spoted with white. His Wing-
shells, Legs, and the end of his Tail (which is long and flat-
pointed) of a light Chestnut. His Breast, especially, cover'd
with a downy-Hair. The LEOPARD-FLY. Scarabæus Fullo. Described also
by Moufet. 'Tis bigger than the Dorr. His Nose as black
as jet, his Wing-sheaths, and almost all other parts, speckled
with ash-colour and black: in other respects like the
Dorr. The little TAIL'D-BEETLE. Scarabæus caudatus minor.
The Head and Shoulders are wanting. The Wing-shells
almost two thirds of an inch long and ⅓ over. Of a dull
ash-colour besprinkled with extream small blackish specks.
His Legs and Belly of the same. He hath a strait, pointed
Tail prolonged beyond the Wing-shells ⅙ of an inch, from
whence I have nam'd him; and by which he seems of kin
to the Hedge-Chafer. The SHORT-SHELL'D BEETLE. By Aldrovandus,
called Scarabæus Serpentarius, somewhat absurdly, sc. for
that he once found them in a Serpent. But his Description
is not ill. He seems by the shortness of his Wing-shells
to border on the Dorr or Hedge-Chafer, as the former. As
also by their colour, composed of black and Chesnut
Rings indented together. Here are five of this Species. Another of the same Species, with the Wing-shells all
over of a Chesnut colour. Described also by Aldrovandus.
Of this sort here are several small ones. The BLACK and BLEW BEETLE. Scarabæus Me-
lanocyaneus. See Moufet's Description. Of this, the Wing-
shells are striated or furrow'd by the length. All the upper
parts are black, the under parts blew, exactly like that
colour which Watch-Makers and others give to their Steel-
Works. Sometimes the nether parts are rather reddish, just
like pure bright Copper. Sometimes their Tails and Belly
of a golden Green, of which is that called by Wormius,
Scarabæus Χλωρόχρυσος. Here are of these, in all, about half
a score. ANOTHER, of the same kind. But this hath both the
Shoulder-piece, and also the Wing-shells very smooth. 170 A THIRD, a kin to the former. Yet different from
them, not only in being all over black, but especially in
the make of his Feet. In those, hard and sharp with several
little Prickles standing in a Row, with some stragling hairs.
In this, having only two sharp Hooks or Claws at the end
of his Feet, and his Feet soled with a treble Tuft of a close
short tawny Down. The SQUARE-SHELL BEETLE. The Head and Shoul-
ders of this are lost. The Wing-shells together, make
almost a long square; being flat on the top, which is
unusual, and the sides making right angles with their upper
end. They are also striated or furrow'd by the length;
and the sides curiously punched or pricked. The BEETLE with pointed shells. The Head and
Shoulders of this also are lost. All over of a very dark
shining Bay. The Wing-shells above ½ an inch long, and of
a peculiar figure; being not only much narrower, but also
pointed behind. The LONG-HEADED BEETLE. Here are several of
them; all of a dun or blackish brown. But that whereby
they differ from all other Beetles, is the shape of the Head,
which, in proportion, is very long and slender. The small PURPLE BEETLE. Of this sort here are
two somewhat flat; and one thick and round. The BLEW ROUND BEETLE. Viola. One as big as
a Lady-Cow, but longer: the other near ½ an inch long;
Both of a Violet colour. The GREEN ROUND BEETLE, burnish'd with glo-
rious golden Rays. The Round Chesnut BEETLE, not without some Rays
of Gold. It may be worth the trial, Whether any of the Gilded
sort of Beetles, are of the same Nature with Spanish Flys,
or may produce the same effect, with less pain. The SPIKED WATER-CLOCK. It seems to be that
which Aldrovandus describes (but very imperfectly) under
the Name of Scarabæus Aquaticus. 'Tis about two inches
long, and ¼ over where broadest. All over of a shining
black: excepting, that his Eyes are brown; his Antennæ,
tawny, his fore-Belly overlaid with a kind of Lemon colour'd
Velvet. On his Back, there is a triangular piece indented 171 between the Wing-shells. The Legs are much broken,
on the third Joynts, at least of four of them, grow a pair
of black sharp Prickles about the length and thickness of
the sting of a Bee. But that which is most remarkable, is
a strong and sharp Spike or Needle which stands horizon-
tally on his fore-Belly, and with its point towards the Tail.
His Wing-shells are carry'd down considerably below his
Belly: so that being turned on his Back, he looks as if he
lay in a Boat. By the shape of the Wing-shells, this Insect seems, like
the Notonecta (whereof presently) to swim on his Back.
In which posture, in case of an approaching enemy, the
aforesaid Needle is also ready for his defence. The Great English WATERCLOCK. Hydrocantharus
major Anglicus. Described (a) (a) Lib. 1.
c. 23. and figur'd (b) by Moufet.
It comes near, in bigness, to the former; as also in shape;
but hath no Needle, neither are the Wing-shells below the (b) At the
end of the
Second Book.
Belly. That part most observable in him, is his Eye, which
is of a curious bright colour, almost like a Butterflys. Another Water-Clock of the same Species. The small brown Water-Clock. 'Tis flat and narrow,
and ⅔ of an inch long. The smallest Water-Clock. Scarce bigger than a Sheep-
Tick, all over of a shining black. These Insects make use of their hinder Feet instead of
Oars. They are seldom or never seen in the day, excepting
in the Water, which they leave in the night, and fly up and
down, (c)(c) Moufet,
lib. 1. c. 23. The BOAT-FLY. Notonecta. Described by Moufet,
but very briefly. (d) (d) Lib. 2.
c. 38. A Water-Insect, in shape like that
which lives in Cuccow Spittle, but six times as big, sc. ⅔ of
an inch long. The upper Wings are opacous and thicker
before; at their hinder ends, where they lap over; transpa-
rent and extream thin, like the Wing of a Fly. He swims, saith Moufet, (e) (e) Lib. 2,
c. 38. contrary to other Creatures, on his
Back. And the shape of his Back seems to favour it, being
very like the bottom of a Boat. Nor do his hinder Legs,
which are thrice as long as the former, unaptly resemble a
pair of Oars. The Great WINGED PUNEE. Cimex sylvestris alatus
major. Moufet (f) (f) Lib. 1.
c. 29. hath given three good Figures of this 172 Kind, but scarce describes them. All the Species agree,
in having a very small Head, broad Shoulders, a Pyra-
midal Back-piece, and the upper Wings somewhat like as
in the Boat-Fly, sc. half Crustaceous and half Membranous.
This, is almost ¼ of an inch long, near ½ an inch broad.
His Shoulder and Back-Pieces yellow, shining and rough
cast. The fore half or crusty part of the upper Wings of
a russet, the Membranous of a sad green. The Belly straw
colour'd and Chesnut, and divided into several Sections
with black Lines, half of them meeting at the ridge of the
Belly. The SPIKED PUNEE. In proportion longer and nar-
rower than the former. The Back russet, brown and black.
The Belly, ashen. Where, that which is most observable, is
a short, flat, and very sharp Thorne or Spike standing level, as
in the Spiked Water-Clock, but with the point the quite
contrary way, sc. towards the Head. The HIGH-SHOULDER'D PUNEE. He is otherwise of
the shape and bigness of the former: all over of a brown or
dun colour, especially the Membranous parts of his
Wings. The SQUARE-WINGED PUNEE. Scarce ¼ of an inch
long, and almost as broad. Partly colour'd with a shining
black, and three spots of white on each side. Another Square PUNEE, with the Crustaceous part of
the Wings russet. The SHORT-WING'D PUNEE. In which respect
chiefly, it differs from the former; the Wings being in
those prolonged to the end of the Tail; here, but half
way. The LONG-PECKLED PUNEE. This kind, Moufet hath
pictur'd among the small Beetles; but by a mistake, it
being really a sort of Flying Punee, with Wings partly
Crustaceous and party Membranous, which is their Cha-
racteristick. The Shoulder-piece, Back-piece, Sides, Belly,
and crusty part of the Wings, are all red bespeckled with
black spots; the Membranous part, dun and speckled with
white. 173 CHAP. III.
OF CREEPING INSECTS. THeThe SMALLEST ANT or EMMET. When well
grown, they are then hardly bigger than a good big
Flea. In Barbados, saith Ligon, there is a larg sort of Ants,
that build their Nests, with Clay and Lome, against a
Wall or a Tree, as big as Bee-Hives, and divided into (a) Hist.
of Barb. p. 64.
several Cells. (a) Of the Ingenuity of this Insect, see divers
Relations in the same Author. (b) (b) P. 63. They are exceeding nu-
merous throughout all India. So that they are forced to set
the feet of their Cupboards and Chests in Cisterns of Water
to preserve their Cloaths and Victuals (c) (c) Linchot.
p. 80. from them. Of their Kinds, and Generation; as also their use for
feeding of Pheasants and Partridges, see some Observations
in the Phil. Trans. (d) (d) N. 23. Communicated by Dr. Edmund
King. Of their Nature, some others in the same Transact.
(e) (e) N. 6468. Communicated by Mr. Ray from Dr. Hulse and
Mr. Fisher. The former observing, amongst other parti-
culars, That the Liquor which they sometimes let fall from
their Mouths, droping upon the blew Flowers of Cichory,
immediately gives them a large red stain; and supposeth,
it would produce the like in other blew Flowers. The latter,
That not only the Juyce, but also the Distill'd Water or
Spirit of this Insect will produce the same effect, &c.
Amongst which, Mr. Ray mixeth some Notes of his
own. The Liquor of Ants is commended by Schroder (f) (f) Phar-
mac. for
a most excellent Ophthalmick. The BAHAMA-SPIDER. It is of the Tarantula kind,
and may be called Phalangium maximum Indicum; being
the biggest of all the Species, sc. two inches long. Described
by Wormius, and others. He hath six Eyes, not so big as
the smallest Pins head. They stand not in a circle, as repre-
sented by Læt, Wormius, Piso, and Olearius, but two and
two on each side, and two betwixt them transversly,
thus :··: He hath two strong black shining Teeth, like
crooked Claws, standing parallel, and with their points 174 downward, above ½ an inch long by the bow. These
Teeth being set in Gold, are used (a) (a) Piso, Hist.
N. l. 5. by some for Tooth-
Pickers. Being vexed, they strike with a Sting so very
small, as it is hardly visible. (b) (b) Ibid. They will live several
Months without eating any thing. The Nhanduguacu, a great Spider in Brasile (c) (c) Barlæi
Res Brasil.
p. 224. so called,
is probably of the same Species. The TOOTH of the NHANDUGUACU or Bahama-
Spider. The WEB of a Bermuda-Spider. It is so strong, as to
snare a Bird as big as a Thrush. (d) (d) Philos.
Trans. N. 40. 'Tis here wound upon
a Paper like Raw-Silk. Spiders, saith Aristotle, (e) (e) Hist. An.
lib. 9. c. 39. cast their Threads, not from
within, as an Excrement, as Democritus would have it; but from
without, as the Histrix doth his Quills. Of the spining of
Spiders, and the rest of their History, see the curious Ob-
servations of Mr. Lyster. (f)(f) Lib. de
Araneis. The CLAW of a SCORPION. 'Tis long and slender,
and belongs to the first Species described by Moufet. A thick and short CLAW of a Scorpion, belonging to
the third Species in Moufet. The TAIL of another, with the Sting at the end,
which is a little crooked, and as sharp as that of a Bee.
The other parts of all three are broken off and lost. In the Musæum Cospian: is the Figure of a very large
Scorpion, three times as big as I find any where, yet said by
Lorenzo Legati, to be drawn after the life. This Insect aboundeth in Brasile. Those that are stung (g) Joh. de
Læt. l. 15.
c. 6. out of
Lerius.
with them, suffer extraordinary pains for about twenty four
hours, but seldom die upon it. (g) Of Scorpions are prepared, Oleum Compos. Magnum, i. e. (h) Schrod.
Pharm.
Matthioli, Sanguineum (h) Magni Ducis, & Ol. Scorp. pur-
gatum. (i) (i) Poterius. The GRFAT GREAT GALLY-WORME. Scolopendra. De-
scribed both by Moufet and Aldrovandus: but yet imper-
fectly. Neither is this here entire. Yet thus much remains
Observable of the Feet; That each of them is armed, in
the room of Claws, with three, four, or five Needles, of
different thickness and length; some of them above ¼ of
an inch long; of a black shining colour like the Sting
of a Bee, and equally sharp; in respect to which the 175 Figure neither of Moufet nor of Aldrovandus doth any
way answer. Besides these, there are a great many more
on each side, of the like shape and bigness, but of the colour
of Copper or tarnish'd Brass. The Back and Sides are
shag'd, the Belly smooth or bald. He is about three
inches and ½ long. The Teeth of this Animal, are said by all to be venimous.
And probably, all the Needles above described, are so
likewise. The middle Bald GALLY-WORM. Julus glaber. They
have commonly betwixt forty and fifty Legs on a side
answering to so many crustaceous Rings, with some
resemblance to a Triremis; whence Moufet gives it the
English Name. Another Bald Gally-Worme, of a yellowish colour, and
fewer Feet; being the third sort mention'd by Moufet. Of the Gally-Worme Mr. Lyster conjectures, That it may
yield an acid Spirit, like that of Ants. (a) (a) Phil.
Trans. N. 68. The SILK-WORME. Bombyx. The full History hereof
is written by Malpighius; as to the manner of his feeding,
the several changes he undergoes while a Worme, and
while transformed into an Aurelia, and thence a Butterfly,
with the business of Generation afterwards. But princi-
pally in the Anatomy of the Parts; as Feet, Mouth, Mus-
cules, Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Medulla Spinalis, &c. in
the Worme. And in the Butterfly, the Penis, Parastata and
Testicles of the Male; and the Womb and Ovarium of the
Female. Particularly, of the Lungs, he saith, That the
Silk-Worm hath not only these, or Parts analogous, but
that almost every Ring hath two pair, which are branched
out to all the other Parts abovesaid: their several Orifices
being remarquable, by so many little black Circles which
encompass them, on the sides of the Worme. If any of these
Orifices be oiled over, so as to exclude the Aer, the Parts
to which they belong, presently grow Paralytick; and if
all, the Worm will die within the space of a Pater Noster.
Of the Medulla Spinalis, he saith to this purpose, That,
from the Head to the Tail, there are about thirteen large
Nodes therein; which he conceives to be, as it were, so
many little Brains; the Worme having no visible Brain
distinct from these Nodes. 176 A very large Aurelia and Slough of a Silk-Worme. Mou-
fet affirmeth, That in the Transmutation of the Worme
into a Fly, the Head of the Worme makes the Tail of the
Fly; and the Tail of the Worme the Head of the Fly. But
Sigr. Malpighius makes no mention hereof; neither is it any
way likely to be so. Two BAGS of the Virginian Silk-Worme. They are of
an Ash-colour, and about the bigness of a Pullets Egg.
Of exceeding thickness, thrice as thick as the shell of a
Hen-Egg. It seems not to be one entire piece of Work,
but composed of several Skins one within another, woven
by so many Worms, ready for spining, one after another.
And accordingly, in each Bag, being opened, I find four
Aurelias. The RED or CRIMSON CATERPILLER. Vinula.
So called, because, while living, his Body is dy'd all over
with a deep Claret colour. See Moufet hereof. (a) (a) Lib. 2.
cap. 2. The YELLOW-CATERPILLER. Eruca flavescens. Both
this and the two former are all smooth or bald. This is also
mention'd by Moufet. The PALMER-WORM. Ambulo. For that he hath
no certain home, or diet, but pilgrims up and down every
where, feeding upon all sorts of Plants. In respect of his
great shag, called also The Bearworme. EARTH-EGGS. About the bigness of Nutmegs, and
somewhat Oval. So called, because made of Earth by some
sort of Caterpillar, or other Insect, for their Nests, wherein to
breed under ground. The SQUILL-INSECT. Described by Moufet. (b) (b) L. 2. c. 37. So called
from some similitude to the Squill-Fish: chiefly, in having
a long Body cover'd with a Crust composed of several
Rings or Plates. The Head is broad and squat. He hath
a pair of notable sharp Fangs before, both hooked inward
like a Bulls Horns. The WATER-SCORPION. Moufet (c) (c) Cap. 38. figures three
sorts; to the third of which, this answers. He describes it
not. Nor can I well, being glewed to a Paper with the
Belly upward. But it may be easily known by its pointed
Tail. He hath four Legs, and two Arms or Claws, be-
twixt which a very small Head. He's about ¾ of an inch
long. 177 The SHARP-TAIL'D SEA-LOUSE. Pediculus marinus
cauda acuta. Moufet (a) (a) Lib. 38. describeth an Insect by the Name
of Pediculus marinus. But with a bunched, not a taper'd
Tail, nor with long nodous Horns, like this. 'Tis about
an inch and ½ long, and ½ inch broad, compos'd of several
shelly Plates, like the Asellus or Wood-Louse, with as many
Feet on each side. ANOTHER, with a Tail of four Spikes or Bristles, about ¼
of an inch long, thick as a small Needle, sharp, and spread
horizontally. OSCABIORN. An Insect so called in the Danish-Tongue,
the name signifies as much as Ursus Voti, or the Lucky Bear;
Because the people commonly believe, That he who for a
good while holds a certain Stone or Body contained in it
under his Tongue, shall enjoy his Wish. It is usually found
adhering to a kind of Asellus or Cod-Fish in the Island-Sea,
to which it is very troublesome. This account together with
the Insect it self were sent hither by Mr. Olaus Borrichius.
Not disagreeing from That which is described in some sort
by Wormius, by the same Name: nor from That in Piso, called
by the Americans, Acarapitamba. Yet I find not the Figure
any where to answer to the Animal; the entire length where-
of, is about two inches and ½. The fore part Oval: whence
it narrows all the way to the Tail. Where broadest above
¾ of an inch. Its shelly Armor consisteth of about twenty
Plates, of a straw colour: The Legs on each side in number
answerable. The Eyes are most curiously latticed with cross
lines, so as to divide them into an infinite number of Rhombs.
He seemeth to have notable sharp Chisell-Teeth, whereby
partly he becomes so troublesome to his Bearer. The other
parts are lost. The SEA-HORSE-LEECH. Hirundo Hirudo marinusmarino:. Described
by Rondeletius. (b) (b) De Ins.
c. 7. He hath a harder Skin, than the Poole-
Horseleech: for which cause, he cannot draw up himself
so round, but exerts and contracts his Head and Tail
only. (c)(c) Ibid. A WATER-WORME. Lumbricus Aquaticus. Not four
inches long: but doubtless shrank up much when it died. The HAIR-WORME. Vermis Setarius. Given by
Mr. Malling. 'Tis little thicker than a Horse-Hair or a
Hogs Bristle; Of a light Flesh-colour; and about ¾ of a 178 foot in length. 'Tis commonly believed, but erroniously,
that this sort of Insect is nothing but a Horse-Hair animated.
By some, that they are bred out of Locusts. See Aldrovandus
hereof. But especially the Observations of Mr. Lyster in
the Phil. Trans. (a) (a) N. 83. who found them in the Belly of a kind
of black and not uncommon Beetle; in some one only, in
others two or three together: of all which he hath several
Remarques. Whether there are not a sort of Eggs first laid by some
Animal upon the Beetles Breech, which being hatched eat
their way into his Belly, may be a Question. And therefore,
whether the like Wormes, may not sometimes be also found
in the Bellies of Locusts. A SEA-WORME NEST. 'Tis a piece of TUBULATED
WOOD; part of the sheathing of a Ship. Brought in,
by Wormius, improperly amongst Woods; as not being
naturally Tubulous, but made so by a sort of Sea-Wormes;
described by Rondeletius, and out of him, by Aldrovandus
and others. The Tubular Holes are numerous, of that
width as to admit a Swans-Quill, very round, equally wide,
and winding every way too and fro, so as some times to run
one into an other. Most curiously lined, or as it were
Wanscoted with a white Testaceous Crust, of the same
substance and thickness with those called Tubuli Marini. 179 PART II.
Of Plants. SECT. I.
OF TREES. CHAP. I.
Of WOODS, BRANCHES, and LEAVES. A Piece of LIGNUM ALŒ, with its own GUM
growing upon it. Given by the Honorable
Mr. Boyle. The tast taste of the Gum is perfectly like
to that of the Wood. The Colour, like that of the purest
and most lucid Alœ, called Succotrina: for with the light
reflected, it looks almost like Pitch; with the light trans-
mitted, it glisters like a Carbuncle; powder'd, it is of a
reddish yellow. This, or some other like Aromatick Gum,
the Alœ of the Hebrews: whence the other, from simili-
tude, hath its Name. The Tree is described by Linschoten; (a) (a) Lib. 1.
c. 76. about the
bigness of the Olive. This Wood is the Heart of the Tree,
the outward part, commonly called the Sap of a Tree,
being whitish and soft. 'Tis said by Sir Philiberto Vernatti,
(b) (b) Phil.
Trans. N. 43. formerly Resident in Java major, to yield a Milk so
hurtful, that if any of it lights in the Eyes, it causeth blind-
ness; or scabbiness, if on any other part of the Body. But
this, doubtless, is to be understood neither of the Heart,
nor the Sap; but only of the Barque: there being no
Milk-Vessels in either of the former, that I remember, in
any Tree, by me observ'd. 180 Of this Tree there are two sorts: (a) (a) Linsch.
l. 1. c. 76. The best, called
Calamba, and grows most in Malacca and Sumatra. Much
used in India for the making of Beads and Crucifixes. The
wilder, called Palo Daguilla, and grows most in Seylon and
Choromandel. With this, they burn the dead Bodies of
their Bramenes and other men of account, in token of honor.
See hereof also Jac. Bontius. (b)(b) Notæ in
Garsiam. A piece of Indian-Wood, called GARON. Very oily; in
colour, hardness and weight, like to Lignum Alœ. But
being held a little to the fire, hath a strong fragrant
scent, much like to that of Cloves: and seems therefore,
as well as by its Name, to be the Wood of the Clove-Tree.
The Clove-Tree is described by Linschoten. (c) (c) Lib. 1.
c. 65. Shaped like
a Bay-Tree. It grows in Amboyna and the Neighbour
Islands. The best sort in Makian and Tidor. The BARQUE of the Tree LAWANG. Sent from
Java major, where it is so called. Being well chewed, it
hath the self same Tast with that of Sassafras-Barque, so
that, probably, the Tree is a Species of Sassafras. Part of an Arm of the STINKING-TREE; as it may
well be called: for it naturally smells like the strongest
humane excrements, especially, as upon the emptying of
a House of Office. It grows in the Isles of Solon and Timor,
from whence Sir Philiberto Vernatti procur'd it and sent it
to this Musæum. (d) (d) Phil.
Trans. N. 43. Where, though it hath now been
preserved many years, yet seems to give as full and quick a
scent as ever. Yet in burning, it yields no smell; as do
Lignum Alœ and some other Woods. 'Tis ponderous,
hard, and of the colour of English-Oak; and as that, hath
large Aer-Vessels; yet but few. I should have conjectur'd,
that this Wood belong'd to the Tree called Ahovaj, which
hath a stinking smell, but that this is said to be the more
odious when it burns. A piece of SERPENT-WOOD. Lignum Colubrinum.
There are divers sorts of Woods so call'd. This here is
different from all those Species described by Garsias, and
out of him by J. Bauhinus. Yet comes nearest to the
Second. 'Tis above three inches in Diametre, the Barque
thin, the Wood solid, more than that of Pear-Tree. Of a
very bitter Tast; especially when reduced to powder. A piece of an other sort of SERPENT-WOOD. Within 181 of a pale yellowish colour. Full of great Aer-Vessels.
And also very bitter, as the former. They grow in divers places of the East-Indies, as in
Seylon, &c. And have their Name from one of their espe-
cial Uses, being an excellent Remedy (a) (a) Linsch.
l. 1. c. 75. against the
Bitings of Vipers and other venemous Serpents. They are
also, saith Bontius, given in India against Intermittent Fevers.
From whence, and their bitter Tast, one may guess, That
they are either of kin to the Tree whereof the Pulvis Pa-
trum; or might give occasion, to some who have been in
both the Indies, to find out the Virtue of it. The WOOD of a Tree of Angola, there call'd Tacusa.
'Tis very solid and ponderous, like that of the Lignum
vitæ, and with a blackish grain. Another sort of Angola-Wood by the Inhabitants called
CHICENGO. 'Tis somewhat hard and ponderous, and of
the colour of Spanish-Oak. Being power'd, it hath a bit-
terish Tast. Both these Woods, may be of the like use with
the former. Part of the Trunk of a young MOUNTAIN CAB -
BIGE. Sent from Jamaica by Mr. Sam. Moody to the
Author. Now it is dry and shrunk in, not above a foot
and ¼ in compass. Consisteth of a great number of very
thin fibrous Rings or Tubes one within another, now, by
the shrinking up of the pithy parts, distinct. 'Tis said by Mr. Stubs (b) (b) Phil.
Trans. N 36. who lived for some time in
Jamaica, where this Tree grows, That it is one sort of
Palm-Tree. It grows also in Barbados: where, as it was
confidently reported to the same Person, there was one
about three hundred feet high, i. e. about thirty yards
higher than the great Corinthian Dorick Pillar in this City called
The Monument. The young tender Sprouts of one year,
are eaten both boyl'd and raw, and are both ways excellent
good meat. The BARQUE of a kind of Pine-Tree in Nova Scotia.
Hereupon grow up and down many Knots, about the
bigness of a Horse-Bean, hollow, and filled with a liquid,
clear, and fragrant Turpentine; which, as it drops, the
Natives gather and use as the Balsom of Peru. A natural KNOT of Wood of an Oval Figure, and
as big almost as a Turkeys-Egg: the fibers whereof are 182 prettily waved by the transverse eruption of several small
sprigs. A supposed naturally entire RING of Wood, almost
in the shape of a Womans Head-Roll, but not so big as
now worn, about four or five inches Diametre. Wor-
mius also mentions one in his Musæum like this, but some-
what bigger. PITT-WOOD. Lignum fossile. Colour'd like that of
the Cedar, but a little brighter. Smooth, light and soft;
yet hath no conspicuous pores. Hath neither tast nor
smell. Whence this was dig'd, is uncertain. But in Lan-
cashire, and some other places here in England, the people
find the Bodies of large Trees at a good depth under-
ground, and which the poorer sort burn, being splinter'd,
to save Candles. A BRANCH of a Tree, by some called The COCK-
SPUR Tree. Perhaps more properly, Oxyacantha Ameri-
cana, or the AMERICAN HAWTHORNE, Or rather, Prunus Sylv. Americana; the AMER: BLACK THORN. I meet with
it no where described or mention'd. This Branch is an
Eln long, without any appendent Branches. An inch
Diametre. Of the solidity of Hawthorne-Wood. Encom-
passed with great Thornes alternately placed on every side,
so ascending, as every two Thornes on the same side are
about four inches and ½ one above another. Most of
them about 1 ½ inch, some an inch and ¾ long, of the thick-
ness of a large Cocks-Spur, and very strait. Not meerly
Cortical, as the Thornes of Raspis, Gooseberry, and the like;
but Lignous or Woody, as those of Hawthorne. A BRANCH with a great WEN. It seems to be of
the Hawthorne. The Branch, not above an inch in com-
pass; the Knot or Wen, almost ¾ of a foot. 'Tis tuberous
and spiked. So that it seems to be made by the casual
eruption of several sturdy Buds together, which having
begun the draught of the Sap, it still continu'd to swell
the Knot, after they were faln off. And it is probable,
that Animal-Wens are then produced, when two or three
sprigs of a Nerve bigger or more than ordinary, shooting
into a part of a Muscle, do thereby more invigorate it,
and so make it capable of a more copious nourishment. Another tuberous Knot like the former. There is one like
these in the Musæum Cospianum. (a)(a) Lib. 2.
c. 26. 183 A little Oaken BRANCH with a great WEN growing
round about it. 'Tis above a foot in compass, as big as a
midling Bowl. A WARTED-BRANCH. 'Tis of Oak, about as thick
as ones middle Finger; the Warts the bigness of Hasle-
Nuts. Another BRANCH with four or five great Warts or
Wens upon the sides. Wormius, who hath one like to these,
not of Oak, but Hasle, calls it Lignum Strumosum. An Oaken BRANCH permitted to grow for some time,
after the Barque had been cut round about to the Wood.
By which means, that part of the Branch above the Cutis,
is grown much thicker, than that underneath; the one
being little, more than an inch about, the other almost two
inches. Neither is it only the swelth of the Barque, but
the Wood it self is augmented. An Experiment lately
made by Sigr. Malpighi; and may seem an argument for
the Circulation of the Sap. In what manner the Circulation
of the Sap is performed, especially in the Root, the Author
of this Catalogue hath some years since explicated. (a) (a) In his
first Book Of
Plants, Chap.
2. A piece of a BRANCH naturally shaped like a Penis
with a pair of Testicles annexed. Wormius hath one like to
this, which he calls Lignum Inverecundum. A WINGED-BRANCH of Ash. About two feet and ½
long, and subdivided into two lesser. Where the division
begins, the Barque is spread out from the Wood for the
breadth of above an inch, and of the thickness of Sheeps
Leather, and so joyns both the Branches together for the
length of about a foot. From thence they are perfectly
divided, and so wind two several ways, almost like a Rams
Horn; the Barque being spread out all along to their ends:
yet only so as to make them edged. The two ends, with
Buds like little Claws on the edges, look like a Seals Feet.
Wormius hath some Branches, not of Ash, but Firr, which
seem in some part answerable to this now described. A HASLE BRANCH seeming as if it were naturally
TWISTED. But made so by a Woodbind or some other
Convolvulous Plant. In the Mus. Cospianum is such another
of Hawthorne. A WILLOW BRANCH, winding to and agen, like a
Snake, with six or seven close flexures. A Figure not uneasily
given to a young Twig. 184 A Pipe made of a hollow BRANCH, and twisted into a
loose Knot, in which one part of the Branch is incorpora-
ted with the other. Two large BRANCHES incorporated in the form of a
St. Andrews Cross. Two lesser, growing together in the same form. Two BRANCHES growing together in the form of
our Saviours Cross. 'Tis probable, That these were bound together (as may
be any other) when they were young, and with the
Barque pared off, where contiguous; and so, by a kind of
ingrafting, became coalescent. A PALMETO LEAF. Palmæ humilis folium. 'Tis a
yard and ½ long. Hath about a hundred and forty Plates,
seventy on each side the middle Rib, whereupon they are
all folded. Which Rib also distributes it self into Plates
towards the top of the Leaf. The Plates are of several
bredths from ½ an inch to an inch and ¼. Most of them
are now broken or torn asunder. But originally they
make all one entire piece, rudely imitated by a folding
Fan. These are the Plates, which both the Arabians and Indi-
ans make use of to write upon, by Impression with a
Style. Part of another sort of PALM-LEAF. 'Tis ¾ of a yard
long, and at one end seven inches broad: but rolled up,
and with the ends of the Fibers unwoven, so as to look
like a Broom. Of a wonderful substance, in some places ⅓
of an inch thick, and very dense and stubborn work.
Consisteth of great and lesser flat Fibers; and small round
ones; somewhat alike as in the Palm-Net, whereof pre-
sently. The Leaves of some Palms, are used, where they grow,
for making of Garments, and thatching of Houses. The
Country-People Tap the Wine-Palm about two feet above
the ground, and of the Liquor which runs from it, and
which they catch in Earthen Vessels, they make an excel-
lent Wine called Mignol, like the White Champane. (a) Thevetus. (a)
The fruitful kinds flourish chiefly in Ægypt and Syria: as
also in the hotest parts of the Indies; and in the
Canary-Islands: amongst which, there is one called, 185 The Palm-Island. (a) (a) J. Bauh. The barren kind in Italy and
Sicily. The PALM-NET or BAG. The Tree which pro-
duceth it called, Palma Saccifera Whether Bauhinus
giveth this under the Name of Folium Nucis Indicæ, is
uncertain. If so, both the Figure and Description are very
imperfect. Some part of it hath been cut off both at the bottom
and on the side; yet is it above two feet long; at the bot-
tom a foot broad; from whence it tapers to the top.
Originally entire, like a taper'd Bag, commonly call'd
Hippocrates's Sleive: but by some inconsiderate hand cut
open on one side. 'Tis naturally sewed or woven together with admirable
Art. And yet not with more, than that which may be
observed in every Plant; though not so visibly, and with
variation. There is a five-fold Series of Fibers herein.
The greatest of all swell out above the rest, and like so
many Ribs, are obliquely produced on both hands, so as
to encompass the Sack. Along each of these woody Ribs,
on the inside the Sack, runs a small whitish Line; which
seems to be a Thred or Fiber of Aer-Vessels growing there-
to. Betwixt the said large Ribs, there are others, as it were
lesser, parallally interjected. On the inside a third Series
also obliquely produced, and transversly to the former.
The fourth and fifth, consist of the smallest Fibers, not only
transversly produced, but also alternately from the outside
to the inside of the Sack, & vice versâ. By which all the
rest are most elaborately woven into one entire and strong
piece of Work. A Cover which Nature hath provided,
to protect the delicate Fruit of this Tree, from all the extre-
mities of the weather, and the ravine of Birds. Another PALM-SACK or Net, almost a yard long, and
made of different Work. See one like to this in J. Bauhi-
nus. (b) (b) L. 3.
c. 176. About the Year 1599. the Hollanders, saith Clusius, re-
turning from America, in an Island there, by them called
Coronopes, found whole Woods of this Tree: and, probably,
then first discover'd the same to Europe. A LEAF of the ROCOUR-TREE. 'Tis near ½ a foot
long, four inches broad, the lower end Oval or Elliptick, 186 pointed like a Spear. From the middle Fiber divers other
collateral ones (all prominent underneath) are produced
alternately, and at acute Angles. 'Tis smooth on both
sides, and of an obscure redish colour. Of this Tree (which
I think grows in New England) is made a sort of red
powder, used for a dry colour; but being wet, at least, mixed
with Oil, makes but a dull one. CHAP. II.
Of FRVITS; particularly such as are of the Apple,
Pear, and Plum-Kinds. PArt Part of a PRICKLE-APPLE. The Tree is in some sort
described by Ligon. (a) (a) Hist. of
Barb. p. 70. The Fruit is remarkable for
the several Tussucks or Bunches of Thorns wherewith it
is armed all round about: each Bunch consisting of about
six or eight Thorns; some of which stand erected, the rest
couched down a little and crooked outward; of several
lengths, from one inch, to above two; altogether, if pull'd
off, somewhat resembling a Jack a long-legs. A MALE-ORANGE of Chio, commonly called Sio. A FEMALE-ORANGE of the same Island. A CROWNED-ORANGE: that is, having an Orbicu-
lar Piece on the top. A FRUIT like a little ORANGE: perhaps, Aracynap-
pil Paludani; described by J. Bauhinus. (b) (b) Tom. 1. This here is
crowned with a circle of ½ an inch Diametre. A sort of BASTARD-QUINCE. Cotoneaster Ges-
neri. (c)(c) J. Bauh.
Tom. 1. An HERMAPHRODITE-LIMON, exhibiting the
pudenda of both Sexes. A FRUIT of BRASILE, probably described in Bauhi-
nus by the Name of Bras. (d) (d) Tom. 1. Of the bigness and shape
of a little Limon. 'Tis now yellowish, when fresh, likely,
of a golden colour. Filled with an innumerable company
of Seeds, which Bauh. describes not. They are almost
as hard as Stones, ¼ of an inch broad, and flat, almost as the
seeds of Lillies. 187 An INDIAN FRUIT, having its surface (now) very
uneven, with Furrows and Knobs all round about. The
Furrows, ten. Both the Description and Picture hereof
taken by Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 3.
cap. 204. from Platerus; But ill placed. A Round Indian FRUIT with one end pointed, and a
(now) granulated surface. Described as I take it by Bauh.
(b) (b) Lib. 3.
cap. 50. With the Name of Fructus Peregrinus orbicularis cuspi-
datus. The POLVILLERIAN-PEAR: because either it grows
most about Polvilla in Alsatia, or was first taken notice of
there. A very small fruit, (now) no bigger than a Nutmeg.
See Bauhinus. The MOUNTAIN SERVIS. Sorbus Alpina. Chiefly
upon the Alps. MYROBALANUS CHEBULA. The largest and longest
of all the five Kinds known in Shops. Next to which is the
Citrine, also long. Then the Belliricks and Emblicks, but
both these are round. The Indian or Black, the smallest,
and long. The Stone of the Emblick Myrobalan, of a pecu-
liar angular Figure. This, and the five Myrobalans are all
figur'd in Besler. The GREAT CITRINE MYROBALAN. A rare kind.
In shape like that which Bauhinus (c) (c) Lib. 2.
c. 19. gives by the Name
of Myrobal. Rauwolfij; but is much bigger, near two inches
long, and above an inch and ½ over. Myrobalans grow most of them in Cambaia, Goa, and
Malabar; Chebs, in Bisnagar and Bengala; Emblicks and
Belliricks, in Java; the Great Citrine, in Palestine. These Fruits, say Fallopius and others who have pur-
posely made enquiry, are no where mention'd by any of
the ancient Greeks; but by the Arabian Physitians first of
all. In the Countries where they grow, and may be had
fresh, they are doubtless of good Medicinal use to the
Natives. But as they come over hither, they are most
of them meer rubbish, whereof, with the plenty of far
better Medicines, we have no need. The Chebs, Belliricks and
Indians, are Preserved with Sugar in India, and sent thence
into all the Neighbouring Countries. The Emblicks are
there used, as Sumach, &c. for the tanning of Leather. SEBESTEN, i. e. Fructus Mixæ. It grows naturally
in Ægpyt and Syria: And is also nourished in Italian
Gardens. 188 The JUJUBE of Cappadocia. Bacca Ziziphi Cappado-
cicæ. In shape like the wild, but lesser, and somewhat redish.
Of a dryish substance, almost like that of Hawthorne-Berries.
The Tree well described by Dalechampius. It grows, to the
bigness of the Willow; especially in Syria and Ethyopia. A Black round FRUIT of the shape and bigness of the
largest Red Cherries. Perhaps, Prunula Insana. A STONED-FRUIT in shape and bigness like a Quince.
The Flesh or Pulp being now dry'd and shrunk, very thin.
It comprehends three very great Oval Stones, thin, and
brittle: in each of which is also included a Kernel of an-
swerable bigness. An ORBICULAR STONE of an Indian-Plum. Os
Pruni Indici fere globulare. Of the bigness of a midling
Wallnut, of a dark bay colour, knobed all round about,
extraordinary hard, at the base and top a very little pro-
minent. Another GLOBULAR STONE. In shape and bigness,
like the former; excepting, that the base is a very little
broader. Of a citrine or straw-colour. Hard as a Wall-
nut. Very uneven and ruged all round about, with small
furrows and holes intermixed. A third GLOBULAR STONE. Yet so, as to be divided
into five Valves or Sides, all ruged as in the first, equally
hard, and of the same bay colour. But not bigger than a
midling Cherry. An OVAL PLUM-SONESTONE. As big as a Pigeons Egg,
and of the same shape. Somewhat rough, of an Iron
colour, and hard substance, but not very thick. Another OVAL STONE. As big as a Hens Egg: and
almost of the same figure; saving that the Base is a little
blunter, the Cone or top a little smaller. Of a bay colour.
Wonderful hard. Divided into five sides, ruged and un-
even, with a great many holes and deep furrows. The
Sides distinguished by as many strait Fissures, beginning a
little above the Base, and thence prolonged towards the
Cone. Within each of which also grows a stony, and as it
were toothed piece above an inch long. This, the Third,
and the First, are all of kin. A LONG OVAL STONE. In length two inches,
and one inch over; shaped like that of an Olive. Cover'd 189 with a kind of straw-colour'd Membrane. Under which,
'tis all over unequal with furrows. Of a dark ash-colour
without; inwardly, whitish. Exceeding hard. Another LONG OVAL STONE. Naked or without
any Membrane. Much bigger than the former, being two
inches and ½ long, and an inch and ¼ over. The furrows
also of this are more, and deeper. A THIRD of kin to the former, but far less, not much
bigger than the common Cornelian-Cherry. These three
last are all of kin. Not to be suppos'd the elder and young
stones of the same fruit: for that they are all equally hard,
and therefore at their full growth. A PLUM-STONE almost like a Wallnut. An inch and
¼ long, half an inch broad at the Base, which is a little hol-
lowed in; in the middle an inch and ½, the top a little
sharp and prominent. It hath three sides, all uneven with
many furrows, and somewhat deep. Of a straw-colour,
and very hard. A STONE figur'd into a SPHÆRICAL TRIANGLE.
Near two inches long. Hard, rough, and of a Wallnut
colour. The three sides unequal: one above an inch
broad, the others narrower; all united at acute angles, and
a little prominent. This Stone seems to belong to the
fruit which, together with the Tree, is described in Læt
(a) (a) Descr.
Ind. Occ.
l. 17. c. 4. by the Name of Totocke. ANOTHER, of like shape, substance and colour with
the former. But much less; and ratably, broader; sc.
about an inch long, and as broad. Consisteth of three
sides; whereof one the greatest, and convex; the other
two almost plain or level. A STONE ANOMALOUSLY figur'd. Above two
inches long. One way, almost two, over. Another, an
inch and ½. Of a dark citrine, and somewhat rough, as
it were besprinkled all over with sand. On one side, flat-
tish, but unevenly. On the other swelling up into a double
Lip, very rough; and having a Fissure running by the
length. Another ODDLY figur'd Stone. Above two inches
long; In the middle, two over. At the Base, in a manner,
an inch and ½ square, ½ an inch over at the top. Almost
smooth, and of the colour of spruce Oker. 190 A THIRD. Three quarters of an inch long; one way,
⅓ of an inch over; another, ¼. One side, Concave; the
other, Convex. The Margin pinched out into a sharpe
edge. Of a dark bay. A Great MAMMEE-STONE. Two inches and ½ long,
an inch and ½ broad in the middle, flat, and somewhat
sharp at both ends. Bauhinus gives the Description and
Figure hereof both out of Clusius, by whom it is called
Avellana Indica. 'Tis also curiously figur'd in Calceolarius:
but with the same Name. And with the same, described
by Matthiolus. All of them mistaking it for a Nut.
Whereas in truth it is the Stone of a kind of Fruit like a
great Peach, and bigger; in which there are commonly
two of these Stones. A little MAMMEE-STONE. Described by Clusius
with the mistaken Name of Avellana Indica minor. And,
out of him, by Bauh. (a)(a) Tom. 1. A ROUND MAMMEE-STONE. Of the same colour
with the former; but that which is here the far greater part,
of an obscure brown, and somewhat uneven with a few
crooked furrows. The remainder and here the far less
portion, of a shining bay. 'Tis of the bigness of a good
large Walnut. The Fruit grows in Jamaica, Barbados, and other parts
of the West-Indies. Of the flesh or pulp whereof, they there
make very good Conserves. A NETTED-STONE. Described by Bauhinus (b) (b) Tom. 1.
p. 328. with
the Title of Fructus reticulato corio: mistaking it for a Nut.
The greater part of the Stone is of the same substance with
that of other Plum-stones. But over this is spread a netted
Work of larg woody Fibers. It was brought from Guiney;
but it grows also in Virginia. Another WOODY STONE. A very great one; but
ratably short, sc. two inches long, and two and ½ over, like
a midling Pippin. Very little stony, but all its outer part,
at least, perfectly woody, or made up of a multitude of
woody Fibers. The largest whereof are prolonged from
the Base to the Cone, associated all along by lesser ones run-
ning betwixt them. A Third WOODY STONE. Almost of the shape and
bigness of a Pigeons-Egg. But a little compressed. 'Tis 191 cover'd all over with Liguous Fibers, so extream closely
woven together, that it looks as if it were all Wood.
Some of the greater run directly from the Stalk to the
Flower or top. So great a difference there is betwixt these
Indians Stones, and those of our Europæan Fruits, which have
very few, and most not above two or three on the outside. The STONE of the Brasilian Fruit called ANDA. Wor-
mius hath given hereof but a bad Figure: but describes it
better. Yet with a mistaken Title, as if it were the entire
Fruit. 'Tis a very hard and great Stone, as big as a mid-
ling Bell-Peare, but a little compressed: broad at the Base, and
sharp pointed, with some resemblance to a Heart. The
sides of the Shell of a wonderful thickness. Penetrated to
the Kernel with three great holes. Amongst many observable Instances of the Contrivances
Nature makes for the growth of the Seed, in whatsœver
Cover (a) (a) See the
Authors
Book Of
Plants, c. 1.
& ult. it be included; this Stone is one. For being
so extraordinary hard and thick; it were impossible the
Kernel within it (which is also great) should be supplyed
with Aer and Sap sufficient for its growth; were not those
three great holes made on purpose, for a plentiful admission
of both. And as great an instance it is of the seemingly wonder-
ful force of the Radicle, or that small and tender part of
the Kernel, which becomes the Root of the Plant; by which,
chiefly, the sides of the Stone, those thick Walls, are made to
cleave asunder to make way for its descent into the ground.
But Time seems to do the same thing here, as Celerity doth
in the Statera; where a small Weight set at a greater
distance from the Centre of gravity, will ballance a big-
ger that's nearer: because, what it wants in bigness, is made
up by the Celerity of its motion. So the Radicle of a Ker-
nel, having though a slow motion, yet some, and that
continu'd, it is able in time to master a sturdy Body which
hath no contrary motion at all, but is at rest. One or two of the Kernels, which are as big as Dama-
scene-Plums, both Purge, and sometimes Vomit. If taken
raw, they work roughly: but boyl'd and preserv'd with
Sugar, may be given to Children. (b)(b) Piso. Another POYNTED-STONE. A very great one: three
inches and ½ long, an inch and ½ over, one way; another 192 near two inches. On one side, very Convex; on the op-
posite, almost flat. The Base Oval; the top, presently
sharpen'd into a point. Of a russet colour, very hard,
ruged, and having broad Furrows, most of them running
by the length; out of some of which arise several woody
Fibers. Another like STONE. 'Tis as big as a Pullets Egg.
On one side more Convex, as the former. Of a russet
colour, hard and granulated. All over uneven with
many, though not very deep Furrows, divers whereof are
produced from the Base almost to the Cone. The said Furrows, both in this and all the other Stones,
are to be understood the Seats of woody Fibers, wherewith
they were originally fill'd up. A TWIN Almond-Stone. GUM LACK, naturally adhering to a small Branch of
its own Tree, called Ber Indica; a sort of Plum-Tree grow-
ing in Pegu, Martaban, and some other parts, sometimes as
big as a Wallnut-Tree. (a) (a) Garsias
ab Horto. 'Tis generally agreed, That this
Gum is made, in Summer-time, by Winged-Ants, out of the
Tree it self. Garsias adds, as Wax is by Bees. How far
the Comparison holds, requires examination. In the mean
time, 'tis most likely, That these Ants finding the Sap or
Gum of this Tree agreeable for their food or other use,
and nibling the Barque to come at it, it thereupon issues at
the Wounds they make. The Indians make several sorts of artificial Lacks, by
mixing this Gum with other Materials of all colours.
With these, all the turn'd Wood-Works in India and
China are wrought and burnished. Trochisci Dialaccæ, a
Medicine formerly much commended, but now obso-
lete. 193 CHAP. III.
Of CALIBASHES, and some other like
Fruits. THeThe Great OVAL CALIBASH. In length, almost ¼ of
a foot; above a foot and ½ in compass. Its Figure
answerable to that of a Hens-Egg, one end, sc. the top,
being somewhat smaller than the other. 'Tis now of a
kind of tawny colour, or like that of an old Pomgranate-
Pill. About as hard as a Wallnut, and the shell somewhat
thicker. Originally fill'd (as may be seen by some of them)
with a Pulp and a great number of Seeds, as is a Melon or
Gourd. Yet a Calibash is the Fruit of a Tree. In some sort
described by Ligon. (a)(a) Hist. of
Barb. p. 72. The Middle OVAL CALIBASH. Of the same tawny
colour, as the former; as also a little slenderer at the
top, than the bottom. In length four inches and ¼, and
3 and ½ broad; of the bigness of a China Limon. It hath a
little round knob at the top, as big as a Great Pins Head.
The Seed, almost of the colour, size and shape of an Apple-
Kernel; saving that the top is shaped like the common
Picture of a Heart. The little OVAL CALIBASH. Of a like colour with
the former, but stained with some black Spots. Three
inches and ½ long; two and ¼ over; somewhat bigger than
a Turkeys-Egg. Of a perfect Oval, that is, with both the ends
cut by the same Ellipsis, yet both a very little prominent.
And the top apiculated, as in the former. It seems a kin
to the Cucurbita Indica minor Taberna Montani; and that
the said Author mistook a Calibash, for a Gourd. An ORBICULAR CALIBASH. Of the shape and big-
ness of a Jack-Bowl. The halfs of an ORBICULAR CALIBASH, four inches
and ½ Diametre. The Middle (b) (b) See the
Great sort
misplaced in
Sect. 3. Ch. 2. FLAGON CALIBASH. Figur'd after a
manner by Bauhinus with the mistaken Title of Cucurbita
Indica Lagenaria: it being not a Gourd, but the Fruit of a
Tree, as is abovesaid. It hath a Head and Belly divided
by a Neck, somewhat resembling an old fashion'd Flagon. 194 The Belly, about five inches and ½ long, and four and ½ in
Diametre. The Neck, two inches long, and about an
inch over. The Head, about as long, and above an inch
and ½ over. Originally, of a straw colour: but by the
Indians painted, after a rude manner, with a dull red. The
Shell very hard, and about a ¼ of an inch thick. The little FLAGON or BOTTLE CALIBASH. About
four inches and ½ long. The Belly, three inches over. The
Head, an inch and ¾. The Neck, a little above an inch.
The Shell, at the top of the Head above ¼ of an inch
thick. The PEAR-CALIBASH. In length about five inches, the
Neck somewhat long and slender, the Belly two inches and
½ over: so as both in figure and bigness to resemble the
Pear figur'd by Bauhinus with the Name of Pirum Stran-
gulatorium. On one side, colour'd with a light, on the
other with a deeper yellow. A Double PEAR-CALIBASH. A TRIANGULAR CALIBASH. 'Tis smooth, and
black, shaped like the Egyptian Cucumer, called Chate. About
five inches long. The Neck triangular; whether naturally,
uncertain. From thence belly'd like a Pear; two inches
and ½ over. The shell very hard, and as thick as of the
Flagon-Calibash. These Fruits grow in Guiney; as also in Virginia, Barba-
dos, and other parts of the West-Indies. Where they are
used, either whole or cut through the middle, for Cups,
Dishes, Basons, Buckets, Flagons, &c. according to their big-
ness. The Natives sometimes line their insides with some
kind of Rosin (as we rosin Wooden-Cans) the better to
preserve the Liquor they put into them; which, if spiri-
tuous, would otherwise either drench through, or loose of
its strength. Whether the Rosin they use, be such as gives
no ill tast to the Liquor may be a query. The BAOBAB. Abavi Clusij. Of affinity with the
Fruit by Scaliger called Guanabanus. Wormius, I think
mistakingly, makes it the same. 'Tis well described and
figur'd by Bauhinus. (a) (a) Lib. 1.
c. 42. This is of the bigness of a mid-
ling Pomecitrine, and of answerable shape. The shell of a
good thickness, but not very hard; of a kind of dusky
green, and faced almost all over with a velvet Down. 195 When fresh gather'd, 'tis fill'd with a soft Pulp, and as it
should seem, much more juycy, than in the Calibash. With-
in the Pulp is contained a great number of Seeds, or little
Stones, of the bigness, and with somewhat of the shape, of
Indian Wheat. Besler hath a good Figure hereof, repre-
senting it cut open, to shew the Seeds. The GREAT LONG BAOBAB. I meet with no Descrip-
tion answering to this Species. 'Tis in length ten inches, a foot
in compass, being ratably much slenderer than the former,
and almost Cylindrical. The upper end, made a lit-
tle slenderer; the top of all, flat, and an inch and ¼
over. The GREAT BELLY'D-BAOBAB. Much bigger than
the former, and no where describ'd, that I find. In length,
an inch above a foot; and above a foot and ½ in compass.
Towards the upper end, belly'd. But the end it self pointed
almost like a Limon. The Baobab grows in the Island Zeilan, and in Ægypt.
The Juyce hereof is of an acidulated Tast, very grateful:
of which the Ægyptians make much use, especially when
they travail, to quench their thirst. The MACOCQUER. A Virginian Fruit, described
by (a) (a) Tom. 1.
254. Bauhinus. It seems to be of affinity with the Calibash,
or perhaps a small Species thereof. It is of an Orbicular-
Figure, and of the bigness of a little Hand-Ball. Though
Clusius affirmeth (b) (b) Exot.
l. 11. c. 11. it to be sometimes four inches in
Diametre. The shell is thin and brittle. Originally fill'd
with a soft and juycy Pulp, in which a great many Seeds
of the colour and bigness of an Apple-Kernel. The Natives, having empty'd the shells of the Pulp and
Seeds, and in the room hereof, put in some little Stones,
use them as Rattles, wherewith to rejoyce upon any special
Occasion. The GENIPAT, Junipap, or Junipappeeywa. A Brasi-
lian Fruit so called. Described by Bauhinus. (c) (c) Tom. 1.
253. And
probably by Piso with the Name of Janipaba. This also
is a kind of little Calibash. Of the bigness of a Wallnut,
and almost Oval; containing a Pulp and Seeds much like
those of the Macocquer. It grows upon a tall Tree. The Natives use this Fruit against Diarrhæ'as. As also
to paint themselves. They chew the Pulp, and then 196 squeezing the Juyce out, rub it upon their Body: as it drys,
it turns to a blackish blew. This they do, when they
visit a Friend, or upon any solemn Occasion, would be
fine. Another FRUIT, of kin to the former, with a pointed
top. It was brought from Guiney. A FRUIT resembling that described by Bauhinus (a) (a) Tome 1.
under the Name of Charameis Acostæ. Yet this here, by
the reduction of the point or seat of the Flower to the
Base, a little flatish. CHAP. IV.
Of NUTS, and Divers other like Fruits. THeThee JACAPUCAIO-NUT. A West-Indian Fruit. Both
this and the Tree tolerably well described by G. Piso.
(b) (b) Hist. N.
Ind. It is about the bigness of a Boys Head of ten or twelve
years old, somewhat oblong, with a circular Ridge toward
the top. Now all over, without and within of a dark or
blackish colour. The sides extraordinary warm, being an
inch thick. Within, divided into four Quarters. In each
of which (saith Piso) are contained about thirty Kernels.
But here they are wanting. Described also in part, and
figur'd, in Calceolarius's Musæum, out of Jos. Acosta (c) (c) Histor.
Ind. lib. 4. by
the Name of Amygdala dell' Anidi. Of these Kernels, much bigger than Almonds, the Na-
tives make both Medicines, and pleasant Meats. Sometimes
the Fruit of one Tree, hath served to Victual a whole Camp.
Those that fall are, with leave, greedily devoured by
the Cattel. Of the Timber of the Tree, are made the
Rowls of Sugar-Mills; as being tougher, or otherwise
fitter for that purpose, than other Woods. Another of the same NUTS of equal bigness. The COVER of the said NUT. A like colour'd, and in
shape almost like a Mushroon. When the Nut is ripe (which
always hangs down) this Cover, with the least shake, falls out,
and the Kernels after it, into the Laps of the Natives. One half of the MALDIVE-NUT; called Coccus de Ma-
197ladiva. Tavarcare, in the Language of the Island. Described (a) Musæum
Calceolar.
by Chioccus (a) out of Clusius and Garzias ab Horto; and well
figur'd. Piso (b) (b) Mautissæ
Aromaticæ,
c. 19. also hath the Description and Figure, toge-
ther with a prolix Discourse hereof. They are said to be
no where found, except upon the Sea-shore. Nor is the
Tree it self to be seen any where in the Island. The entire
Nut, somewhat like a double Box, or a pair of Panniers.
This half, about a foot long, and near ½ a foot broad; a
kind of half Oval; yet flat on that side, where the two halfs
are conjoyn'd. The shell about ⅕th of an inch thick, and
as hard as that of a Coco-Nut. As black as a Coal. This
is empty; but originally they contain a certain white Pulp,
of no great Tast. Of this Pulp both the People and Princes of Malabar
have a high opinion, as if of great Virtue against most
Diseases; especially in case of Poyson, or Epileptick and other
like Affections. So that sometimes they value them at about
five and twenty pounds a Nut. 'Tis also highly com-
mended for the same purposes, by Piso, both from the ex-
perience of others, and his own. They sometimes make
Drinking-Cups of the Shells, and tip them with Silver or
Gold-Plate. 'Tis Death for any to be known to take up
any of them; because those things that are cast upon the
shore, are the Kings. The COCO-NUT. The Fruit of a very tall Tree,
both in the East and West-Indies, growing only upon the
top of it. Mention'd by many Writers of Natural History,
but not by any one distinctly describ'd. As by one sent
me fresh by Mr. Sam. Moody from Jamaica, I had the op-
portunity to observe. Here are three of them entire. The
bigest whereof is about a foot in length, and one and ¾ in
compass. With three sides, one whereof more flat; bel-
ly'd in the middle, and somewhat Conick at both ends;
so that it is a kind of Sphærical Triangle. The Husk or
outmost part of the Nut on the sides, about an inch thick;
at the Corners, an inch and ½; almost wholly consisting of
tough woody Fibers; so that being cut transversly, it looks
like a stiff Scrubbing-Brush. Next within this Fibrous Part,
lies the Shell, brown, hard, and brittle, like a Plum-Stone;
the ⅕ of an inch in thickness; about three inches Diametre,
and of an Oval Figure, not much unlike that of an 198 Ostriches, or sometimes a Cassowarys-Egg. Yet so, as
always to be Trivalvous, i. e. composed of three Sides or
Plates joyned together by the length of the Shell; one
Side being commonly much bigger than either of the
other two. At the Base of the said Shell, are always like-
wise three conspicuous Holes, by which originally are ad-
mitted a considerable number of Fibers into the Concave
of the Shell. Next within the Shell is a thin, dry and Mem-
branous Coat, branched or veined all round about with
a great number of Fibers, chiefly for the conveyance of
Sap. Within this Veiny-Coat, lie's a soft, white,
thick and Oval Body, commonly; but falsly falsely, supposed to
be the Kernel: it being only the Cover next or immediate
thereunto. In thickness about ½ an inch, and of a sweet
and pleasant tast. This Body, while the Nut is yet unripe,
is filled full with a very limpid and sweetish Liquor; which,
in the Nut I had sent me, was in all about ½ a pint: all con-
veyed from the said fibrous Coat, and filtred through this
thick soft Body. Out of this Liquor, the true Kernel is in
time produced: the Liquor diminishing, as the Kernel in-
creases, in the same manner, as in an Egg, the White wasts,
as the Chicken grows. Or as, indeed, in the Seeds of all
Plants whatsoever, (a) (a) See the
Authors first
Book Of
Plants, Cap.
ult. which are not meerly Metaphori-
cally, but really so many Eggs (like those of many Ani-
mals) without a Yelk. Letting this Liquor stand in a Bottle, corked up, for
some months; although at first as clear as Rock-water, yet
was it not only grown very fetid, but being after left open
for some time, did let fall a Sediment above ½ an inch thick.
Arguments of its being impregnated with a sufficient store
of seminal Principles. And as no Animal Egg is vital without the Male: so
neither is this Liquor, without the above-said Fibers; which
communicate their prolifick Vertue to the same. Amongst
which Fibers, being many Aer-Vessels, they also serve for
the hardening of the Shell. As in like manner do all those
that compose the outward brushy part of the Nut. For
were the Shell not only fill'd with so great a quantity of
Liquor; but also, as in many Fruits, surrounded with a
juycy Pulp; betwixt both, it would remain a soft Paren-
chyma (as all vegetable Stones at first are) and never, or not
soon enough, harden into a shell. 199 For the more easie and convenient eruption of the Radi-
cle, the Shell is not one entire piece, but divided into
three (as are most Seed-Covers into two or more) distinct
Plates; which gradually cleave asunder, to give way to the
descent of the said Radicle into the ground. Two more LONG COCO-NUTS, somewhat less than
that now describ'd. A THIRD, about as long, but much slenderer. Of the
rounder kind, there is a good Figure in Besler; as also of
the Shell. A LONG OVAL COCO-SHELL. About ½ a foot in
length, and three inches and ½ over. One of the three
Holes at the bottom, cut wider by some Body, who had
a mind to cheat the Spectator by imitating a mouth. Al-
most in shape and bigness like a Cassowarys-Egg. Another Shell of the same shape. THREE short Oval COCO-SHELLS. An ORBICULAR COCO-SHELL; four inches and ¼
long, and as much in Diametre. Another Great ORBICULAR one. 'Tis a foot and ¾
in compass. A Coco-Nut of a foot and ¾ compass, hath a
Shell in compass about nine inches. The Nut therefore to
which this Shell belong'd, was in compass above three
quarters of a yard. The COCO is one of the most useful Trees in the
World. Of the Husk or outmost fibrous Cover of the
Nut, all manner of Ropes and Cables are made throughout
India. Of the Shells, the Indians make Ladles, Wine-Bot-
tles, and many sorts of Vessels. The inmost Cover next
the Kernel, while it contains only Liquor, they eat with salt,
as a very pleasant meat. The said Liquor, is commonly
used, as a clear sweet and cool Drink. Sometimes they cut
away the Blossom of the young Nut, and binding a con-
venient Vessel to the place, thereby obtain a sweet and
pleasant Liquor, which they call Sura. This standing an
hour in the Sun, becomes good Vinegar, used throughout
India. The same Distill'd (I suppose after fermentation)
yieldeth a pretty strong Brandy, called Fulo, and is the first
running. The second, is called Uraca, the only Wine of
India. Of the same Sura, being boil'd, and set in the Sun,
they also make a sort of brown Sugar, which they call Jagra. 200 From the Kernel it self, when fresh, and well stamped, they
press out a Milk, which they always mix and eat with
their Rice-Meats. Of the Kernel dry'd (called Copra) and
stamped, they make Oil, both to eat, and to burn. Of
the Leaves of the Tree (called Olas) they make the Sails of
their Ships: as also Covers for their Houses and Tents; and
Summer-Hats. Of the Wood, they make Ships without
Nails; sewing the several parts together with the Cords
made of the Husk of the Nut. (a)(a) Linscho-
ten.
Joh. de Læt.
Piso, and
others. A small ORBICULAR FRUIT, as it seems, of the
Nut-kind, not bigger than a Physical Pill; a little flattish
on that part which grows to the Husk. Very hard. And
of a shining colour, like that of red Coral. Described (b)(b) L. 2. c. 30.
also by Clusius: and neatly figur'd in Calceolarius's Mu-
sæum. (c)(c) Sect. 5. ANOTHER of the same hardness, shape, and bigness;
but of a shining black. ANOTHER hard and orbicular Fruit, by Casp. Bauhi-
nus called Milium Indicum. For what reason I see not, it
having no similitude thereto. That for which it is ob-
servable, is, that it looks as if it were artificially turn'd
upon a Lath. See a rude Figure hereof in J. Bauhinus. An Oval Stone or Shell, of the bigness and shape of a
midling Olive. Given by Mr. Anth. Horneck. It seems
doubtful, Whether of the Plum or Nut-kind. 'Tis all
over smooth, and of a shining light bay, like that of a
Mammee. Excepting only the Base which is of a dull
colour, and ruged, and having two narrow smooth Mar-
gins like a pair of Lips, or an open mouth: from the cor-
ners whereof runs a natural Notch round about the Stone
or Shell. The YECOTL. The Fruit of a little Tree in New-Spain,
which the Spaniards call Palmam Montensem; and which
I take to be all one with the Palmapinus, or the Palma Coni-
fera. 'Tis described and figur'd both by J. Bauhinus, and
by Wormius. Who Reports out of Læt, That these kind
of Nuts are always found empty, or without a Kernel.
Which is a mistake; for this here hath one. 'Tis likely all
that he saw (and so he should have said) were barren.
The length of this, about two inches and half; the Dia-
metre, one and ½, the Figure Oval. Smooth, and of a 201 shining Bay. Composed of Scales, from the middle (where
they are about ½ an inch broad) growing lesser towards
both ends, so as in some sort to resemble a Cone, of the
Picea Latin: or Male Firr-Tree. Yet a quite different
Fruit: for whereas in a Cone, the Seeds or Kernels are nu-
merous, all placed between the Scales of the Cone; here
(so far as can be guess'd by the sound) we have but one
single Kernel, within the hollow of the Shell. But that which is most observable, and whereof no
Author takes notice either in the Description or Figure
of this Fruit, is this, That the Scales which compose
the Shell, are not so set together, as to have their open
ends or points upwards, as in a Cone: but on the con-
trary, so as to have their roots uppermost, and their open
and outmost ends or points downwards, or towards the
Base of the Shell, as of the Slates upon a House towards the
ground. A singular contrivance of Nature, to prevent
the rain from running into the hollow of the Shell, and so
rotting the Kernel. And although the Scales of a Cone are
open towards the point of the Cone, yet even hereby they
answer the same end; because it always or most com-
monly hangs upon the Tree with the point down-
ward. This Fruit is pictur'd in Besler, Tab. 1. But mistakenly,
for the Arecca or Faveel. The CONICK YECOTL. I find it not describ'd.
'Tis much less than the former; in length, an inch and
⅓ d; in the middle near an inch thick. Slenderer at both
ends, and the upper plainly taper'd. The Scales, as in the
former. Of the Leaves (a) (a) XimenesXimenez. of this Shrub, the Indians make a sort
of Thread. A SCALED FRUIT a kin to the YECOTL. 'Tis of a
rounder Figure, almost like a Pippin, and about as big as
a midling Peach. See the Figure hereof in Bauhinus, un-
der the Title of Nux Indica Tessellata. They grow in
Guyana. A Great PALMACOCO-NUT. Bauhinus describes (b)(b) Tom. 1.
another Species by the Name of Fructus Palmæ Nuciferæ.
Perhaps the Tree may not be improperly call'd Palmacocus,
as bearing a Fruit, though small, yet resembling the Coco-
202shell. This is the biggest of several here preserved, which
make it doubtful, Whether it belong to a Cocus or a Palme.
In length, near ½ a foot; in the middle, two inches over.
The Base somewhat Oval, and Prominent, with three
large Holes, as in a Coco; the upper end Conick, and a
little inflected. Composed of three Valves or Plates,
making so many Angles, below, obscure; above, more
sharp. The colour mixed, according to the distribution of
the woody Fibers. A middle PALMACOCO-NUT. As big as a larger
Walnut. In length, an inch and ½; the Base, an inch over.
Figur'd into a kind of Convex Cone. Upon the Margins of
the three Holes in the Base, are finely spread a great many
small black Fibers; like the Fibrillæ of the Lig. cili ciliare are
round about the Crystal Humour. See also Clusius's De-
scription hereof in Bauhinus. Two of this Species are here
preserved. ANOTHER also Conick, but less: In shape like the
Pear called Moscatellinum: but is scarce so big as a small
Nutmeg. Of a woody substance, and the colour of Box.
With three open Holes, as in all the rest. The DOG-PALMACOCO. Bauhinus describes and
figures one of these Nuts by the Name of Nux larvata.
The like is performed in the German Ephemerides. But I
take this to be a different Species from them both. In
length, an inch and ½; an inch over, where thickest; and
of a Conick Figure. The Crown or thicker end of the
Shell is encompassed with a great many small Fibers, ori-
ginally spread all over the Shell, but here clip'd off by
some Body, to make it look like a Head of Hair. About
the middle of the Shell are two natural Holes, ratably
large, like a pair of Eyes; and the upper Margins prominent,
like Eye-brows, whereupon are naturally spread a number
of small black Fibers, like the Hair on the Eye-brows.
Underneath a third Hole, also hairy, standing in the place
of a Mouth. Betwixt which, or before, there are three
little Knobs, which together make no ill resemblance of a
Nose, and the upper Lip all natural; So that, at the first
sight, one would take it to be a little Head of a Greyhound
carved in Wood. TWO more, of the same kind, but much shorter. 203 An Oval PALMACOCO, about the bigness of a
Nutmeg. Another, of a straw colour, wrinkled, knobed, and some-
what compressed, Figur'd in some sort by Bauhinus, (a)(a) Tom. 1.
under the Title of Avellana Indica peculiaris Came-
rarij. A BROAD PALMACOCO. An inch over or in breadth;
from the Base to the top directly, not above ¾. That al-
most flat, this with a blunt point. It hath three Holes on
the sides, almost equidistant. An ORBICULAR PALMACOCO. Yet a little com-
pressed, as a Bowl. Not above ½ an inch Diametre; of the
colour and hardness of Box; furrow'd as a Peach-Stone.
On the sides are three equidistant Holes, over-spread with
black capillary Fibers. A RHOMBOID-NUT, of affinity with the former.
An inch and ¼ long; ¼ broad, and ½ an inch thick, the sides
being a little compressed. Cover'd round about with
small woody Fibers, produced from the Stalk or Base to
the top of the Shell. The FAVEEL or FAUFEL. The Fruit of a kind of
Palme, by the Malabarins called ARECCA. Described by
Garcias, Bauhinus, and Wormius. But by none of them
well. It hath a three-fold Cover, of so many sorts of
work. The utmost, consisting of straw-colour'd, soft and
(as Garcias rightly) downy Fibers. The middle, of yel-
lowish, and sturdy ones, of the thickness of a sewing
Needle: about ½ an inch longer, than to the top of the
Shell, yet couched down round about it. The inmost, a
thin slender Case, but woody. Yet lined with a pithy sub-
stance. All contrived for the greater warmth, and gra-
dual exposing of the Nut within to the Aer. This Nut is
about the bigness of a little Nutmeg; but not so long. This Fruit grows in Malavar and the Island Mombaim.
Being eaten unripe, it stupifies, and as it were inebriates.
For which cause, (b) (b) Garcias. some eat them to make them unsensi-
ble of great pains. Garcias saith, That he used their Distill'd-
Water, in Bilious Diarrhæa's, with great success. A FRUIT very like to the Faufel. Bauhinus describes
and figures it out of Clusius, by that Name. Yet it seems,
to me, to be the Faufel it self in the Bud. 204 The DATE-NUT, qu. Nucidactylus. I find it neither
described nor figur'd by any Author. 'Tis above two
inches long; near the Stalk, above an inch over; towards
the top near two, being belly'd like a Pear. Along one
side, a little ridged. The Stalk cover'd with a whitish
Down, like a Quince's. The outward Skin of a dusky Bay,
smooth, soft, and thin. Next under this is a Work of Fibers,
not produced, as in other Fruits, by the length, but standing
bolt upright, like the Pile of Velvet, about a ¼ of an inch
in depth; or rather, like the Bristles upon a Hogs back.
So that the outward Skin being taken off, the Fruit looks
and feels like a round Scrubing-Brush. These Fibers are
continuous all round about with the next Cover, which is
of a woody substance, and very tough, about ¼ of an
inch thick. Next within this Cover or Rind, is contained
a soft and light substance, which, by the space it hath left,
appears to have been originally a very fleshy and sappy
part. Within This lies the Stone, about as big as a young
Pigeons-Egg. This Stone is not hollow, like others, but
altogether solid, like the Stone of a Date, and is within of
the same whitish, dense, and horny substance: from whence
I have taken leave for the Name. At the top of the Stone
is formed, like as in a Nutmeg, a little round Cell, in which
the true Seed is contained, no bigger than a midling Pins
head. A TWIN DATE-NUT of the same Species. A THIRD, a single one, with the outward Rind taken
off, whereby the said brisly Fibers are conspicuous. A CACAW-NUT. Given by Francis Willughby Esq;.
'Tis five inches long; and about two, over; shaped like a
Garden-Cucumer; but the Stalk-end a little slenderer. Now
it is dry, angular with five wrinkled and black Ribs an inch
broad. The spaces between, half as broad, smooth, and
of a redish Bay: the blackness of the Ribs proceeding also
from a fuller and deeper Red under the Skin; as in many
other Fruits: or as Scarlet Blood makes blew Veins. Within
the Rind are contained about fifteen or twenty Kernels,
near as big as a Garden-Bean, but smaller at one end; some-
what like a little Birds Heart. Yet the shape, I suppose, in
different Nuts, may have some variation. Another CACAW-NUT, like the former; given by
Mr. John Short. 205 This Fruit grows principally in New Spain, and the
Province of Guatimalla in Mexico. In which, and other
places of the West-Indies, the Kernels are used, saith Jos.
Acosta, (a) (a) Hist. l. 4.
c. 22. instead of Money; and commonly given to the
Poor, as Alms. With Chacawlate, the Indians Treat Noble
Men, (b) (b) Ibid. as they pass through their Country. These Kernels being well pounded, as Almonds, in a
Mortar, and mixed with a certain proportion of Sugar
and Spices (according as the Trader thinks or finds it best
for Sale) are commonly made up in Cakes or Rowles;
which are brought over hither from Spain, and other parts.
But those that would have a good quantity for their own
private use, had much better procure the Nuts themselves
(as fresh and new as may be) and so prepare and com-
pound them to their own Constitution and Tast. And for
those that drink it, without any Medicinal respect, at
Coffee-Houses; there is no doubt but that of Almonds finely
beaten, and mixed with a due proportion of Sugar and
Spices, may be made as pleasant a drink, as the best Chacaw-
late. The BUTTER-NUT: a Fruit growing in New England,
and there so called, because the Kernel yieldeth a great
quantity of a sweet Oil. I meet with it no where. In
length, two inches and ½; in the middle, near an inch and
½ over; the two ends narrower, and a very little promi-
nent, shaped somewhat like a small Cucumer. The Skin
smoothish, and (now) brown. The substance within it,
black: originally, a kind of Pulp or fleshy Rind about ¼ of
an inch thick, answering to that of a Walnut. The Stone
almost Oval, and edged with six or seven Angles by the
length, the greatest, which are also opposite, ending in a
sharp point. The Spaces betwixt the Angles, very uneven
with a great many ruged and thin plates and knobs. With a Decoction of the Barque of the Tree, the English
Planters dey their Linsey Woolsey of a Cinamon colour, with-
out Alum, or any thing else being added. The EDGED-WALNUT of New England. In colour,
as the common kind. Near an inch long, as broad, and
a little above ½ an inch thick. The Base, and especially
the point, a little prominent. Figur'd with eight Angles
or Edges, whereof one half sharper than the other. The Ker-
nel shaped, as in the common kind. 206 A WALNUT shaped like a Pear. Whether mon-
strous, or of any Species, is uncertain. 'Tis two inches
long, at one end ¼ of an inch thick or over, and the other,
above an inch. Another, with one Concave of the Shell twice as big as
the other. A Third, with a Shell composed of three Valves or
Plates. A NUT, which seems to be a sort of Indian Filbert. I
find it not describ'd. Of a triangular Figure, one greater
side subtended to two lesser. The Base ½ an inch thick;
an inch and ¾ long, or wide; from thence to the Cone as
much. Of a brown ash-colour; and ruged all round
about by the distribution of a great number of Fibers.
Only the true Base, by which it joyned to the Husk, is
smooth; and, as that of a Filbert, cleavable along the
middle. The HAZLE-NUT of New England. Neither is this
describ'd. Here is a Box of them. They are shorter, and
broader, than the common sort; the point depressed, and
the Base more produc'd. In colour, both alike. HAZLE-NUTS, some three, and some four growing
together. The NUT called MEHEMBETHENE. It grows upon
a small Tree, like a Hasle, in New Spain. Described in
Bauhinus. (a)(a) Lib. 3.
c. 36. 'Tis somewhat Oval, an inch and ¼ long, ⅔ ds
over. Divided by a triangular partition into three Cells, for
the lodging of so many Kernels. The BARBADO-NUT. The Fruit, in truth, of a kind
of Plum-Tree. (b) (b) Lig. Hist.
of Barb. p. 67. Yet the Name prevailing, I have placed
it here. Described in Bauhinus, Wormius, and others by the
Name of Avellana purgatrix Americana s. Ben magnum
Medicorum vulgò: (c) (c) Mus.
Wormian. but not well. 'Tis about the big-
ness of a Filbert. The shell blackish, thin, and brittle, and
somewhat angular. Within, there is a white soft Body,
commonly, but falsly falsely supposed to be the Kernel. For this
Body is not divided, as are all Kernels, into two distinct
Lobes, but is one entire part. Yet so as to have some little
hollowness in the middle, capable to lodge a very thin
Filme. This Filme, is the true Kernel, consisting not only
of two large and perfect Leaves (answerable to the two 207 Lobes in other Kernels) but of those parts also, which in
time become the Trunk and Root of the Tree. These Nuts work strongly both by Vomit and Stool; (a) Bauh.
Tom. 1.
(a) four or five of them a great Dose. Being eaten tosted,
or injected in Clysters, (b) (b) Monar-
des. which is the safest way of using
them, they are a present Remedy in the Cholick. One
thing, very observable, is mention'd by Mr. Boyle; (c) (c) In his
Book of the
Origine of
Forms. and
since, also by Mr. Ligon: (d) and that is, That the Ca-
thartick Power of the Nut, although so great, yet lies only
or chiefly in that very thin Filme above-said, by me affirmed
to be the Kernel: for this being taken out, the rest may be
eaten, as any other Nut.(d) Hist. of
Barb. p. 68. A small Indian Nut, about an inch long, and about
half an inch over; with a pretty hard Rind, and of a
shining black. Excepting the colour, very like to that de-
scribed and figur'd in Bauhinus, with the Name of Nucula
Exotica Pistacij specie. The ANGOLA NUT. About ¼ of an inch long, and
as broad, on one side Convex; on the opposite, flat; and
of a tawny colour. The Shell very hard. The Kernel thin
and leafy, and loged within a thick white Cover, as in the
Barbado Nut. They purge upward and downward: one of them will
give about a dozen Stools. The Purging-CHESNUT. Castanea purgatrix. Well
described and figur'd in Calceolarius's Musæum. (e) (e) Sect. 5. The
Figure in Bauhinus (who describes (f) (f) Tom. 1.
lib. 3. c. 116. it by the Name of
Fructus Indicus decussatus) not so good. 'Tis a blackish
Fruit, about an inch and ¼ long, almost square, and pretty
flat. But that which is most observable, is the double Sinus
which compasseth it both by the length and breadth, as if
it had been girded across with a string. And, as it were, a
Crescent on that side, by which it grows to the Shell. A FRUIT in figure like a Chesnut; but 'tis much less,
at least, than the common sort. The outward shell of a
dusky colour, and thin, yet almost as hard as a Pebble;
or like that of the Seed of Gromwell. Under this lies another
of the usual hardness of a Fruit Stone. Within which is
included a whitish Kernel, of a pleasant tast, yet producing a
roughness in the Throat. 208 The New England CHESNUT. In figure, like the
common sort; but a little less. The Chesnut was first
brought from Sardis in Lydia, (a) (a) Mouf. de
Re Cib. into Italy, France, and
England. In some places where they abound, the people
make Bread (b) (b) Bauhin. of them. Heretofore, saith Bruyrinus, (c)
they were brought, with the last course, to the Tables of
Princes. In his time, (about an hundred years since) the (c) Lib. de
Re Cibar.
French used to make and eat Chesnut-Pottage. A kind of small HORNED NUT. Not so big as a
little Nutmeg, 'tis of a brown colour, and with two
pointed knobs at one end, bended outward, like little
Horns. Figur'd, as I take it, in Bauhinus (d) (d) Lib. 3.
c. 104. Fig. 3. by the
Name of Fructus peregrinus, exiguus orbicularis, cum Sex
Nervis. A Virginian AKORN within its Cup. There is one
like this described and figur'd in Bauhinus out of Clusius,
by the Name of Calix cum Glande incluso maximus ex
Wingandecaow, i. e. Virginia. The Cup is about an inch
and ¼ Diametre, and the sides very thick; composed of a
great number of Scales, as the Empalement of a Thistle,
and many other Flowers; but here very hard: of an Or-
bicular Figure, only open at the top about the breadth of
½ an inch. The Akorn it self, little bigger than the com-
mon sort. But their tast and substance may be more
grateful. For in Virginia they are dry'd and preserved for
food. They steep, and boil them, and so eat them either
with Flesh or Fish. The ANACARDIUM. A fruit so called from some
likeness it hath to a little Heart; but yet flattish, and near as
big as a Garden-Bean. Described and figur'd by Garcias,
 Bauhinus, Wormius, Moscardi, Besler, and others. Being held
to the flame of a Candle, (e) (e) Bauhinus. it spits Fire, or sparkling flashes
of divers colours. Anciently much used in Medicines, now
obsolete, as Confectio Anacardina, &c. The Oil or Mellagi-
nous Succus betwixt the Rind and the Kernel is that which is
called (f) (f) Mus.
Wormian. Mel Anacardinum. Either the Name of Oil
(given it by most) or of Honey, must be improper. It
is of a very Caustick and venimous Nature. Being mixed (g) Bauh.
Tom. 1. 336.
with Lime, 'tis used for the marking of Cottons (g) through-
out India. The Indians pickle the green Fruit, (h) (h) Garcias
ab Horto. and eat
them as Olives. When perhaps they contain little or none
of that Caustick Oil. 209 The ACAJU, or Cajous-AKORN. The Fruit, or
rather one part of the Fruit of a Tree growing in Brasile
(where it is called Acajaiba) and other West-Indian Coun(a) Lib. 1.
c. 52. -
tries. Chiefly described and figur'd by Linschoten, (a) and
Piso. (b) (b) Lib. 4.
c. 6. The whole Fruit is called Acaju. That part next
the Branch, by Piso, the Apple; but is shaped more like a
Pear. To the top of which grows this part, which he calls
the Akorn. In shape almost of an Hares Kidney; saving
that where it grows to the Apple 'tis thicker, than at the
other end. Of a smooth Surface, (here) mixed with ashen
and brown. Piso in describing this Fruit contradicts himself. Flori
(saith he) succedit Castanea, exqua crescit Pomum. A little
after, Pomum hoc, tum Glans ei superinnascens---. Wherein
he is false to himself, but true to Nature; the Apple not
growing upon or after the Akorn, as he had affirmed at first;
but the Akorn, upon the Apple: as by one I have now by
me, may be seen. Wormius confoundeth the Picture of the Acaju, with the
Description of the Anacardium. As may be seen by com-
paring Chap. the 22. and 24. of his Second Book. The Kernels being pounded or ground, as Walnuts, yield
abundance of Oil by expression. That Oil (so called)
which is distinctly contained in the Shell or Rind of the
Akron, is of a hot biting tast, and of a kind of caustick (c) Piso.
quality. Used by the Indians to cure the Itch, Shingles,
Malignant Ulcers, (c) and St. Anthonys Fire. (d) (d) Linschoten. But the
Kernels are accounted a great dainty, either eaten raw
with Wine and a little Salt; or especially, when they are
roasted, or else preserved in Sugar. For the sake of this
Fruit only, (e) (e) Piso. the Natives sometimes go to Wars; the
Victors keeping possession of the Place, till they have pluck'd
the Trees upon it, all clean. By comparing what hath been said hereof, and of the
Anacardium, together; they seem to be two Species, under
one Kind. The ANOVAI. The Fruit of a Tree, or rather the
Name of the Tree it self, growing principally in Brasile.
Piso distinguishes a lesser sort, from the Greater, or Ahoa-
guacu, the Tree whereon this Fruit groweth. Of a tri-
angular Figure, almost like a little Pouch; about an inch 210 from corner to corner, very hard, smooth, of a Chesnut
colour, and now made hollow, the Kernel being pick'd
out; and a hole cut on the top for that purpose. Figur'd
in Bauhinus, Piso, and others; but more neatly in Calceola-
rius's Musæum. The Kernel, being eaten, is a strong Poyson. The Na-
tives of Brasile (a) (a) Piso. especially when they go to Dancing,
hang the empty Shells, for Ornament, and the pleasure of
the Noise they make, about their Legs: as Carriers do Bells
about their Horses Necks. The Wood (b) (b) Lerius. or Boughs
being broken, stink intollerably; somewhat like to Gar-
lick. The true METHEL; or the VOMITING-NUT com-
monly so call'd. Nux Vomica Officinarum. Very well de-
scribed (c) (c) Tom. 1. in Bauhinus. Of the shape and bigness of a
midling Troch, cover'd with short Hair, of a greenish
brown. Very hard, and horny, and almost solid; saving
that in the middle it incloses, as the Barbado-Nut, a thin
Filme, which is the true seed; whereof the said horny Body,
called the Nut, is only a great thick Cover. This Fruit is, by Celaspine, most absurdly called Fungus
Orientalis. And Wormius (d) (d) Mus. l. 2.
c. 30. speaking of it, saith, That
no Body knows certainly what it is. Whereas, by Dissecti-
on, it plainly appears to be a Fruit. I find, that Cordus goeth thus far, as to observe, That
within this Nut is contained a Rudiment of the future
Plant, consisting as it were of two little pretty veined
Leaves, and a Stalk. But that these Leaves were the two
Lobes or main Body of the Seed, that the Stalk of these
Leaves, as he calls it, was the Root, and that between these
Leaves was cooped the Bud, of the future Plant, are things
whereof he had not the least notion. Neither did he know
(for he speaks of it as a peculiar) that the like conspicuous
foliation, is, as in truth it is, observable in the seeds of a great
many other Plants. Half a Drachm of this Nut, given to a Dog, in powder,
hath kill'd him, saith Bauhinus, in four hours. About ʒj,
hath put a Dog into so great Convulsions, that he hath dy'd
in less than half an hour. The true VOMITING-NUT. Nux Methel Officinarum.
So that by a mistake, the Names of the Nut before describ'd, 211 and of this, are commonly transposed. An East-Indian
Fruit described by Bauhinus (a) (a) Tom. 1.
l. 3. c. 144. with the Name of Nux
peregrina oculata & compressa: from its flatness, although
a little swelling on one side; and from the resemblance
which the Seed-Cells, in number five, have to so-many little
Eyes. Two Drachms hereof being given to a man in Powder,
purgeth strongly, and especially by Vomit, but also by
Stool. CHAP. V.
Of BERRYS, CONES, LOBES, and some other
Parts of Trees. CEDRE-BERRYS. The Tree by some called Cedrus
Phænicea; although Baccifera were better, thereby
to distinguish it from the Coniferous or great Cedre. De-
scribed by Clusius under the Name of Oxycedrus; from its
sharp-pointed Leaves. It grows wild in France and Spain.
The Berry bigger than that of the lesser Juniper, and of a
deep Purple; with little knobs about it, and some resem-
blance of Scales. Great JUNIPER-BERRYS. Beccæ Juniperi majoris Clu-
sio. As big as Myrtle-Berrys, round, soft, odorous, and of
a redish colour. The lesser Juniper-Berrys (and probably
these) are of good and various use in Medicine, if they are
fresh. One of the best ways of using them, is by extract-
ing a deep and strong body'd Tincture of them with Spirit
of Wine, whereof a spoonful, or more or less, to be taken
in Wine or other convenient Vehicle. The BERRYS of the MASTICH-TREE. Baccæ Len-
tiscinæ. About half as big as a midling Peas, round, and of
a blackish colour. The Tree flourishes in Italy, Spain, and
divers other places. AROMATICK INDIAN BERRYS. Cocculi Indi Aro-
matici. There are a sort called Cocci Orientales, used for
the taking of Fishes; but not so round as these: neither, as 212 I take it, are they Aromatick. Of these some are not much
bigger than a Black Pepper-Corn; others, as big as a Black
Cherry: all of them of the colour of Cloves. They seem
to come nearest to that Fruit commonly called Jamaican-
Pepper. A CONE of the CEDRE of Mount Lebanon. Conus
Cedri magnæ s. Libani. Given by Abraham Hill Esq;. De-
scribed and figur'd by Bauhinus. (a) (a) Lib. 9.
c. 15. Yet with the Scales
represented by far too narrow or not enough expanded:
in which Besler is more exact. 'Tis about three inches
and ½ long, and two and ½ over; of an Oval Figure, saving
that the top is flat. Of this Tree it is affirmed by Melchior
Lussy, (b) (b) In suæ
Peregrinat.
Hierosolym.
cap. 13. That upon the said Mount (on which he hath seen
them grow) there are some so thick, that six or seven men
can hardly encompass one of them with their Arms
stretched out: which may be supposed above half as thick
again, as the thickest Oak in England. A CONE of the MALE-FIRR. Conus Abietis maris
s. Piceæ Latinorum. Described by Bauhinus. It grows
abundantly in Burgundy, and the Alps; sometimes in
height (c) (c) Simlerus. above a hundred and thirty feet. The Cone
almost Cylindrical, about eight inches long. To each
Scale underneath, two winged Seeds or little Kernels are
adjoyned. Curiously pictur'd by Besler. A little Twin PINE-APPLE. Pini Conus gemellus. Several CONES of the WILD-PINE. Of this Tree
they make great store of Pitch in Burgundy. A CYPRESS-NUT. Strobilus Cupressinus. By Cæsal-
pine not so properly called a Cone, because of its Figure,
which is rather Orbicular. Yet any Cone is appositely
called Strobilus, from the winding order of the Scales.
'Tis not much bigger than a large Nutmeg. The Tree grows
abundantly in France and Italy, and there bears Nuts. CAMPHIRE. The Gum of a Tree about as big as the
Hazle; and probably of the Coniferous kind. Formerly
thought a Mineral; and by Kentman (d) (d) Nomen-
clat. called Bitumen
Odoratum. There are two sorts hereof. One of China,
which is carried in Cakes and Balls, into all Places, in great
abundance. The other of Borneo, which is far the best. A LONG FLAT LOBE. Lobus Buglossoideus, so I
call it for its being somewhat like a Cows Tongue. De-
213scribed by Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 12.
c. 3. with the Name of Ceratium Mono-
coccon Indicum. But this here, is thrice as big as his. 'Tis
ten inches long; in the middle, 4 ½ over; both ends some-
what Oval. Very flat, scarce above ½ an inch where thick-
est; the Belly level, the Back Convex and with a blunt
Ridge. Of a dull russet, and all over rough with a great
number of small Knobs. Its whole Cavity is filled up
with one single Fruit; which Bauhinus not well examining,
only calls it Fructum ex fungosa quadam materie compactum.
Whereas it consisteth chiefly of a wonderful Congeries of
white Fibers; not produced by the length, or breadth, but
the thickness of the Fruit, both ways, as the Teeth in a
double Comb. The spaces betwixt which are filled up
with dust or powder; which was originally, the sappy Pa-
renchyma or Flesh of the Fruit. Another LOBE of the same Species, but much less. A THICK LOBE from Virginea. Lobus ex Wingan-
decaow. Not ill describ'd by Clusius. This here is not
much above three inches and ½ long, an inch and ¼ broad,
and an inch thick. Unciam densus, saith Clusius improper-
ly; that word not expressing the Dimention, but closeness
or little porosity of a Body. There are some Lobes,
saith Læt (b) (b) Lib. 3.
c. 22. of the same Species, that are two or three times
the bigness of This. A short FIBROUS LOBE. I meet with the Descripti-
on hereof no where; nor the Figure, excepting in Besler, (c)(c) Tab. 1.
by the Name of Fructus reticulato corio. 'Tis almost three
inches long, an inch and ¾ broad, near an inch thick. At
one edge it is cut through by the length; where, if you
try to spread the sides open, it resists, from its great fibro-
sity, like a thick sturdy piece of tann'd Leather. Lined
within with a most smooth and thin Membrane. The Ca-
vity all over even, or without any Sepiment: shewing it to
have been fill'd up with only one large Fruit. A Great SCALLOP'D LOBE; or rather part of it. Of
kin to that described and figur'd in Bauhinus (d) (d) Lib. 12.
c. 8. by the
Name of Lobus Brasilianus ingens Siliquæ Acaciæ formâ.
The whole Lobe, is above two feet long; where broadest,
near four inches, flat; and composed of six or seven
Joynts, as Bauhinus calls them; rather Cells, so rounded
or scallop'd on both Edges, as to look like so many 214 Joynts. In this part of the Lobe, are only three. In each
of them is contained a great NUT round and flat,
and of a shining Bay; an inch and ½ Diametre, and half
an inch thick. In the Lobe Bauhinus describes they were
not ripe. A round FRUIT (probably) of a sort of SCALLOP'D
LOBE. 'Tis almost of the colour, bigness, and shape of
the former; saving that the sides are not so flat, but both
of them a little Convex. ANOTHER, almost of the Figure of a Cat's Kidney;
having at the edge a shallow Sinus or depressure where it
was fasten'd to the Lobe. Described in Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 17.
c. 1. p. 276. by
the Name of Phaseolus Novi Orbis, Cordis sigurâ. But, as
is most likely, very improperly; This being so like the
Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe above describ'd, which he him-
self makes the Fruit of a Tree; Neither doth the Kernels,
its being naturally cleft into two halfs, (ut sunt omnia Pha-
seolacea, as Clusius speaks) argue any thing. For that is
not peculiar to the Phaseolous kind; but all other Seeds
whatsœver, excepting Corn and that Kindred, are natu-
rally cleft (b) (b) See the
Authors first
Book Of
Plants, Chap.
1. into two or more Lobes. This Fruit is said
to be Cathartick: and therefore 'tis probable, the other
Species are so likewise. A long FRUIT of another LOBE. Described and
figur'd in some sort in Bauhinus (c) (c) Lib. 17.
p. 277. by the Name of Faba
Americana purgatrix longior. 'Tis two inches and ¼ long,
an inch and ½ broad, flat, the edges thick, of an Oval shape,
and dusky ash-colour. Where it was fasten'd to the Lobe,
not depressed, as in the former, but a little produc'd. A broad FRUIT of another LOBE. Probably de-
scribed and figur'd in Bauhinus (d) (d) Lib. 17.
p. 278. by the Name of Lobus
Membranaceus planus niger. If so, he should not have
called it a Lobe, but the Fruit contained in it. 'Tis about
an inch and ¾ long, and almost as broad, flat, and very
thin, and of a blackish brown. One of the edges sharp,
the opposite somewhat thick. A square FRUIT of an other LOBE. I find it no
where. 'Tis almost an inch and ¾ long; at one end, an
inch and ½ broad, at the other, an inch; above ½ an inch
thick in the middle, where it swells up on both sides. Two
of the edges opposite, Convex; the other two, Concave.
Smooth, and of a blackish Bay. 215 So many of the above-said Fruits, as are described by
Bauhinus, or other Authors, are number'd amongst Herbs,
as if a sort of Beans. But by comparing them all toge-
ther, and with the Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe; they appear
to have been all included in the Lobes of several sorts of
Trees. The COD of the wild LOCUST of Virginia. Arbor. Lanif.
Species. Described by (a) (a) Hist. of
Barb. Ligon. The Cod somewhat hard
and brittle. In length, ½ a foot; sharp at both ends, in
the middle an inch and ½ over, Convex on the back, the
Belly plain. Fill'd with white Down, not like Cotton, but
that of the Pappous kind of Plants, appendent origi-
nally to the end of the Seed: but the Seeds are here
wanting. A sort of SILK COTTON with the SEEDS. Given
by Th. Povey Esq. They seem to have been taken out of
the Cod of a Tree which grows about Bantam; described
in Bauhinus (b) (b) Lib. 3.
c. 154. out of Clusius, by the Name of Lanifera
Arbor peregrina. That this Cotton is not so white as that
of Clusius, may proceed from Age, or some difference in
the Tree. 'Tis rather of the colour of raw Silk, and hath
a gloss like it; extream soft and fine, but not so long as
Cotton wooll; and therefore unfit for Spinning. Of this Cotton I suppose the Chineses make their soft
thin Paper. And it is probable, That many of our English
Plants yield a Down, which would be altogether as fit for the
same purpose. 'Tis also used, by the Indians, instead of
Feathers, for the stuffing of Pillows. 216 SECT. II.
Of SHRUBS and ARBORESCENT Plants. CHAP. I.
Of SHRUBS, chiefly. THeThe DWARF-OAK. The Leaves shaped like those of
the Ilex, but not prickly. It differs not in the
hardness of the Wood or Boughs, from the common
Oak; nor in the shape of the Acorns it bears; some
whereof are also here preserved. Yet is it not above a
yard in height. Sent hither by Mr. Winthrop, not long since
Governour of Connecticut. In the Inland Parts of New
England grow whole Forrests of this Oak. The SEED of the Male HOLLY-ROSE, called Cistus,
mas; and the first in number, according to Clusius. 'Tis
included in a shelly Cover of a Pentagonal Figure; and
is it self also angular, about the bigness of the Seed of
Patience, or Lapathum Sativum. The SEED of the second Male CISTUS. The SEED of the Female CISTUS. The shell of this,
not so big, nor so sharp at top, as of the Male; and both
this and the Seed it self blacker. It may be, because older. Upon the Root of the Cistus grows a Parasitical Plant,
called HYPOCISTIS: the Juyce whereof, is commonly
condensed, and so formed, like that of Liquirish, into
Balls, and sold as a Drug. The SEED of the CISTUS LEDON; being the first
in order according to Clusius. The SEED of the fourth CISTUS LEDON. Off of the Cistus Ledon is gathered, the Drug called
LADANUM: which is a kind of Gummous Exudation,
chiefly found upon the Leaves. 'Tis gather'd (a) (a) Hereof
see Bellonius. in the
Dog-Days, and when the Sun shines hottest, and therefore
not without intollerable labour. These Shrubs grow in 217 Cyprus, Creet, France, Spain, &c. In Creet, the Principal
Place for Ladanum is at the Foot of Mount Ida. The BERRYS of the Indian JASEMIN with a yellow
and most fragrant Flower. The Oil of the Ben Nut being
impregnated with the odor or spirit; especially of these yel-
low Flowers, and so mixed with Pomatum, is that which is
commonly called Jasemin Buttyr. The FRUIT of the NAMBUGUACU, a Shrub so
called by the Natives of Brasile. Described by Piso and
others with the Name of Ricinus Americanus; & Palma
Christi. Curiously figur'd by Tobias Aldinus. (a) (a) Descr.
Horti Far-
nesiani. Where
note, That in the said Author, through some inadvertency,
the Titles of this Plant and of the Spinacia Fragifera are
transpos'd. The Seeds are of the bigness of a Horse-Bean,
somewhat long, smooth and glossy, ash-colour'd and mix-
ed with black specks. The Kernel white and very oily.
Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of Chester, and to him, by
Captain Hinde. The Oil expressed out of these Kernels, is not only used
in Lamps, but by the Natives of Brasile against all cold
Distempers (b) (b) Pison.
Hist. l. 4. c. 31. both outward and inward. Six or seven of
the Kernels taken inwardly, purge and vomit with great
vehemency. But a Tincture extracted out of them, is well
proposed by Piso (c) (c) Ibid. as the safer Medicine. Although the
Kernels themselves work so strongly; yet is it affirmed by
Mr. Stubs, (d) (d) Phil.
Trans. N. 36. That the Oil which is expressed out of
them, hath no Physical (Cathartick) Operation, although
a spoonful of it be taken down at once, or three put up in a
Clyster. The Leaves, saith the same Person, (e) (e) Ibid. are the only
Remedy, which the Indians use for the Headach. Being
steeped in Water or Vinegar, they are daily experienced to
cure the Shingles (f) (f) Piso, ubi
supra. and other like Affections. The FRUIT of the URUCU, a Shrub growing in
Brasile. Described by Clusius and Piso. Bauhinus ventures
to call it Bixam Oviedi; although Clusius only saith it is
like it. In shape and bigness, saith Wormius, like an Aurange-
Tree. This Fruit is about two inches long, an inch and ½
over; composed of two Concave Valves; below, Oval;
above, Conich and sharp-pointed; beset all over with
brisly hairs ⅙ of an inch long. Within their Concaves,
thirty or more little Grains, figur'd like a Pear, and origi-
nally of a curious bright red. 218 The Shrub grows wild: Yet the Natives cultivate it in
Gardens with great Care and Industry. For with the scarlet
Grains abovesaid, they paint and adorn themselves. The
Tincture also which they extract from them, called Orella-
na, they sell to the Portuges, and others which Trade with
them. They likewise beat and make them up into Balls
and Tablets, which they send into all parts of Europe. (a) (a) Piso.
The same Grains are sometimes mixed with Chacalet, for
the grateful colour and tast which they give to it. (b) (b) Ximines. Of
the Barque of the Tree, they make Ropes. (c)(c) Wormius. A small Grain, in colour and shape not much unlike that
above-said, and probably belonging to a Species of the
same Kind, is brought hither from the Barbados by the
Name of NOTTA. Yet used by Deyers, made up in Cakes,
for a Limon-colour. With whom, nothing is more usual,
than to alter the colours of their Ingredients, by the admix-
ture of Salts, and other ways. BEIDEL OSSAR, i. e. The Egg or Cod of the Ossar, a
kind of Syriac Dogs-Bane so called; Beid, being the Ara-
bick word (d) (d) Honori-
us
Bellus. for an Egg. Accurately described by Honor.
Bellus. And by Wormius very well figur'd. Yet Wormius
in his Description, which he borrows of Alpinus, (with his
Author) mistakes, in giving the Name to the Plant, which
belongs only to this Egg or Cod. 'Tis soft or skinny, with
some asperity. About four inches long, at the upper end
sharp, and (now) hooked backward. Filled with a com-
pany of small flat Seeds, enclosed in a fine and white
Down. This Shrub grows near Alexandria, upon a Branch or
Arm of Nilus (e) (e) Wormi-
us. called Calig. One Plant, at an Incision
of the Barque, will yield no less than four pounds of Milk.
A Drachm and half of this Milk, (f) (f) Hon.
Bellus. will purge a Man to
Death. But used outwardly, is an excellent Remedy for the
Itch. (g)(g) Mus.
Calceol. A COD, with the Wooll and Seeds, of the COTTON
SHRUB; called Xylon Herbaceum. Said (h) (h) Lacuna. to have grown
heretofore only in Ægypt; but now is sown, and grows
abundantly in Creet, Sicily, and divers other Places in
Europe. The Cod is trivalvous, almost like to that of a
Tulip, or the Peony. Upon the Seeds which are black Oval,
and near as big as a Horse-Bean, hang the greatest part of 219 the Wooll. They are composed chiefly of two long and
thin Leaves, admirably rowled up into an Oval Figure; as
I may have occasion else where to represent. They are
sometimes an Ingredient in Pectoral Medicines. Some
Cotton Wooll, though of its self, pure white; yet contrary to
Flax and Hemp, looseth of its whiteness by being washed.
But whether it be that of this Shrub, or that of the Cotton-
Tree; or whether, according to the Climate, &c. there is
not good and bad of both, I determine not. SAVINE-BERRYS. About as big as those of the com-
mon Juniper, and of a blackish blew. The little Sprigs, (of
which there are some here) are square; and not prickly, as
those of the other Species. The Shrub, called Sabina Bac-
cifera, and described by Bellonius, grows plentifully in some
places in Asia. The ROSE of JERICO, or CHRISTMAS-ROSE. Rosa
Hierichuntina. Either an ignorant, or a crafty Name,
agreeing neither to the place, nor nature of the Plant. For
about Jericho 'tis no where found, (a) (a) Belloni-
us. but in Arabia, upon
the shore of the Red-Sea. A woody Shrub, but grows not
above a foot or there about in height. Originally of an
Aromatick smell. The Leaves of this are soft, but the
Flowers remain, somewhat less than those of Cumfrey, and
seem to consist only of two Leaves. All the Branches are
closed up together, with some resemblance to the Um-
bel of the Plant called Bees-Nest, or some others of that
kind. Being set in Water, its several Branches will gradually
be expanded. Which some Imposters knowing, choose
Christmas-Eve for the Experiment, and so make people be-
lieve that it only opens at that time. ANOTHER of the same less globous, or with the
Branches more erect. Part of an INDIAN PLANT, in shape like a Wooll-
Combe; being composed of a number of strait black Teeth,
very sharp, near as thick as a Cock-Spur, and most of them
two inches long, naturally set upright, as it were, in a
wooden-socket. 220 CHAP. II.
Of ARBORESCENT Plants. A SPIKE of LONG PEPPER; a sort of Climber or Winder,
after the manner of Hops, and other like Plants. Not
much differing from the Round, saving in the Spike. It
grows in Malabar, Java, and Sumatra; but especially in
Bengala, where it is called Pimpilim. See Piso hereof. (a)(a) Mantissæ
Aromat. c. 8. ÆTHYOPIAN-PEPPER, or rather the Coded-Fruit
hereof. Well described by Bauhinus. (b) (b) Lib. 15.
c. 46. By Besler cu-
riously figur'd. Here, upon one Stalk, hang about 15 Cods,
most of them three inches long, thick as a Goose-Quill,
fibrous, and of the colour of Cloves; containing ten or
twelve blackish and longish Seeds, each in a Cell by it
self; not half so big as the least of French-Beans, which
Bauhinus affirmeth them to equal, but more like the Seed
of the Laburnum majus. Neither, according to the same
Author, hath it the tast of black Pepper, but rather of the
Clove; viz. not much biting, yet very Aromatick, especially
being well heated at a fire. POYSON-BERRYS. So they are inscrib'd. The fruit
of a Plant growing in the Burmudas, somewhat like to
Ivy. They grow in Bunches, almost as those of Round
Pepper, and are much of the same bigness, almost of a
stony hardness, yet inclosed in a thin brittle and pellucid
Cover. Whether they were gather'd full ripe, appears
not. The COD of a West-Indian Plant, called TAXOCO-
QUAMOCHIT TAXOCO-
QUAMOCLIT. This Cod, but not the Plant, is described
and figur'd in Bauhinus. (c) (c) Tom. 1.
cap. 11. 'Tis five inches long, ½ an inch
broad, and sharp-pointed. Divided into twenty or four
and twenty distinct Cells, made by so many thin Mem-
branes, for the lodging of as many Seeds apart, of a dark
Bay, and somewhat like those of Broom. The COD of a KIDNEY-BEAN of Brasile. (d) (d) Lobus
Fabæ Brasi-
lianæ Ne-
phroideæ. I find
it not described. 'Tis Divided into two Cells, by a Partition
½ an inch thick. Each of the Cells near two inches and ½ long,
and as broad, swelling out on both sides the Lobe, which out-
wardly is very rough and tawny, hath two furrows along 221 the Belly, the Back much bowed, and both of them about ½
an inch thick. The BEAN belonging to the said COD. Bauhinus
seems to describe and picture (a) (a) Tom. 2.
Cap. 17. under the Title of
Phasiolus peregrinus magnus, colore Castaneæ, cum magno
hilo, lævis. About half as big again as a Chesnut, flatish,
and having a broad, blackish Seat, reaching above half its
compass. Whereby it appears to be of the Bean-kind,
and no Phasiolus; the Seat whereof, like that of the Lupine,
is always round. Of these Beans, are here preserved both
black and bay. The COD of another Brasilian KIDNEY-BEAN, with
the Beans enclosed. It differs from the former in being
black, and in the number of its Cells, which are three.
The Bean is somewhat Oval, and wrinkled, and having
a Seat which reaches almost its whole compass. See a good
Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musæum. HERCULES'S CLUB. Rubi facie senticosa Planta. A
tall woody Plant, described in some sort, and so called,
by Lobelius. Near three yards long; how much longer,
is uncertain, being cut off at both ends; almost seven
inches in compass, strait, and but very little taper'd. Ori-
ginally, had two or three Branches, here cut off. En-
compassed with a great many pointed Studs, (whence its
Name) thick set, and sometimes growing double, flatish,
and about an inch broad by the length of the Club, after
the figure of the Thorns of the Rasberry-Bush. Like to
which they are also meerly cortical, having not one fiber
of wood in them, whereby they break like Cork, but are
not so soft. The wood is as hard, as that of Holly, and
the Pith but small. So that notwithstanding the simili-
tude of their Thorns, yet is it a different Plant from the
Rubus. The STALK of a Plant like a NET. 'Tis only the
woody part of it, the Barque and Pith being both taken away.
'Tis above an Eln long; likely, when entire, much longer,
for now 'tis broken at both ends. Almost six inches about.
The spaces between the reticulated portions of Wood, are a
bout ¼ or ⅓ of an inch over, and from two inches to
four, in length. Prince Maurice, looking upon This as
a Curiosity, upon his Return from Brasile, brought it thence
with him. 222 This being, as is likely, an Annual Plant, and therefore
having a large Pith, and very open Net-work, is a conspi-
cuous example of the like Work (though more or less open,
yet) observable in the woody part of all other Plants what-
soever. (a)(a) See the
Author's
Anatomy Of
Plants, Ch. 2.
& 3. Several SPIKES or Heads of MAYZ or Indian-Wheat;
with the Grains, as is not unusual, of three or four colours.
The Description of the Plant, with a large Account of its
Culture, and Use, were communicated by Mr. Winthrop
sometime since Governour of Connecticut in New England:
and by me lately published, in a succinct but
full Relation, (b) (b) Phil.
Trans. N. 142. with some alteration of the Method.
The Plant grows to the height of six or eight feet;
and is joynted like a Cane. 'Tis also full of a sweet juyce
like that of the Sugar-Cane. On the Spike grow several
strong thick Husks, which, before it is ripe, shut it close up
round about. Thereby defending it, not only from all
Weathers, but also the Ravine of Birds, to which, the Corn,
while tender, is a sweet and enticing food. The Stalks of this Corn, are good Fodder for Cattel.
As are also the Husks about the Spike. The Indian Women
slit the Husks, and weave them into Baskets of several
fashions. Of the Juyce above-said may be made a Syrup
as sweet as Sugar: which probably, may also be made
of it, by the usual method. The Indians eat the ripe
Corn either boil'd; or more usually parched; of it self, or,
as Bread, with Flesh. The green Corn also, which, as is
said, hath a sweet Tast, being boil'd, dry'd, and kept in
Bags, and when they eat it, boil'd again, they account a
principal Dish. The English, of the ripe Corn, make very
good Bread: but it must be mixed nothing near so stiff as
our Wheat-Meal. But the best sort of Food made hereof;
they call Samp. Having water'd, and ground it to the big-
ness of Rice, and winnow'd or sisted the Hulls from it,
they boil it tender, and so with Milk, or with Butyr and
Sugar, make it a very pleasant Dish. 'Twas often prescribed
by Dr. Wilson to his Patients here in London. The Indians
that live much upon it, seldom troubled with the Stone.
The English also make very good Beer, both of the Bread,
and of the Malt, made of this Corn. But it will not make
good Malt the ordinary way, because, not without sprouting 223 both ways to a considerable length: whereby it is so
matted before it is fully malted, that it cannot be opened
without breaking the Come. To avoid which, they pare
off a Turff about three inches thick, and laying the
Corn all over the bare ground, cover it with the Turff,
till the Plot looks like a green Field, at which time, the Corn
is well malted. Then taking it up in matted pieces, they
dry it on a Kiln, or in the Sun. The SPIKE or HEAD of the ÆGYPTIAN MAUZE.
Given by Sigr. Boccone (formerly Botanick to the Great
Duke of Tuskany) who brought it with him from Sicily,
where it is frequently nursed in Gardens. The Figgs (as
Acosta calls them) here grow upon it in several Bunches,
nine or ten in a Bunch; two inches and ½ long, and as
thick as the middle Finger of a labouring man; being now
shrunk up, and perhaps also dwarfed by the place of its
growth. This Plant, as it grows in Ægypt and the Indies, is de-
scribed by Thevetus, with the Title above; by Oviedus, un-
der the Name of Platanus, absurdly received by some, as
himself noteth; by Piso, who, with the Natives of Brasile,
calls it Pacoeira; by Acosta, with the Name of Musa, from (a) Theve-
tus.
the Arabian Mous. It grows three or four yards in height,
and ¾ of a yard (a) in compass. Yet this Trunk, so great,
is (b) but annual.(b) Oviedus. It hath Leaves above a yard and ½
long, and more than ½ a yard broad. The Figs grow
toward the top of the Trunk, near the shape and bigness of
a midling Cucumer, sometimes one or two (c) (c) Acosta. hundred of
them. Of a soft melting substance, and a sweet and most
delicious Tast. In Brasile, either eaten by themselves, or
with their Mandioca-Flower; boiled, or fryed (d) (d) Piso. with
Butyr. Part of a sort of MAMBU, a great Indian Cane. In
Bauhinus's Pinax called Arundo Arbor. Described by Wor-
mius. But whereas his was black, This is of a straw-colour:
and much smaller, sc. about seven inches in compass. Some
of them grow nine or ten yards high. 'Tis hollow, quite
through, excepting, that at every Joynt, 'tis closed up with
a transverse Plate or Floor. Necessary, for the adding
strength and sturdiness proportionable to so great a
height. 224 It grows in Malabar, especially about Coromandel, near
the Sea-side. In the several hollows is found a curdled
juyce, whereof the Natives make a sort of Sugar, by the
Æthyopians called Tabaxyr, much valued by the Arabians,
because of the Medicinal Virtue, (a) (a) Wormi-
us out of
Garsias and
others. they at least suppose it
to have. In Bantam, the Cane is much used for the building
of their Houses. The SUGAR-CANE. Arundo Saccharina. In Brasile
called Tacomaxeé; to which place (b) (b) Piso, l. 4.
c. 1. it was first trans-
planted from the Fortunate Islands. A great Reed about
seven or eight feet high, with many Joynts, one at about
every ½ foot, and a large close Pith; out of which, the
greatest part of the Juyce, whereof the Sugar is made, is (c) Hist. l. 4.
c. 1.
expressed. See the Description hereof at large in Piso (c)
and Ligon; (d) (d) Hist. of
Barb. p. 86.
&c. together with the way of Planting, gather-
ing and pressing the same; and of ordering the expressed
Juyce, for the making of several sorts of Sugar, and
Brandy: as also the Engines, and contrivance of Vessels for
the same purposes. The principal knack, without which all their labour
were in vain, is in making the Juyce, when sufficiently
boil'd, to kerne or granulate. Which is done, by adding
to it, a small proportion of Lye made with (vegetable)
Ashes: without which, it would never come to any thing
by boiling, but a Syrup, or an Extract. But a little of
that Fixed Salt, serves, it seems, to Shackle or Crystallize
(which is a degree of Fixation) a very great quantity of
the Essential Salt of this Plant. In refining the Sugar, the first degree of pureness, is
effected only by permitting the Molosses to drain away
through a hole at the bottom of the Sugar-Pots; the Pots
being, all the time, open at the top. The second degree
is procur'd, by covering the Pots at the top with Clay.
The reason whereof is, for that the Aer is hereby kept out
from the Sugar, which, in the open Pots, it hardens, be-
fore it hath full time to refine by separation. And there-
fore, whereas the first way requires but one Month, this
requires four. The finest Sugar of all, (e) (e) See Barl.
de Reb. Bra-
sil. p. 119. &c. is made with
Lime-Water (and sometimes Urine) and Whites of Eggs.
Sugar-Candy (Saccharum cantum, because it shoots into an-
gular Figures) by placing a great many slender sticks across
a Vessel of liquid Sugar, for it to shoot upon. 225 That which Dioscorides calls Σάκχαρον; Galen, Sacchar; &
Archigenes, Sal Indum; is the same thing for substance,
saith Matthiolus, with that we call Sugar: saving that,
whereas this is made of the Juyce expressed and boil'd;
that of the Ancients, as is likely, was only the Tears;
which bursting out of the Cane, as the Gums or Milks of
Plants are used to do, were thereupon harden'd into a pure
white Sugar. That the Sugar of the Ancients was the
simple Concreted Juyce of a Cane, He well conjectures:
and what is above said of the Mambu, may argue as much.
But that it was the Juyce or Tears of the Sugar-Cane, he
proves not. Nor, I think, could be, if, as is supposed, it
was, like Salt, friable, and hard. And in affirming our Sugar
to be the same for substance with that of the Ancients, he
much mistakes; that being the simple Juyce of the Cane,
this a compounded Thing, always mixed either with the
Salt of Lime, or of Ashes; sometimes of Animals too. The COD and SEED of the true Greater CARDA-
MUM, figur'd by Besler, in Calceolarius's Musæum, and
others with the Name of the Middle Cardamum. The Plant
it self, both Lesser, and Greater, described and figur'd by
Bontius; (a) (a) Hist. l. 6.
c. 36. who glories himself the first that hath done
it will. The Lesser grows about a yard high, with a joynted
Stalk, like a Reed. But bears its Spikes, with the Flower
and Seed, near the Root. The Greater grows two yards
in height, the Stalk not joynted, with a Spike of Flowers
at the top, somewhat like to that of a Jacynth. Both of
them plentiful in Java. The Indians season all their boil'd Meats herewith, pre-
ferring it before other Spices, as not being biting. That which is commonly received amongst Botanicks
for the Greater kind, from the fiery hot Tast of its Seeds
(called Grana Paradisi) seems to be no Cardamum, but of
another Tribe. The PAPYR-REED of Nile. Papyrus Nilotica. By the
Ægyptians called Berd. Given by Sigr. Boccone, who brought
it out of Sicily, where it grew. Described and figur'd in
Bauhinus; (b) (b) Lib. 18.
c. 196. who with Gesner, makes it a Species of Cy-
perus, to which (in Leaf and Stalk) it is like; but hath a
more compacted Head. This seems to have been no tall Plant:
but upon its Native Bed, sc. near the Banks of the River 226 Nile, it grows above three yards high, (as high, saith Alpi-
nus, above the Water) and abundantly. Which Moses's
Mother knowing, chose well, to lay her Babe in Pharaohs
Daughter's way, yet, in the mean time, under good shelter
from the scorching Sun. Both the Barques and Leaves of some Plants, are used
for writing upon by Impression. But this Plant hath its
Name, not from the use either of its Leaves or Barque, but
of its Pith; whereof, being beaten into a Pulp, the Pulp
spread into thin Leaves, and several of those Leaves clapt
together, Papyr fit to write upon was formerly made, as
now it is of Rags. It was also used by Chirurgions, as some-
times Spong, or Elder Pith is now, for the dilating of Fistu-
la's, and imbibing the sanious matter of ill-natur'd
Ulcers. Another Head of the same Plant. SECT. III.
Of HERBS. CHAP. I.
Of STALKS and ROOTS. THeThe BULBIFEROUS GARLICK. Given by Dr. Daniel
Whistler. So called, because in the place of Seed,
it bears Bulbs at the top of the Stalk. Described by
Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 19.
c. 3. with the Name of Allium proliferum: al-
though Bulbiferum, be more apposite; for that every
Plant which bears Seed, is proliferous; the Seed being
Plantæ Proles, or the Fœtus of a Plant. The Bulbs (not
fully described) are about twenty; in a round Head or
Cluster as big as a Nutmeg; each Bulb equal to a mid-
ling Peas; consisteth of four or five shells; of which, the
outmost is shrunk up to a dry Skin, on one side, of a pur-
plish colour; the inmost incloseth that little Particle which
in time becomes another bulbiferous Stalk, with a Root. 227 The STRINGY BRITHWOORT. Aristolochia Polyr-
rhizos. So called in distinction from the other kinds with
tuberous Roots. Described (a) (a) Lib. 32.
c. 8. by Bauhinus. It grows
in France and Spain; but this came from Virginia. Of all
the Species the most Aromatick, as by tasting the Roots,
although now very old, may easily be perceiv'd. The upright PENYROYAL. Pulegium erectum, Virgi-
nianum. It hath a Leaf almost as large as that of the
Pulegium montanum. Yet smells rather like Thyme. Which
is all the description it admits, now wither'd. A sort of SNAKEWEED, growing near the River in
Connecticut. So called, because the Root is used for the
biting of the Rattle-Snake. The Roots, especially pow-
der'd, are of a fragrant smell, and very Aromatick tast.
Yet seems a different Plant from the Serpentaria of the
Shops, as having a Leaf deeply jagg'd or scallop'd, as that
of Ladies-Mantle. The ROOTS of a sort of Asarum, found about Stani-
ford in the Western parts of New England. It seems the
same with the Serpentaria of the Shops, i. e. the Virginian
Snakeweed. A Plant of excellent use in some Feavers. The ROOT NINZIN, corruptly called Gensing. Taken
from a parcel sent over by a Chinese Physitian, and given
by Dr. Andrew Clench. Described (b) (b) Mantissæ
Aromat.
c. 15. by Guliel. Piso.
Almost of the colour of a Parsnep, with something of a
yellowish hue. No bigger than a little Skirret; and of
like consistence. Not stringy, as that in Piso, but divided, as
often the Mandrake and some other Roots, into two Legs.
Of a sweetish Tast, as Piso saith rightly. But this here is
also bitter; sweet in the first or lowest degree, and bitter
in the second. This Root is not known to grow (wild) any where, but
in the Kingdom of Corea. In which place, as also in Tun-
quin, China, and Japan, it is much used, and relied upon
in Epilepsys, Feavers, and other both Chronick and Acute
Diseases; either alone, or in composition (c) (c) Ibid.] as the Basis.
In China, accounted so great a Cordial, that one pound
hereof, is there sold for three (d) (d) Phil.
Trans. N. 14.
out of The-
venot's Voy-
ages, Tom. 3. pounds (weight) of Silver.
Which shews, That there 'tis no Native, but only a Drug.
So that if the Root or Seed be desired fresh for propaga-
tion, or other purpose, it were better sought for, where it
grows wild, than from thence. 228 The ROOT of the Ægyptian ARUM. Described by
Fabius Columna, (a) (a) Pars 2.
c. 1. with the Name of Arum Ægyptiacum:
but called by Alpinus, (b) Colocasia Strogulorhiza s. rotundâ
Radice; not rightly, as Columna notes. Nor do either of (b) Rarior.
Pl. lib. 2.
c. 18.
their Descriptions well reach it. This here (as it is often) is a double Root; each of
them round, and somewhat flat. The uppermost like
the dry'd Root of Arum, white and friable; but the Tast
is extinct. Full and frim, in breadth or transversly, two
inches; encompassed with three or four very small Circles,
whereupon several Leaves did once grow: underneath, are
the portions of several small dead Stalks; on the top
and sides, the Buds of others to come. To this, by a short
Neck between, hangs the lower; which being also the
elder, is more fuzzy and shrunk up. This Description cannot be understood, without know-
ing that, which is very observable of this, and a great
number of other Plants; and whereunto, no one Botanick
hath adverted: viz. That the Root is annually repaired,
or renewed out of the Stalk it self. Particularly, of this
Plant, that one of its two Roots doth every year perish, the
other is new made; not out of the other Root before it
perishes, but out of the Stalk it self. The Stalk descending by
such degrees, as that part thereof which, the last year, was
the lowermost above ground; this year, being sunk (or
rather by the appendent strings pulled) under ground,
becomes the upper Root; the next year, the under Root;
and the year after, rots off; another new Root being still
yearly made out of the Stalk. By which way, and not as
Trees by the same numerical Root, this and other like
Plants are perennial. This Root, the Egyptians eat very greedily, both raw,
boil'd, and all manner of ways; supposing them, prævalidè
excitare venerem. The Roots of the common Arum boil'd,
were heretofore eaten among the Greeks: and may tast as
well as boil'd Onions. A pair of large GINGER ROOTS; one of which, when
green, might weigh four or five ounces. And is said to be
dug up, sometimes, of fourteen Ounces. The Plant un-
certainly describ'd. Acosta compares it to that call'd La-
chryma Jobi; Lobelius, (c) (c) Lib. de
Bals. to a Reed; Garcias, to a Flag; 229 and Bauhinus pictures it accordingly with a trivalvous
Cod. Piso, out of Bontius's Papers, gives two Figures, one
of the Male, the other of the Female: and supposeth, that
the uncertainty of Relations hereof may proceed partly
from the not distinguishing betwixt them. The Stalk of
the Male indeed seems to have some little likeness to a Flag.
But the Seed-Cod is there neither figur'd nor describ'd. The best Ginger grows upon the Coast of Malabar. That
which is preserved with Sugar, comes, or did at least in Lin-
schotus's time, from Bengala and China. CHAP. II.
Of FRUITS. THeThe great FLAGON GOURD, or rather CALA-
BASH, for such I take it to be, and that therefore it
should have been placed with that sort of Fruit. Bauhi-
nus (a) (a) Lib. 16.
c. 1. describes a Gourd in shape pretty like to this by the
Name of Cucurbita Lagenaria; but mentions neither how
big, nor of what hardness the shell; in which latter re-
spect the Fruit here before us, (as do most Calibashes) far
exceeds all the sorts of Gourds that I know. 'Tis very
smooth, and of a parchment-colour: near eleven inches
long. That part of the Neck next the Tree three inches
and ¼ over; next the belly three and ¼; the belly it
self, nine inches; or two feet three inches about; the top
depressed. The shell as hard almost as a Plum-stone, and at
the small end above a quarter of an inch thick. A LONG Indian GOURD. I find it not describ'd.
Almost of a golden colour; in length, ten inches; in the
middle, where it is thickest, three over; from thence it
grows slender to the Stalk; the top Oval. Made angular
with ten Ribs, or great Fibers produced by the length, in
the middle about an inch distant one from another, and
appearing the higher, by the shrinking down of the sides
between them. The Rind not hard, within, whitish and
very fibrous. The Seeds, black and rough, near ½ an inch 230 long, flat, oval, and horned, as it were, with two knobs at
the Base: being chewd, of a very bitter tast. The WARTED GOURD. Figur'd, and in some sort
described (a) (a) Lib. 16.
c. 1. in Bauhinus. Probably, Lobelius's Sicyopepon
Strumosus. This is above a foot and ½ about, near ½ a foot
long, thickest towards the top, and there a little depressed
as an Apple. Soft and brittle, and now just of the colour
of Buff-Leather. The Warts or Knobs all round about it,
are neither blisters, nor solid, but embossed parts of the
Rind. Another of the same Species, but lesser. The LONG WARTED GOURD. Not described.
Almost two feet in compass, and near a foot in length.
In other respects, altogether like the former. ANOTHER with small and few WARTS. About four
inches long, towards the upper end, as much over. The
colour, and shape at the top, as of the rest. The BROAD TUBEROUS GOURD. Probably that
described and figur'd in Bauh. (b) (b) Lib. 16.
c. 1. by the Name of Cu-
curbita Clypeiformis s. Melopepon latus; at least of kin to it.
Of a Buff colour, as the former; four inches long, four
and ½ broad; surrounded with undulated Knobs an inch
or 1 ½ over, with furrows between each Knob and by the
length; depressed at the bottom; the top with a knob ½ an
inch over. The FLAT GOURD. Melopepo compressus alter, Lo-
belio. This came from Virginia. 'Tis three inches long,
or from the Stalk to the top, and three and ½ inch broad;
at both ends, compressed like a Bowl. Of a dusky yellow
mixed with tawny. The Little, Round, Bitter GOURD. Figur'd in Bau-
hinus (c) (c) Lib. 16.
c. 1. under the Title of Cucurbita amara, fructu parvo,
globoso, colore varia. The Description lies in the Name. A
sort of Colocynthis. The Yellow, Round, GOURD. In Bauh. the Fruit and
Plant together, entitul'd, Cucurbita aspera, minima, sphæ-
rica, crocea, variegata. With a conjecture of its being the
same with that which by Tabernamontanus is called Pepo In-
dica minor. Not only the shells of Calabashes, but also the Rinds of
Gourds, are used as Vessels for Gums, and other matters 231better than Earth or Wood, as being both light, and not
brittle. The little bitter Gourd, being eaten, worketh by
Vomit and Stool. The Water distill'd from unripe Gourds,
applied with Linnen, is most successful, and a great Expe-
riment against that Heat, called Syriasis, (a) (a) Bauh. lib.
16. c. 1. p 217. especially in
Infants. A FRUIT in shape somewhat like a WILD CUCU-
MER; yet not, as that, hairy, but smooth. The Seeds
also of both are in figure, colour, and tast, altogether alike.
So that perhaps it may not be improperly called Cucumis
Sylvestris glaber. A FRUIT, supposed by Clusius, (b) (b) Exot. lib.
2. c. 18. to be that of the
EGYPTIAN-BEAN of Dioscorides, a Water-Plant. 'Tis
of a brown Bay, and of a softish and light substance;
the top, which is broadest, above three inches over, and flat;
divided into about twenty round and open Cells, almost
like an Honey-Comb. In each Cell is contained a Bean or
Nut, alike colour'd, of an Oval shape, as big as a small
Akorn, and in the same manner pointed at the top. See
also the Figure in Bauh. A slender COD of GUINY-PEPPER. Capsici Siliqua
angusta. Piso (c) (c) Hist. l. 4.
c. 51. describes and figures nine or ten sorts, all
growing in Brasile, and there called Quiya; of which this
is the longest and most slender. 'Tis used as a great Sto-
machick Medicine, and in Sauces, both in substance and
infusion, in America, Spain, and other Countries, and by
many prefer'd before the best Pepper. The COD of the Broad Leav'd DOGSBANE. Siliqua
Apocyni latifolij. Given by George Wheeler Esq;. Described
and figur'd in Bauhinus: (d) (d) L. 15.
c. 15. p. 135. but with the Cods shorter and
thicker than their natural shape. Of kin to that which
Lobelius calls the Scammony of Montpelier. Along the
middle or centre of the Cod, runs a slender fibrous pillar,
to which, and not to the sides of the Cod, the Seeds are
fasten'd on both sides it; and so encompassed about with
Down, wherewith the Cod is fill'd up. A provident fore-
cast of Nature to keep them warm. The said Down con-
sisteth not of single Hairs, but Plumes, affixed to the Seeds,
wherewith they are winged for their being more dispersed-
ly wafted by the Aer, and prevent their falling in a ruck on
the ground. 232 The CODS of the wild WOAD, (Glasti Sylvestris)
together with the Seeds therein contain'd. A small SPIRAL FRUIT. Above an inch long, and ¼
over. It consisteth of five little Cods, all growing upon
one Stalk, and thence twisted all together (as several
strings in a Rope) are at the end united in a slender point. The WATER-CALTROP. Tribulus aquaticus. De-
scribed in Bauhinus. A kind of shelly Fruit of a brown
colour; divided into four thick and sharp-pointed Spikes,
quadrangularly. In the centre of which is lodged a white
and well tasted Kernel. They grow in the Rivers and
Lakes in Italy and Germany. Where, in times of scarcity,
the people make Bread of the Kernels. Some EARS of Tangier WHEAT. Given by the Ho-
nourable Charles Howard of Norfolk Esq;. The Plant
described in Bauhinus by the Name of Triticum cum mul-
tiplici Spicâ. For it is a great broad Spike, as it were
branched out into several little lesser ones; yet all closely
compacted: in the middle ½ inch thick, and an inch and ¼
broad; four long, and sharp pointed. Some more EARS of the same sort, brought from Por-
tugal where it grew. CHAP. III.
Of SEEDS. THeThe THICK FRENCH-BEAN. Phaseolum maximè
tumidum. An inch and ¼ long, ¼ broad, and ½ an inch
thick. The seat of the Bean, or of its Plancentula, that is,
the part whereon it grows, as long; of a brown colour,
with a black rimm. The slender FRENCH-BEAN, of several sizes and
colours, sc. Red, Black, White or Ash-colour, and the same
spoted with black. Although these are quite different from
the Fabaceous kind, yet I have retained the English Name,
because in use. The ROUND scarlet Phaseolus. Abrus coccineum majus.
Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 17.
p. 264. describes it under the Title of Pisum America-
num; improperly, for that the Peasen, and the Phaseolous 233 kind, are very different. And for the Figure hereof, by
some oversight, is placed that of a sort of Palme-Nut. 'Tis
a scarlet Fruit about as big as a Rounseval Peas, and some-
what flat. The LESSER AMERICAN-BEAN. About ¼ of an
inch broad, almost square, and very thick. The seat of the
Placenta, black; which reaches almost half round the Bean.
Here are preserved both Black ones, and of a Scarlet or
Coralline colour. An ORBICULAR Indian PEAS. A large one, sc. ¼ of
an inch Diametre: of a shining straw-colour, mixed with
yellowish Striæ as it were in rings: not much unlike
the little round stones wherewith Children play, called
Marbles. Another ROUND Indian PEAS. About as big as the
former, and also round. But somewhat flat on both sides,
as a Loaf. And of a whitish colour. An OVAL Indian PEAS. A very large one, sc. near
an inch long, and above ½ an inch over; of a long Oval
Figure, so as to resemble a Sparrows Egg. But of a shining
blewish ash-colour, like a Jaspis. Bauhinus (a) (a) Lib. 17.
p. 276. figures and
describes a Fruit (or Seed) pretty like to this, with the Name
of Phaseolus Ovo Columbino ferè similis. But by his De-
scription it is neither of the Phaseolous, nor Fabaceous, but
of the Peas-kind; as both This, and the two precedent
ones, also are. The Characteristick of which kind is, To
have the Placenta, and so the Seat of it, always very
small. The GUINEY-PEAS. Described in Bauhinus by the
Name of Pisum Americanum coccinem s. Abrus minus. Al-
though the Abrus majus be of the Phaseolous kind. 'Tis
of the bigness of a young Peas, of an Oval shape, and
Scarlet colour, when fresh very pure; and adorned upon
the seat of the Placenta with a black spot. Here are some
also of the same sort, all over black. They grow in Mada-
gascar and China; where they eat them not, but only use
them for weights. In Europe, sometimes for Necklaces and
Bracelets for the Wrists. The great CICHE. Cicer ruffus major. In Italy, Spain
and France Ciches are commonly sown (as Clover-Grass)
in the Fields. In some parts of France, they use them not
only medically, but for food. 234 The great LENTIL. Leus major. This also is sown, in
France, in the Fields, as the Ciche. The great Wild VETCH. Vicia maxima sylvestris. The CANDY VETCH. Arachoides Honorij Belli, s.
Cretica. Described, in Bauhinus, (a) (a) Lib. 17.
c. 19. by the Author from
whom the Name. The Seed it self, like a little Lentil.
Seldom more than one in a Cod. The Cod is short and
broad, about the bigness of a Silver Half-peny; On the
outside cancellated or favous, almost as in the seed of
Poppy. What H. Bellus affirms (b) (b) Ibid. of this Plant, is observable, sc.
That it bears Cods not only on the Stalk, but also on the
Roots under ground. The KIDNEY-VETCH. Semen Anthyllidis legumi-
nosæ. The CRIMSON GRASS VETCH. s. Catanance. The MEDICK FITCHLING. s. Onobrychis. The EVERLASTING VETCH; so it seems to be. Vicia
multiflora perennis. The EVERLASTING PEAS. Lathyrus perennis. The PRICKLY HEDG-PARSLY Seed. Semen Cauca-
lidis echinatum. s. Lappulæ Canariæ latifoliæ. The Seed of MACEDONIAN PARSLEY. The AZORICK sweet FENIL Seed. Shaped like that
of the Shops, but much less. The Seed of the stringy BIRTHWORT of Virginia.
s. Pistolochiæ Virginianæ. The Seed of Indian SCABIOUS. Somewhat bigger than
the common. The Seed of the BUGLOSS with the yellow Flower. The Seed of a SENSITIVE Plant. s. Herbæ mimosæ.
There are several Species described by Clusius, and others.
That of Clusius, about five handful high, and hath the
tast and smell of Liquirish. This Seed is of a dark brown,
not much bigger than that of a Purple Stock, angular, and
frequently of a Rhomboidal Figure. It takes its Name (as is
commonly known) from its Imitation of sense or Animal
motion. For so soon as you touch the Leaves, they pre-
sently fall, till they lie upon the ground. After a while, they
rise again; but being touched, fall as before. The Seed of VENUS LOOKING-GLASS. Of the 235 shape and bigness of a Fly-blow, but of a dark glistering
colour, like polish'd Steel. Figur'd and describ'd by
Mr. Hook. (a) (a) Micro-
graphia. The Seed of PRICK MADAM; Sedi minoris. In co-
lour, shape and bigness, almost like to that of Pancy-Seed,
or the Viola tricolor, but a little less. The Seed of Wild GARLICK. The SEED of the Carduus headed HAWKWEED.
The Plant described by Bauhinus, but not the Seed. 'Tis
⅛ of an inch long, as thick as that of the lesser Hawkweed,
and of a yellowish straw colour; a little crooked, with the
top swell'd and pointed, and view'd in a Glass, appears
wrinkled round about. The lesser Champaine TREACLE MUSTARD-Seed. s.
Thlaspios Campestris. The Seed of the great STAR of BETHLEHEM. s. Or-
nithogali sl. pleno. Of the bigness of Mallow-Seed, and very
black; on one side round, on the other angular. The Seed of the VERVAINE MALLOW of Japan. s.
Alceæ Japonensis. As small as that of the common Mallow,
but longer and more like a Kidney; of a brownish yellow,
yet cover'd with a white, thin, and very short Down. Summer WHEAT of New England. So call'd (though
less properly) because sown and ripe the same year. Whe-
ther from the Nature of the Grain, or the Soil and Climate,
trial hath not been made. SECT. IV.
Of MOSSES, MUSHROONS, &c. Together
with some Appendents to Plants. OF MOSSES here are about four and twenty Species.
Most of them gather'd in a Wood in Surrey, and
given by John Evelyn, Esq;. The CREEPING TREE MOSSE of America. 'Twas
found betwixt Virginia and Florida. It consisteth of seve-
ral Threds, somewhat thicker than a Taylors, cover'd all
over with little skiny Scales, hardly visible without a Glass. 236 The greater number of these Threds put forth two or
three more, and so those as many, repeating them after
every two inches, all of equal thickness. In which manner
they spread wonderfully both in length and breadth. 'Tis
probable, that under those little Scales may lie the Seed of
the Mosse. The SHIELDY Tree MOSSE. Muscus arboreus scutel-
laris. So called, for that it grows with several broad round
Heads, from a ¼ to ½ an inch over, and a little Concave,
not unlike a Buckler. Described and figur'd in Bau-
hinus. The soft BEARDED Tree-MOSSE. Muscus arbor:
barbat. Imperati. Described by the Author of the Name.
It consisteth of a great number of strings in a cluster; some
of them at the bottom, as thick as a Knitting-pin, and ½
a foot in length; all ending as small as a fine Thread; and
not unaptly resembling a Beard. The Crisp BEARDED MOSSE. Different from the for-
mer, only in being more rough and woody. The FISTULAR Tree-MOSSE. Described in Bauhinus
by the Name of Muscus arbor: Villosus. By whom it is
mistakenly said to be woody: it being wholly of a pithy
substance, and having all its Branches hollow as so many
little Pipes: from whence I have nam'd it. The Dwarf PIPE-MOSSE. Different from the prece-
dent in being shorter, and more spread thick and bushy.
That which is called Usnea Officinorum. The HORNED Tree-MOSSE; consisting of short
crooked Pipes. The greater FLAT-MOSSE. Muscus arbor: ramosus, s.
latiramis major. Figur'd, as if it were nothing else but a
branched Skin. The dwarf FLAT-MOSSE. M. latiramis humilis. The CROWNED FLAT-MOSSE, having a flat Head
or Crown on the top. Thus far of Tree-Mosses. The greater CAPILLARY-MOSSE. Polytrichum
majus. The lesser CAPILLARY-MOSSE. The greater BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE. Described
and figur'd in Bauh. with the Title of Muscus terrestris re-
pens à Trago pictus. 237 The lesser BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE. Muscus
terrestris ramosus minor. Of the same Species with the Skull-
Mosse. Described in Bauhinus, as I take it, with the Title
of Muscus Abietis facie. The FIRN-MOSSE. M. silicinus; so called from its
likeness to a young Firn-Branch. The TOOTHED-MOSSE. M. terrestris denticulatus.
The several strings hereof, border'd on both sides with jag-
ged or toothed Membrans. Figur'd and describ'd in
Bauhinus, under the Name of Muscus pulcher parvus re-
pens. The smallest CREEPING MOSSE. M. terr. repens mi-
nimus. The lesser ground MOSSE with REVERTED Leaves;
that is, with their points doubled backward. So small, as
hardly to be observed distinctly without a Glass. The CROWNED Ground-MOSSE. The Branches
hereof are of an ash-colour, ½ an inch log, flat and skinny,
and crowned at the top with round, flat, and blackish
Heads. The greater FISTULAR Ground-MOSSE. The Pipes
of this Mosse are also of an ash-colour, about an inch long,
and as thick as an Oaten straw. The lesser FISTULAR MOSSE. The Pipes of this are
an inch and ½ high, and as thick as a good big Needle. The FLORID FISTULAR MOSSE. M. Tubul. Esslo-
rescens. The Pipes of this are also ashen, slender, an inch
long, with jagged and redish Heads, somewhat like little
Flowers. The CUP-MOSSE. Musc. Pyxidatus; so called, be-
cause its several Sprigs have Concave Heads like little
Cups. Of Mosses, it may be Noted, That they are all compre-
hended under two general kinds. One whereof, is pro-
perly to be called WOODY, or That, in which we find a
stringy or fibrous Part, included within a Cortical: and are
therefore to be number'd amonst perfect Plants. Of which
sort, are the Terrestris repens, Denticulatus, Ramosus, Capillaris,
Filicinus, Folijs retroversis, Barbatus, Scutellatus, & Americanus.
The other simply CORTICAL, whether flat or round; and
therefore to be reckon'd of the Family of Imperfect Plants. 238 Of which sort, are the Pyxidatus, Terrestr. Tubularis, Arbo-
reus Tubularis s. Usnea offic. Latiramis, Latiramis Coronatus,
Corniculatus, Terrest. Coronatus & Tubul. efflorescens. The Jagged Tree-LIVERWORT. Lichen arboreus laci-
niatus. The Curled Tree-LIVERWORT. L. laciniatus
crispus. A Great FISTULAR MUSHROON. So I call it. Given
by Sir Rob. Southwell. I find no Description of this Spe-
cies. They commonly grow upon the Elm. This is ½ a
Cone, as having grown to the side of the Tree without
stalk. The Diametre of the Base, near ½ a yard; from
whence it rises above ¼ of a yard in height, narrowing all
the way to the top. Girded with several Rings of various
breadth. Outwardly, very hard and dense. Inwardly soft
and compressable, like a Pith, and is in substance really such.
Consisting of an innumerable company of small soft
Fibers, wrought together almost as pure fine Wooll in a
Hat. The bottom is all over perforated with Pores; of the
bigness of those little Foveæ in the seeds of Poppy; and are
the extremities of as many small strait and parallel Pipes of
a considerable length, probably, almost through to the
top, as I have seen them in a lesser of the same kind. These
Pores or Pipes may be distinctly seen without a Glass. With
one, a Slice of the Mushroon looks like a piece of wood out
of which Button-Moulds have been turn'd. Both the sub-
stance of the Pipes, and of the other parts of the Mushroon,
so far as visible, is answerable only to the Cortical, or pithy
Part of a Plant. So that it seems to be but half of a per-
fect Plant: or wanting the Lignous Part, by which all
Plants receive their various Figures, is a kind of Vegetable
Mola; in comparison, a rude mishapen thing. That which hath formerly (a) (a) See the
Authors two
last Books Of
Plants, the
former Of
Roots, the
latter Of
Trunks; es-
pecially this
latter. been by me observed
with the help of Glasses, by the Pith of this Mushroon is
further confirm'd, and clearly represented to the naked
eye, sc. That the Pith of a Plant, as well as the Wood, is
wholly fibrous. A smaller FISTULAR MUSHROON, about four
inches in diametre. In which the aforesaid Pipes apparent-
ly run parallel for the length of near two inches and ½, or
from the bottom almost to the top. 239 A THIRD and FOURTH still lesser than the former. Part of the CORK-MUSHROON. 'Tis eight inches in
Diametre, exactly of the colour and substance of the best
Cork, sc. light, soft, compressible and springy: from whence
I name it. In the middle, an inch and ½ thick, the Circumfe-
rence very thin; the upper side solid, the under divided into
several Plates by the Diametre, frequently so joyn'd together,
as to make a great many little Cells, somewhat like to those
in a Honey-Comb. The SPONGE MUSHROON. So it may be call'd, for
that it is porous almost after the manner of some Sponges,
particularly the Cup-Spunge hereafter describ'd. And is al-
so of the same colour. But hath the substance of a Tree-
Mushroon. The CORAL-like MUSHROON. Described in Bau-
hinus amongst Mosses, with the Title of Muscus Coralloides.
Figur'd by Lobelius. The SCARLET CATSTAIL MUSHROON of Malta.
Fungus Typhoides coccineus Melitensis. Given by Sigr. Boc-
cone, and by him described and figur'd. (a)(a) Desc.
Plant. Rari-
or. The round Venimous MUSHROON of the Hazle.
F. Coryleus orb. venen. The HART-FUSBAL. Tuber cervinum s. Cervi Boletus.
So called, from a false Opinion, that they are there only
found, where Deer go to Rut. Described by Bauhinus. THE AROMATIC TUBER Negro Bag I find no Description
hereof. 'Tis in length ½ a foot; at the lower part, half an
inch thick, or in Diametre; in the middle, two inches
and ½; the top, oval or elliptick; not unaptly resembling
the Boon critton-Pear. Of a brown colour, solid, dense,
and ponderous; and tough, almost like Glew. Being fir'd, it
burns with much flame, melts into a good deal of Oil, and
yields a smoak of a grateful Aromatick smell. See p. 385 The KERMES BERRY. Coccum s. Granum Infectorium.
Commonly, but absurdly, so called; as not being a Fruit,
but only a round Ball or Button, nourished on the Boughs
and Leaves of the Dwarf-Ilex, or the Ilex Coccigera; a
kind of Shrub, in France, Spain, and Italy, with prickly
Leaves, like a little Holly-Bush. This Berry when fresh
gather'd (which is at the end of May and the beginning of
June) is full of a Crimson Juyce, or Pulp, so called, which, for 240 the most part of it, is a heap of small red Mites. And con-
taineth also, as is probable, one or more Maggots, which
feed upon the Mites. The said Juyce or Pulp (as it is called) is made use of
for the Confection of Alkermes, and other purposes. For
the Deyers use, the Berrys are spread abroad upon Linnen,
and to prevent heating, turned twice a day. When the
Mites creep out and cover the Berrys, they are sprinkled
with Vinegar, and rub'd a little, and so separated by a
Searce; repeating, till the Berrys yield no more. Of this
Pulp, Powder, or Heap of Mites, are formed little Balls,
and so exposed to the Sun to dry. The use of the Vinegar, is
to kill or weaken the Mites and Maggots, which other-
wise would turn to little Flys (rather Bees.) The empty
Husks, being washed with Wine and dry'd, are put up in (a) Phil.
Trans. N. 20.
p. 363.
Sacks, either alone, or with a quantity of powder in the
middle. This Account I have drawn up out of the Ob-
servations communicated by Dr. William Croon (a) from
Mr. Verny an Apothecary at Montpelier, and those of
Mr. Lyster, (b) (b) Ibid.
N. 87.
p. 5059. which illustrate each other. To the Remarques above mention'd, I shall add one more,
which is, That as the Pulp or Powder, so called, is a Cluster
of small Animals: so the Husk it self is an Animal Body,
as it were grafted on the Stock or Leaf, whereon it grows;
and so converteth all the nourishment it deriveth thence
(as Bread eaten is turned to Flesh) into its own Animal
Nature. And that the said Husk is really an Animal Body,
appears by that fetid scent it gives, like that of Horns, Hair,
and the like, upon its being burnt. A property, which
I find belonging to no Plant whatsœver, except to some
Sea-Plants, as in the following Section shall be instanced.
So that, though in compliance with the Vulgar Opinion, I
have placed it here, yet ought it to be treated of amongst
Animals. English KERMES BERRYS. Observed, and sent by
Martin Lyster Esq;. Together with several Remarques, re-
lating both to the Foreign kind, and to This. (c) (c) Phil.
Trans. N. 71.
p. 2165. N.
72. p. 2177.
N. 73. p.
2196. com-
pared with
N. 87. p.
5059. This,
he found upon the Plum, Vine, and several other Trees, es-
pecially the Cherry. The Husk of a Chesnut colour, con-
taining four or five Maggots of the Bee-kind, producing a
Bee less than an Ant; together with a Pulp or Heap of 241 Mites, (as the other Kermes) on which the Maggots feed.
The empty Husk, rub'd upon a white Paper, tinged it with
a beautiful Purple or Murrey. The principal difference which I note betwixt the For-
reign and these English Berrys, now dry, is, That in those,
the powder is red, and more bitter, in these white, and
less bitter. But whether the powder in these also was not
once red, I cannot say. For in some even of the Forreign
Berrys, I find it white. Which I the rather note, that
they may be separated by Apothecaries from the rest, as be-
ing stark naught. COCHINELE. Coccus Radicum. The former Name,
seemeth to be but the diminutive of Coccus. The latter,
grounded upon the Opinion, That as the Kermes Berry
grows on the Body and Leaves, so this, on the Roots, of
Plants, especially on those of Pimpinel; yet in some places
only. Further, I find no certain account. To me, thus
much seems evident, That 'tis neither a Vegetable Excre-
scence, as some surmise; nor an Insect, as others: yet
an Animal Body, as the Kermes Berry, by some Insect
affixed to a Plant; and thence nourished for a time, but ga-
ther'd before it be fill'd with Mites or Maggots. For being
held, as the Kermes Berry, in the flame of a Candle; it usu-
ally huffs and swells, but always stinks, like Hair or Horn
when they are burnt. A scruple of Cochinele added to an ounce of Saccharum
Saturni, makes a most curious Purple; but I believe
fading. A GREAT GALL, which grew upon that sort of Oak
described by Clusius in the third place; and frequent in
Spain. 'Tis now of a dark brown, and smooth; of a
Sphærical Figure, with a few small knobs here and there;
as big as a little Apple, sc. near two inches in Diametre. 242 SECT. V.
Of SEA-PLANTS. CHAP. I.
Of SHRUBS. I Find, upon particular Observation, that of SEA-
SHRUBS there are two general kinds. Such as are strict-
ly woody, that is, have the colour and fibrosity of Wood,
and burn and smell like Wood. And such as are, in a man-
ner, horny, or look, bend, burn and smell like Horn. A WOODY SHRUB. Frutex marinus verè ligneus.
'Tis here cut off from the Root. About a foot in height,
with four Branches spread out as broad, and cover'd with
several thick Knobs of a sort of softish white Coral; the
sides of which Knobs are a ¼ of an inch thick; the surface
almost like that of Poppy-Seed. ANOTHER, near a ¼ of a yard high, as thick as the
Ring-Finger, with white and hardish Incrustations upon
the tops of its Branches. Any strong Acid droped on the
said Crust, causeth an Effervescence: so that it seems to be a
Coralline substance. A THIRD, with the Branches broken, and without a
Crust, three or four inches high, and as thick as the middle
Finger. A FOURTH, with the Branches also broken, and with-
out a Crust. 'Tis a small one; but hath a very large Root,
curiously spread all over the backside of an Oyster-shell. And it may here be observ'd, That the Roots not only
of this, but almost all Sea-Shrubs, instead of being Rami-
fied, are spread out in the form of a Skin or Membrane,
and so stick fast to some hard and steady Body as their
Base. Another slender one, about a ¼ of a yard high, but the
Root broken off. 243 A FLAT WOODY SHRUB. Frutex M. ligneus, expan-
sus, ramulis coeuntibus. In all the former, the Branches are
expanded every way: in this, only one way, or in breadth.
'Tis also of a softer substance, and more brittle. Of a Pur-
ple colour, almost like the woody part of Alkanet Root.
Above ½ a foot high, and as broad. Several of the Branches
united together, as in the Sea-Fan. Some of these Shrubs
were found near the Straights of Gibraltar. The Horny SHRUBS are also of two general kinds;
either with the Branches loose; or else united together. A great tall HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE
BRAINCHES. Frutex Corneo-ligneus major erectior solutis
Ramulis. 'Tis above a yard and ½ high. Consisteth of
five or six principal Branches, equal to a Tobacco-Pipe-
Stalk where thickest; having scarce any callateral ones.
Bends like Whalebone, and both without and within, looks
not unlike to that, or Black-Horn. And in like manner,
curles, huffs or swells, and stinks in burning. The Root
cut off. ANOTHER of the same, ¼ of a yard high, and more
branched. A THIRD, with more numerous Branches than the
former. Cover'd with a very thick, but soft Incrustation;
originally of a Purple colour, but now for the most part
turned brown; curiously perforated, as it were with Pin-
holes, all round about. Probably the foundation of one sort
of perforated Coral. A great ARBORESCENT HORNY SHRUB. Half a
yard High, and a foot in breadth, being spread in the
form of an Oak, with great Branches about as thick
as a mans Thumb. The Stock, six or seven inches in
compass. The Root spread upon a stony Base, and of a
brown colour. The Branches black both without and
within; and swell, or huff, and stink, like Horn, in
burning. ANOTHER, spread also, in part, as a Tree. Half a
yard high, and near as broad. Of a blackish colour; and
stinks a little in burning; but swells not. Cover'd with a
very thick, but soft purple Crust. To several of the Branches
are also curiously fasten'd the WOMBS or NESTS of a
certain Insect, as big as a Horse-Bean, of a roundish figure; 244 within, whitish, smooth and glossy; without, cover'd with
the said soft and purple Crust. A small HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE Branches.
The Root is curiously spread upon a Stone like a thin skin.
The Trunk of a yellowish brown, and thick as an Oaten
straw, divided into slender Twiggs, to about a foot in
height; flexible, and having a soft and white Pith. Being
burnt, they not only send forth a very stinking smoke, but
also swell into a light and spongy Cynder, just like that of
Whale-bone, Cow-Horn, Leather, or other like Animal-Body.
Most of them are cover'd with a soft ash-colour'd Crust.
Neither Oil of Vitriol, nor any other, except a Nitrous
Acid, droped upon this Crust, causeth an Effervenscence.
Which shews the Salt therein contained, to have affinity
with that in the stones bred in Animals. TWO more small HORNY and incrustated Shrubs. TWO more, growing together on a stony Base, not
Incrustated. A FLAT, HORNY SHRUB, with LOOSE Branches.
Frutex Corneo-ligneus, expansus, solutis Ramulis. In all the
former, the Branches were expanded every way: in this,
only one way, or in breadth. The Root spread like a
Membrane, upon its Base, as in the former. 'Tis near ½ a
foot high, and almost ¼ broad, shaped not unlike a Fea-
ther-Fan, formerly in use. The Trunk ¼ of an inch over,
divided into a great number of Branches round, black,
smooth, somewhat flexible, and having a Pith. In burning
they huff and stink, as the former. Cover'd with a soft and
ash-colour'd Crust, all over knobed with little Vesicles, which
are sometimes perforated. ANOTHER, more tall, and with both a White or Grey,
and Red Crust; not on the same but several Branches.
The former, knobed; the other, as it were daubed upon
the Branches. Given by Sigr. Boccone, and by him also
figur'd. ANOTHER of these growing Double, or divided next
the Root into two spreading and parallel Bodies. A flat HORNEY SHRUB, with more NUMEROUS
Branches. About a foot broad, and near as high. Rooted
in a kind of Brain-stone. Without any Crust. The Branches,
as more numerous, so slender, longer, and more flexible,
so as to be somewhat bearded. 245 ANOTHER, with less numerous Branches, and SEMI-PERSPICUOUS, if held up against the light. Above a
foot high, and ¼ broad. It neither huffs nor stinks so much
in burning, as do the former. A Flat HORNY SHRUB with COLLATEARAL
Branches. Frutex corneo-ligneus filiciformis, So I name it.
In all the former, the Branches are reciprocal, or not of
equal height on both sides the great Stemm: in this, just
opposite, as in a Feather or Branch of the Male-Firne.
Near a foot high, and five inches broad. The small or
side Sprigs are round, as in all the former. But the middle
Stemm is flat. Both This and the others, Semiperspicuous.
They stink in burning, but swell not. Cover'd with a soft,
purple, knobed, and perforated Crust. ANOTHER large one, with two middle Stems, but all
the side Branches broken off. In height ½ an Eln. The Root
of a light and skinny substance, spread abroad so, as to make
six inches compass. ANOTHER not so tall as the former, (about a foot high)
but the middle Stems thicker. The collateral Branches
here also broken off. Another small one: but with the Root curiously spread
upon its stony Base, like a thin smooth Leafe. Most of these
flat Shrubs grow in the Mediterranean-Sea. A Flat SHRUB with UNITED Branches. Frutex ex-
pansus, Ramulis coeuntibus. 'Tis a foot high, and ½ a yard
broad. Divided reciprocally into severally Branches, con-
taining a Pith. In all the foregoing, the Branches are all
loose or separate; in this, some of the smallest meet in one;
as Inosculated Veins, or as the Fibers in the Leaves of Plants.
Of a blackish colour, and somewhat fetid upon burning.
Cover'd with an ash-colour'd, soft, and knobed Crust. ANOTHER, with the Branches and Conjuctions much
more numerous, so as to make very close Work. Near a
foot high, and almost as broad. Stinks in burning, and is
cover'd with a knobed Crust, as the former. A Great SEA-FAN. Frutex m. maximus, RETICULATUS,
s. Flabellum marinum maximum. In the two former, only
some, here all the Ramifications are united, so as to make
one entire piece of Net-work, in the shape of a Fan. 'Tis
above ¼ of a yard high, and almost a yard and ½ broad. 246 The Root wonderfully spread upon its stony Base. For
being extended every way, some of its Skirts meet under-
neath, and so embrace it round about. The Branches of
a blackish brown, and swell and stink, like Horns, in burn-
ing. Cover'd with a soft Crust, originally Purple, but now
for the most part faded into an ashen colour. ANOTHER large SEA-FAN, ¼ of a yard high, and ½
an Eln broad. Incrustated as the former. It hath this pe-
culiar, sc. out of the sides of it, grow several other small
Fans, about a ¼ of a yard long (more or less) and near as
broad. TWO more large SEA-FANS, above ½ a yard high,
and as broad. Incrustated as the former. Of one of these
Fans, and about this bigness, see an elegant Figure in Calceo-
larius's Musæum. (a)(a) Sect. 1. THREE Midling SEA-FANS, near ½ a yard broad, and
a foot high. Incrustated as the others. THREE small SEA-FANS. Two of them are a ¼ of a
yard high, and as broad. The Third, is less. Yet hath
several little netted Labels growing on the side. All three
incrustated, as before. A SEA-FAN with CLOSE Net-work. Whereas the
former consisted of more open work; as by comparing
even a lesser of those herewith, is apparent. Neither hath
this any Crust. 'Tis ½ an Eln high, and a foot broad. Seve-
ral of the smaller Ramification, thin or flat, sc. transversly
to the breadth; looking like little Splinters of Whalebone. In
burning, it swells, and stinks, as the others. ANOTHER of the same, but not above a foot high,
and near half as broad. This also is naked or without any
Crust, as the former. Most of these Fans grow in the Ame-
rican-Ocean. Wormius, speaking of Sea-Shrubs (b) (b) Mus. l. 2.
c. 35. at the
end. hath this passage,
—Mirum profectò, quomodo hujus generis vegetabilia ex ijs
(saxis puta) nutrimentum trahere valeant. Whereas 'tis plain,
That they receive no nourishment from them, but the Sea-
Water, and such nutritive Bodies wherewith it is impregnated.
And it is therefore observable, That although the Trunk
and Branches of these Shrubs are of a close and dense sub-
stance; yet their Roots are always made soft and spongy
(especially when recently gather'd) the better to imbibe 247 their Aliment. So that the use of the Stone, or stony Body,
on which they stand, is only to be a Base to keep them
steady, and in the most convenient posture for their
growth. These, and other Sea-Plants hereafter describ'd, stinking,
as is said, like Horns, in burning, and some of them not un-
easily procur'd, it may be worth the Trial; Whether in
Hysterical, Epileptick, or other like Cases, they may not
prove more effectual, than Animal Bodies. CHAP. II.
Of other SEA-PLANTS, and of SPONGES. THeThe HORN-PLANT. Tuba marina; as it may be
called from its form. 'Tis about two yards and ¼
high. At the bottom, not two inches about; from whence
it grows thicker all the way to the top, where it is seven
inches in compass, and of an Oval Figure. Hollow quite
through from the top till within about two feet of the bot-
tom. The sides no thicker than a Hazle-Nutshell. Not
woody, but tough, like the young Barque of a Tree, or a
piece of tan'd Leather; and within, of a like colour; but
black without. It grows in the West-Indian Ocean. The
Indians cut off the top and so much of the small end as is
solid, and lining the inside with a sort of Glew, or of
Lacker, make themselves Horns hereof either for Hunting, or
other use. A Tuft or Bunch of CORALLINE. Described and
figur'd by most Botanicks. I add (what I think is unnoted)
That the inward part of this Plant is truly Ligneous or Fi-
brous: the outward, from whence its Name, being only a
Crust growing upon it, as in the Shrubs above described.
'Tis esteemed an excellent Remedy against Worms. FLAT CORALLINE, as it may be called, or Spangle-(a) Lib. 39.
c. 30. and
figur'd.
Wort. Described in Bauhinus (a) by the Name of Opuntia
marina. By Ferranti Imperato, (b) with the Name of Serot-
lara. It consisteth wholly of Leaves, joyned edge to edge, as (b) Lib. 27.
in the Indian-Fig; Somewhat round, and scallop'd, and not 248 much bigger than a silver Spangle. The inward part of the
Leaves is fibrous, and by small woody Threds are tacked
together. But, as in Coralline, covered all over with a white
Crust; which, in like manner, makes a strong Effervescence
with Acid liquors. The BEARDED SEA-WRACK. Fucus capillaris tincto-
rius, s. Roccella. Figur'd in Imperatus; (a) (a) Lib. 27. And out of him,
in Bauhinus. (b) (b) Lib. 39. But without a Description. Neither will
it admit an exact one, now dry. 'Tis three inches and ½
high, and five or six about. The Root, in compass, two
inches, one in height, divided into a great number of small
capillary Branches or Sprigs, thick set, as in a Broom or
Beard, very brittle, and of a faded Purple. It grows in the
East-Indies. Of excellent use, especially heretofore, for the
making of Tinctures both for Painting and Deying. A sort of the common SEA-Wrack, called Alga Vitra-
riorum. The BLADDER'D SEA-WRACK. Alga Vesicaria s.
conifera, as it may be called; having on the tops of its
Branches several Conick Bags, an inch, or an inch and ½
long, warted round about, and originally fill'd with a light
and fuzzy substance. The WARTED SEA-WRACK. Fucus verrucosus Impe-
rati. (c) (c) Lib. 27. On which grow a great many vesicular and soft
Knobs all along the Branches, as well as on the top. The BROADEST SEA-WRACK. Alga latissima Mem-
branacea. The Root hereof, stringy. The Stalk, round, as
thick as a Goose-Quill, and about five inches high. From
thence 'tis spread, by degrees, into a thin Skin too inches
and ½ broad. ANOTHER of the same Species, but not so broad. The POUNCED SEA-WRACK. Alga marina πλατυκερὼς,
Bauhino. Poro Cervino, Imperato. 'Tis wholly distributed
into flat Branches, all of an inch broad, almost after the
manner of a Stags Horns. Of a russet colour, and as it
were all over pounced, somewhat after the manner of a
Rue-Leaf, or that of St. Johns Wort, when held up against
the light. The SPIRAL SEA-WRACK. It winds about, very
curiously, with a great many Circumvolutions, almost like
a very deep Skrew. Described, figur'd, and given by Sigr.
Boccone. (d) (d) De Plan-
tis Rariorib.
p. 70. Tab.
38. 249 The SEA-MILFOYLE. Myriophyllum pelagium. s. Mus-
cus maritimus silicis folio. Clusius hath a Figure somewhat
answerable to this Title, and out of him Bauhinus. Yet
either it is faulty, or of another Species. His, represented
with alternate Branches. Here, they are collaternal, as in the
Male-Firne. And curiously denticulated, in the like man-
ner. It grows in very deep Gulfs of the Sea. This Plant hath the same odd property, with several of
the Sea-Shrubs before described; which is, that being fired,
it makes a strong stinking smoak, like that of burnt Bones,
Horns, or other parts of Animals. And may therefore be
deservedly commended by Cortusus against Worms. And 'tis
probable, all the rest of the stinking kind, some of which
are much more plentiful and easily procur'd, may have the
like Virtue. The STEM of another Sea-Plant, Perhaps of affinity
with that in Bauhinus, entitled, Coralloides lenta fœniculacea.
The several Sprigs hereof are toothed, as in the Sea-Mil-
foyle, but with finer or smaller Work. It stinks, upon burn-
ing, as the former. SEA-HEATH. Erica marina. Described and figur'd
in Bauhinus. Who yet omits the coalition of all the
Branches in a round and plain Base. SEA-MOSSE, somewhat like the Sea-Heath. The
Branches hereof are united in a short Trunk. From whence
they rise up to the height of three or four inches, and are
then multipli'd into others. About the thickness of a small
Rush, all over shaggy, with fibrous hairs or bristles. Hath a
stinking smoak, as the former. The BEARDED SEA-MOSSE. A Congeries of tough
or pliable, yellowish, capillary Threds or Strings, almost
cylindrical, or of the same thickness from the bottom to
the top; where the most part of them are as it were horn-
ed or forked. It makes a crackling noise, in burning, and
stinks, but less than the Sea-Milfoyle. The FISTULAR SEA-MOSSE. Bauhinus describes a
Sea-Plant (without a Figure) by the Name of Fucus cavus,
but of a quite different kind; sc. with the Leaves like a
Fillet. Whereas this is a Cluster or Brush of cylindrical,
pellucid, and strait unbranched Pipes, about the thickness of
a great stitching Needle. 250 SEA-BLOBBER. Vesicaria marina. Spuma Maris Cæsal-
pino. Bauhinus describes two sorts, That, which is branched;
and This, which is not. 'Tis a Cluster of small roundish
Bladers, almost in the shape of little Oystershells; of a light
brown colour, all over veined with Fibers, like the uter
Cover of a Plumstone. Which makes it the more doubt-
ful, whether it be an Animal Body, or a Vegetable. Which
soever, it is supposed the Matrix of a Sea-Insect. Another CLUSTER of the same sort, but consisting of
smaller Bladders. The ROPED SEA-BLADDER. I find it no where men-
tion'd. This is also wrought with fibrous Veins, as the for-
mer. But the Bladders are of a different shape, not with
convex, but flat and parallel sides, and the Fibers princi-
pally running along and near the edges. Neither are they
cluster'd in a lump, but joyn'd together, one after another,
with a Ligament of the same substance, almost like a Rope
of Onions; saving that they are all on one side. They
stink, upon burning; supposed to be the Matrix of those
Shells whereof the Indians make a sort of Money, which
they call Wampanpeage. A GREAT SPONGE, of the common kind; of a flat
Oval Figure, and almost a yard and half in compass. The SHAGGY-SPONGE. Spongia Villosa. It hath no re-
gular shape. Of a Texture more rare, than of most if not
all the other kinds. And with small short capillary Fibers,
as it were shagg'd all round about. The FUNEL-SPONGE. Spongia Infundibularis. De-
scribed in some sort by Clusius, and from him by Wormius.
Figur'd by Bauhinus, without a Description. This here is
two inches and ½ in height; the Rim, near three inches
over. The sides about ⅛th of an inch thick. Of a Tex-
ture far more compact and close, than the common
Sponge. Yet the Surface all over wrought with little
round Pores, almost as in a Poppy-Seed: in some places
visible to the naked eye, but better through a Glass. On the
inside, they are in some places a little bigger, and near the
Rim disposed into short Rays. Its Base, instead of a Root,
as in Sea-Shrubs, is spread out upon a hard stone, to a con-
siderable breadth. The Little BRANCHED SPONGE. Of much alike 251 Texture and colour with the common kind. But finely
rising up and distributed into several Branches, solid or not
hollow, about ¼ of an inch over, like a sprig of Coral.
Given by Sigr. Boccone. The BRUSHY-SPONGE. This also is branched, and
the Branches not hollow. But much more numerous.
The Trunk somewhat dense, two inches high, and thick as
a Goose-Quill. Divided into three principal Branches, and
these into about thirty more of the same thickness with the
Trunk it self, two or three inches long, perforated with
some larger pores, as the Funel-Sponge, and near their tops,
a little flat, and forked. The CATSTAIL-SPONGE. This also is ramify'd, sc. into
three large Branches, not hollow, rising up strait, and im-
mediately from the Root, to a foot in height; below, ½
an inch over; at the top an inch, not unlike the
Head of the Typha major, or a Cats-Tayle. To these, three
other lesser Branches are appendent. All of them of a
blackish colour, and a rare Texture, but the Fibers somewhat
more thick and stubborn, than in the common sort, and so
woven, as to make some larger superficial Pores. The Root
or Base is spread out upon a stone. The Ramous Sponges are
sometimes found about the Islands of Fero. The HOLLOW CONICK SPONGE. About a quar-
ter of a yard high, and half a yard about. It consisteth of
fistular Branches, of a Conick Figure, rising higher and
higher, smooth within, without porous, and as it were a
little jagged. The HOLLOW CYLINDRICK or PIPE-SPONGE.
From the Base rise up four or five Pipes, above an inch
over, smooth within, and tuberated without, with some re-
semblance to the Corallium Verrucosum. Its Texture some-
what closer, than of the common Sponge. The FLAT HOLLOW SPONGE. Near five inches
high. Below, above two inches broad; above, more than
three. Consisteth of two flat yet hollow pieces, above four
inches deep; but without, distinct for the space only of an
inch and ½. Within also smooth, and without tuberated, as
the former, but more bluntly. All Sponges stink, more or less, upon burning, as the 252 Horny Sea-Shrubs. So that it is a property belonging to most
of the Vegetable Productions in the Sea. It is the Opinion of some, that Sponges have sense, be-
cause said to shrink, if they are pluck'd; and are therefore
reckon'd amongst Zoophyta. But of that property I doubt
very much. For a Sponge being a springy Body, and so
extensible, and yielding a little to one that plucks at it; so
soon as he lets his hold go, it will, from its elasticity, shrink
up again. Which motion of restitution, some probably,
have mistaken for the effect of a Cap-Sense. No Sponge hath any Lignous Fibers, but is wholly com-
pressed of those which make the Pith and all the pithy parts
of a Plant. Yet vastly thicker, and their Texture much
more rare or open, so as to be visible to a good eye, espe-
cially assisted with an ordinary Glass. So that a Sponge, in
stead of being a Zoophyton, is but the one half of a Plant. 253 PART III.
Of Minerals. SECT. I.
Of STONES. CHAP. I.
Of ANIMAL BODIES PETRIFY'D;
and such like. Et procul a pelago Conchae jucure [jacure] marinae. Ovid. Metam. L:xv. V.264. ITIt hath been much disputed, and is not yet resolv'd, of
many subterraneal Bodies, which have the semblance
of Animals, or Parts of them, Whether they were ever
such, or no. And I am not ignorant of the Arguments
offer'd on both hands. If I may speak my own sense a
little, Why not? Is there any thing repugnant in the
matter? Why not a petrify'd Shell, as well as wood? Or
is the place? If Shells are found under ground, far from
Sea, or in Hills, unchanged; as we are sure they are; then
why not petrify'd? Or is the form, to which no Species
of Shells doth answer? The assertion is precarious: no
man can say, how many are known to some one or other;
much less, how many are not known: I have reason to
believe, that scarce the one half of the under Species of
Shells are known to this day. And so for Artisicials: if
Coyns are found, every day under ground, then why not
sometimes also Pictures, and other Works, in time petri-
fy'd? And although Nature doth often imitate her self;
yet to make her in any case to imitate Art, is unphiloso-
phical and absurd: for the one, a natural reason may be
given, not for the other. 254 On the other side: although Nature cannot be said to
imitate Art: yet it may fall out, that the effects of both
may have some likeness. Those white Concretions which the
Italians, from the place where they are found, call Confetti
de Tibuli, are sometimes so like round Confects, and the
rough kind of Sugar'd-Almonds, that by the eye they cannot
be distinguish'd. To call these Petrify'd Sugar-Plums, were
senseless. What if we find in some Stones under ground
the likeness of a Cross? Doth not Sal Ammoniac often shoot
into millions of little ones? Or do we find in other Stones
the resemblance of Plants? Why not naturally there, as
well as, in Frosty Weather, upon Glass Windows? Or as
Salts sometimes figure themselves (as Sir Th. Brown, (a) (a) Relig.
Med. and
Dr. Daniel Cox (b) observe) into some likeness to the
Plants whereof they are made. Nay, why not too, a Face,
or other Animal Form? Since we see that there are divers (b)
Phil.
Trans. N.
108.
Palm-Nuts which have the like. That the Volatile Salt of
Harts-Horn, will shoot it self into the likeness of little
branched Horns. That of Flesh or Blood, into the shape
of little flat fibrous Tendons or Muscles, as I have often
observ'd. And though I have not seen it my self, yet I have
been told by one (c) (c) Sir Tho-
mas Milling-
ton. that doth not use to phancy things,
that the Volatile Salt of Vipers, will figure it self into the
semblance of little Vipers. But there can be no convincing
Argument given, why the Salts of Plants, or Animal Bodies,
washed down with Rains, and lodged under ground;
should not there be disposed into such like figures, as well as
above it? Probably, in some cases, much better, as in a colder
place; and where therefore the Work not being done in a
hurry, but more slowly, may be so much the more regu-
lar. I shall now come to the Particulars, and leave the
Reader to judge of them. Part of the Upper JAW of a strange HEAD, toge-
ther with some fragments of other Bones, and three very
Great Double TEETH, or Grinders, all supposed to be of the
same Animal. Found, about twelve years since, seventeen
feet under Ground, in Chartham a Village three miles from
Canterbury. The Ground within twelve Rods of the River
running thither, and so to Sandwich-Haven. An Account
hereof is written by Mr. William Somner: yet without a
Description of the Jaw. But supposing it to be part of 255 the Head of an Hippopotamus, takes occasion thence for a
Discourse, wherein he endeavours to prove, That all the
low Ground from the East-Kentish shore, to Romney-Marsh,
was once under Water, and an Arm of the Sea. Published,
since his Death, by his Brother Mr. John Somner: in whose
Ground these Bones were dig'd up; and by whom they
were bestowed upon this Musæum. This Jaw-Bone, is only part of the far Cheek; about
fifteen inches long, and seven where deepest: yet part of
both the ends, and the Sockets of the Teeth are broken off.
The Orbit of the Eye, neither so round, nor so big, as in
the Hippopotamus: yet the Teeth far bigger. For the bigest
Grinder in the Head of the Hippopotamus here preserv'd, is
less than six inches about: one of these, near eight. And
'tis much, if they belonged to that Animal, that none of
the long Cutters which grow before (as is represented in
Tab. 1.) should be found with them. Besides, in that Skull of the said Animal, the Orbits of the
Eye stand so high, and the Forehead lies so low, that it looks
like a Valley between two Hills: whereas in this Bone, the
Forehead evidently stands higher than the Eye. The Knob
also at the Corner of the Eye in this Bone, is six times as
big, as in the said Skull. Although this perhaps, as well as
the tuberousness of the Bone in some places, may be the
effect of its lying so long under ground; as if it were there-
by a little swell'd in those places: for they are more rare
and soft, than the other, and the whole Bone, than the Skull
of any grown Animal not bury'd. Considering all toge-
ther, it seems to me more likely to belong to a Rhinoceros,
for the being whereof in this Country, we have as much
ground to suppose it, as of the Hippopotamus. See Wormius's
Description of the Double Tooth (a) (a) Mus. lib. 3. of a Rhinoceros. A PETRIFY'D CRAB. Carcinites. It seems to be of
the undulated kind; whereof see the Description in Ronde-
letius. 'Tis very hard and solid, and as heavy as a Pebble.
Yet dissoluble with Acids. There is one pretty like this in
Aldrovandus, (b) (b) Musæum
Metallicum. under the Name of Pagurus lapideus.
And another in Besler. A FISH-MOLD. Ichthyites in modum Typi. There
are several figures of Fishes in Stones in Besler, Aldrovandus,
and Moscardo. In Aldrovandus also of the Heads of Birds, 256 Beasts and Men, in Flints. Septalius hath a Head in Mar-
ble. And Mr. Boyle (a) (a) Of Gems
p. 156. a Pebble with a Serpent (all but
the Head) perfectly shap'd, and coyl'd up in it. All these
(except perhaps the last) are either semblances on a Plain,
or at least in solid Stones. But this here is hollow, and
was so found in the Island-Sea. About five inches long;
now split into two halfs, like those of a casting Mould.
On the insides of which, are fairly impress'd the form of
the Spine, with the Ribs, Fins, and Tail, of a Fish. With-
out, a long Plate of the same substance, grows to each
side; and others cross to these: as if to the Mould of the
Fish, were also added that of its Funeral Cloaths. This Stone, for consistence, is like that called Saxum
Limosum, soft, inequal, and unpolishable. Of a blewish
hue, like that of Tobacco-Pipe Clay, with some very small
glossy Grains intermixed. Not only Spirit of Nitre, but
Oil of Vitriol droped upon it, dissolves it, and is excited
into a violent Effervescence. But the Saxum Limosum stirs
not with any Acid. So that it is to be rank'd amongst the
Gypso-limosa, or Calcilimosa. A petrify'd BONE, taken out of a Gravel-pit in St. James
Fields, above eight yards deep. A Stone like the VERTEBRA of a Fish. Given by Sir
Philip Skippon. It may be called SPONDYLITES. Part of the SPINE of another Fish, consisting of seve-
ral Vertebræ. 'Tis hard and ponderous; yet dissoluble
with Acids. It breaks flaky, as the Lapis Judaicus, and
many others, or with plain and glossy sides. The TOOTH of a TIGER, growing to a kind of Lime-
stone. 'Tis about as big as that described in the First Part,
and of the same shape and colour. A square crooked TOOTH, not much unlike that of
a Bevir. A very great DOUBLE TOOTH or GRINDER. 'Tis
about five inches long, and two broad; twice as big as a
Sea-Horse's. The stumps seem to have been saw'd off. The
top divided into several Points and Ridges, as other double
Teeth. Of a greyish colour and glossy; ponderous, and
hard as a Flint or the hardest Pebble. ANOTHER of the same shape, but not an inch long.
Besler hath one like this, under the Name of Pseudocorona
Anguina. 257 The SHARKS TOOTH. Glossopetra: so call'd, for
that these Stones were fabled by some to be the Tongues of
Serpents, in the Isle Malta or Melita, turn'd into Stones
ever since St. Paul Preached there. But the English Name,
is much more answerable to the shape. Which yet is va-
rious, as well as the size and colour; as ash-colour'd or
black, long or broad, strait or crooked, with the edges
toothed or plain. Of the brown, strait, indented and
broader sort here are several very great ones. One, three
inches broad; and four, long: with the exerted part,
smooth; the Root, rough. Every way, in shape, so like
the Tooth of a Shark, that one Tooth cannot be liker to
another. Yet if it be such, then by comparing those in
the Head of a Shark, with This, That to which This be-
long'd, to bear a just porportion, must have been about
six and thirty feet in length. A GLOSSOPETRA, growing to a stony Bed. 'Tis of
a lightish colour: and was brought as is supposed, from
Melita. ANOTHER, of a lesser sort. The Root of this is
rough, as of the rest. But not expanded with the exerted
part, as is usual, but of a globular Figure. These Stones are dissoluble with any Acid. Whereby it
appears, That (besides such Metallick Principles they are
sometimes tinctur'd with) they abound with an Alkalizate-
Salt. They are found not only in Melita, but in Germany,
and many other places. Figur'd by Aldrovandus (a) (a) Musæum
Metallic. and by
others. DRAGONS TEETH. Given by Sir Phil. Skippon.
Glossopetræ Claviculares. So I call them, because they
seem to be of the same kind; and are long and slender,
somewhat like a small Nail; and much more like a Tongue
(sc. of some small Bird) than any of the former. The GOATS-HORN. Tephrites Boetij; from its ashen
colour. Selenites Cardani; from its almost Semilunar
Figure. Inwardly, 'tis of a blewish Grey. Outwardly,
mixed with oblique and white streaks. Of a bended figure,
yet with one end thicker than the other, not unlike a Goats
Horn; whence I have taken leave for the English Name.
Broken at both ends, yet above ½ a foot long, and two
inches and ¼ where broadest. The Belly or inward Ambit, 258 an inch over, and furrow'd; the Back somewhat edged.
'Tis found in Germany, Moravia, Silesia, and other Parts. A Scruple (a) (a) Boet. de
Gennis &
Lapid. hereof in powder, is an excellent
Sudorifick. Spirit of Nitre droped hereon, dissolveth it with
an Effervescence. The FISHES EYE. Ophthalmites. A parcel of them
given by Sir Philip Skippon. 'Tis a kind of Pisolythus.
But by some of them, the Humors of the Eye, with the
Tunica Uvea, and therein the Iris, are not ill represented:
for which reason I have plac'd them here. SOME other Varieties, from the same Hand. The HERMAPHRODITE. Commonly called Hyste-
rolithos. By Pliny, (b) (b) Lib. 37.
c. 10. Diphyes, more properly; as repre-
senting, in some sort, the Pudenda of both Sexes. Well
described by Wormius. 'Tis a black Stone, not much broader
than Half a Crown; very hard, and dissoluble with no Acid.
Accounted an Amulet against Hysterical Fits. Another of the same shape, but lesser. A soft BUTTON-STONE. Echinites albus. Given by
Sigr Boccone. Of these Stones there is some variety, with
several Names, but confounded by Authors. They all
agree, in having some likeness to the shell of the Button-
Fish. This resembles that most with all small prickles.
Of a white colour. Not very hard, and dissoluble, with
Acids. See an excellent Figure hereof in Calceolarius's
Musæum. Another of the same Species and colour. THUNDER-STONE or hard Button-Stone. Brontias.
So called, for that people think they fall sometimes with
Thunder. Yet different from the Ceraunias. This is
shaped like a little round Cake. Very hard and indissolu-
ble with Acids; being a kind of yellowish and opacous
Pebble. Another, a lesser one of the same Species. A THIRD, also very hard (as all of them are) but Se-
miperspicuous. A FOURTH, which is a whitish FLINT, stained with
blew specks. A FIFTH, a small one, and having a little flinty Stone (c) De figur.
Lapid. c. 3.
growing to the middle of it on both sides. This particu-
larly resembling Gesner's Ombrias. (c) Or the Stone sent
him by the Name of Lapis Hyæniæ. (d)(d) Ibid.
c. 12. 259 A SIXTH, somewhat oblong and striated all round about. The SERPENTS EGG. Ovum Anguinum. From the
roundness, and form of Snakes Tailes pointing upward, and
towards the middle of the Stone. This also is an Echinites,
and by Ferranti Imperato called Histrix Marinus petrisica-
tus. Agricola makes it a sort of Brontias. It most resembles
that sort of Button-Fish, with several Orders of great Knobs
or Prickle-Bases, divided by lesser; described in the First
Part of this Catalogue. A STONE with the SIGNATURE of a Button-Fish
upon it. So that it was once a Bolus or Clay. The soft OVAL HELMET STONE. Given by Sigr.
Boccone. So I name it from its similitude to the shell of the
Echinus Spatagus, (a) (a) See
Part I. which the English call Helmet--Fish.
Oval, to distinguish it from the Conick. Soft, as being very
brittle, and easily dissoluble with Acids. Several of these
Stones are figur'd by Aldrovandus, (b) (b) Musæum
Metallic. with the Name of
Scolopendrites. And some leaves after, divers others not
much unlike, with that of Pentaphyllites from its likness in
some part also to the Cinquefoyle. ANOTHER of the same kind, with four narrow Fur-
rows, composed of fine short Rays, and meeting in the
form of a Cross; to which a fifth is added, more broad.
'Tis somewhat hard, yet dissoluble with Spirit of
Nitre. The HARD OVAL HELMET-STONE. 'Tis an opa-
cous Flint, and of a dark colour. But figur'd as the
former. ANOTHER, also flinty, and opacous; but betwixt citrine
and yellow. A THIRD, opacous and white. A FOURTH, with one half, opacous and yellow; the
other, whitish and Semiperspicuous. A FIFTH, somewhat rounder and more depressed than
the former; and may therefore more particularly be called
Pentaphyllites. Some of these Ambrosinus (c) (c) Aldrov.
M. Metall. hath misplaced
with the Astroites. The blunt CONICK HELMET-STONE. It hath, as
it were, the Signature of the Echinus Spatagus. But rises
up in the form of a Cone. Of which Figure I have not 260 yet seen any shell. The top is blunt, and of a middle height.
Encompassed with five double pricked Rows, all meeting
in the fore part of the Belly. The spaces betwixt which,
are cancellated much after the manner of the Sea-Tortoise-
shell. 'Tis a perfect Flint, brown without, and whitish
within. ANOTHER of the same sort, with bigger pointed
Rows. A THIRD, of the same Figure, but soft, sc. of a kind of
Limy substance, or that of Gypsum. The SHARP CONICK HELMET-STONE. 'Tis a
Semipellucid Flint. Surrounded with five double pointed
Rows, meeting not only on the top, but also at the centre
of the Base or Belly. Besler figures a small Conick Helmet,
by the name of Echinites: a great one, by that of Scolo-
pendrites. And several Species hereof are also figur'd by Al-
drovandus. (a) (a) Mus. Me-
tallicum. None of the flinty or other hard Helmet
Stones make any ebullition with Acids. The HELIX or Stone Nautilus; as from its Figure it
may not improperly be nam'd. Cornu Ammonis; From
Jupiter Ammon, pictur'd with Horns. Here are several
of them, both in size, shape, and substance distinct. I
find no Author describing them much broader than the
ball of a mans hand. The highest Boetius reckons, about
three pounds in weight. But in this Musæum there is one
near two yards in circumference, and proportionably
thick. Of an Ash-colour, and somewhat gritty substance. The
several Rounds, as it were, carved with oblique waves. Given
by the Right Honourable Henry Duke of Norfolk. With, ANOTHER GREAT CORNU AMMONIS almost
as big, sc. about five feet round about. A SMALL CORNU AMMONIS, of an ashen colour,
and softish substance: yet dissoluble only with Nitrous
Acids. It maketh but one or two Rounds; ratably, far
more swelling, than in the other kinds. ANOTHER, of a soft and whitish substance; dissoluble
in any Acid, and consisting of several Rounds. A THIRD, growing upon a Stone of a like substance.
Figur'd in Calceolarius's Musæum, and that of Olearius; in
both under the Name of a Petrify'd Serpent. The CASED CORNU AMMONIS. The outer part 261 of this is dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre: of a shining black-
ish colour, thin, and as it were the shell of the far greater
part within it. This also is very glossy, and transparent as
Glass. Of a brittle substance, breaking into square flakes,
like those of a flaky Spar. Yet no Acid will stir it. The HARD CORNU AMMONIS. 'Tis a perfect
whitish and pellucid Flint. These Stones are found in
Germany. Note, that if one of these Stones be broken, the several
Rounds will part so, as the ridges of one, and the answer-
able furrows of the other, are apparent. Likewise, that in some of them, there is not only a ridge,
but a round part about as thick as the biggest string of a
Tenor Viol, winding round between two Circumvolutions,
as the Medulla Spinalis runs within the Back-Bone. The Helick SERPENT-STONE. Ophites Ammoneus. See the
Description hereof in Wormius, with the Title of Lapis Sce-
leton Serpentinum ferens. 'Tis of kin to the Cornu Ammonis;
wrought all over with Striæ, imitating the Scales of a Ser-
pent. In some parts of This, rather the jagged Leaves
of a Plant. Of a pale Okre colour, but somewhat hard,
and dissoluble only with Nitrous Spirits. ANOTHER, which in the room of Scales or Leaves, is
wrought all over, and as it were joynted, with sutures in
the form of an s. obliquely waved from the rim towards
the centre. Which Articulations are not only on the Sur-
face, but, as Wormius well notes, in its intimate parts. This
is of a dark amber colour, and somewhat hard; yet maketh
an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. The HELICK MARCASITE. Marcasita Ammonea. So
I name it, for that it hath the same Figure with the Cornu
Ammonis, and to the first of these in Boetius, is next a kin,
if not the same. Yet appears to be a sort of Marcasite or
Gold colour'd Fire-Stone; both by its Weight, and Cop-
peras Tast. And some of them are cover'd with Vitriolick
Flowers. Ambrosinus (a) (a) Mus. Me-
tall. Aldrov. figures two of these under the
Title of Crysammonites: not so properly, as not having a
grain of Gold in them. The HELICK MARCHASITE, having shallow Furrows
on the Rim. ANOTHER, with some also channell'd. 262 A THIRD, with the utmost round far more swelling,
than in the other kinds; having its Centre lying deep, and
its front spread wide on both sides. A FOURTH, of all, the most flat, and with a sharp or
edged Rim. Wrought all over, with undulated Striæ, al-
most as in the Serpent-Stone. These two last, particularly,
figur'd in Aldrovandus. (a)(a) Ubi su-
pra. A FIFTH, with the Rounds, on one fide, all concave:
so that it looks almost like one split through the middle. A SIXTH, beded within a tuberated Fire-Stone. Several small ones, of the kinds above-mentioned. The SHORT WHIRLE-STONE. Trochites. The LONG WHIRLE. Turbinites. There are several
of them. In one, the several Rounds are hollow: a ground
to believe it was once a shell. The WHIRLED or SPIRAL MARCHASITE. The CONICK SNAIL-STONE. Cochlites pyramidalis.
Very brittle, and maketh an Effervescence with any
Acid. Divers others SNAIL-STONES; some of them of a
Limy substance, others perfect Flint. The SEA-OYSTER-STONE. Ostrites Cymbiformis.
Shaped almost in the figure of a Boat. In the right side
especially there is as it were the signature or seat of the
Animal. So that one can hardly doubt of its being once a
shell. Yet this kind of Stone is sometimes found many
miles from Sea or any great River. A Petrify'd Oyster and Wilk growing together. A great petrify'd SCALLOP. Figur'd by Ambrosinus
(b) (b) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. with the Name of Hippopectinites. Given with several
more of the same bigness, by Mr. Wicks. 'Tis
half a foot over. Many of the same kind were taken out
of a great Rock in Virginia, forty miles from Sea or
River. The smaller PECTINITES, with smooth ridges. ANOTHER, of a kind of Lead-colour. Dissoluble with
Acids. The Coralline PECTINITES, furrow'd, and wrought
all over with the Species of fine Needle-WORK. Also so-
luble with Acids. A blackish PECTINITES, a perfect Flint. 263 A soft Stone of a blewish grey, with part of the Belem-
nites growing to it on one side, and a Pectinites on the
other. A petrify'd COCLE immersed in a Flint. The SMOOTH SPONDYLITES, with an Oblique
Navle. ANOTHER, with an Oblique Navle, all over striated. A THIRD of the same, furrow'd. A FOURTH, also furrow'd, and with the Navle sharper
and more produced. So hard, as scarcely dissoluble with
any Acid. A FIFTH, with a strait Navle, and numerous Joynts. The OXES HEART. Bucardia. So call'd from its
figure. Described and figur'd by Ferranti Imperato, and
others, and out of them by Wormius. 'Tis divided, by a
ridge along the middle, into two halfs. Each of them
having a prominent Knob, a little winding, somewhat
like a Navle: so that it may not be improperly called Con-
chites umbilicatus. Figur'd by Besler with the name of
Hysterapetra. A SMOOTH CONCHITES, with an Oblique Navle,
unequal sides, somewhat round, and fill'd with a Limy sub-
stance. Part of one, filled with a sort of granulated Spar. A smooth and round one, undulated. ANOTHER, as hard as a Pebble; of a yellowish and
pellucid red. Another hard one, yet dissoluble with Acids. Another, with the Margins of the two halfs furrow'd and
indented one into the other. A LONG CONCHITES, of a black colour. Another, undulated, and white; filled with a black and
yellow substance, which with Acids maketh a strong Effer-
vescence. ANOTHER, compressed, and the end opposite to the
Base, pointed, like the common form of a Heart: and may
therefore be called Cardites. 'Tis of a Limy substance dis-
soluble with Acids. A Broad equilateral CONCHITES, radiated. Another, undulated, and radiated. A Third, undulated, radiated, and circinated. 264 A Broad one, of a Limy substance, and fill'd with a
flaky and glistering Spar. The HIGH-WAVED CONCHITES; that is, where
the middle of one Valve making a high and broad ridge, the
other falls into it. 'Tis of a white Limy substance. ANOTHER of the same, but shining and pellucid like a
Spar. Dissoluble with Acids. I meet not with any shell of
this form. A little BIVALVOUS MARCASITE. Conchites Mar-
chasita. The MUSCLE-STONE. Musculites. This is black and
of an oblong Figure. A Second, lesser and rounder. Another of the same, more Concave. A Third, broader, and more expanded. A sort of MUSCULITES fill'd with Earth like Tobacco-
Pipe Clay or Marle. Found amongst the earth of a Hill
that was overturn'd at Kenebank in New England. The square MUSCULITES. Musc. quadrilaterus. I
have not yet met with any shell of answerable shape. 'Tis,
as it were, bivalvous: and each Valve, hath two sides. Of
the four, two are broader, and a little Convex, especially
towards the Base, at the other end somewhat sharp: with
oblique furrows, from the first to the last growing shorter.
The other two, striated and plain, joyned with the former
at obtuse Angles. Of a limy substance dissoluble with
Acids. The TOOTHLESS MUSCULE. Found, of several
sizes, beded in a lump of Irish Slate: yet not petrify'd, but a
perfect shell. It is of a rare kind, no where figured or men-
tion'd, that I find, nor have I met with it elsewhere. The
biggest of them two inches long, and ¼ over. That end near
the Base, as it were pinched up, almost into the form of a
Childs fore-Tooth. On the outside of the Base, stands a
plated piece, contiguous therewith at both ends, but in
the middle, joyned to it by the intervention of other very
small transverse Plates, like the Wards of a Lock: supply-
ing the use of the Teeth in other Muscles, which are here
wanting; from whence I have nam'd it. The outside, is
adorn'd with circinated Lines, and in some sort also radiated
with very small Tuberculi, especially at the narrow end. 265 The SHEATH-STONE. Solenites. Like the petrify'd shell
of the Sheath-Fish. 'Tis fill'd with a kind of limy substance. A piece of WHIRLY-ROCK. Turbinites Saxum. A sort
of Gypsum of a dark colour, with the semblance of divers
kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein.
Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, but very slowly. There is
one like to this in Besler. A Piece of white MUSCLE-ROCK. Musculites Saxum.
With the similitude of little, white, furrow'd Muscle-shells. Another Piece of an Ash-colour, and more soft. A piece of spoted MUSCLE-ROCK, sc. with white,
red and brown, in imitation of Marble. In which also are
beded, as it were, several Muscle-shells. Although it hath
the face of Marble, yet is it a kind of Gypsum, dissoluble
with Spirit of Nitre. A Piece of MIXED SHELL-ROCK. Conchites miscella-
neus. Composed of petrify'd shells, both of the Turbina-
ted, and the Bivalvous kinds, beded in a kind of gritty
Lime-Stone. In Calceolarius's Musæum (a) (a) Sect. 3.
p. 317. is one like to
this, in the form of a Choping-Knife, but without a Name.
Another in Ferranti Imperato. (b) (b) Lib. 24.
c. 25. And in Aldrovandus's
Musæum, by Ambrosinus called Ostracomorphos Lapis. Not
properly, Lapis, as being part of a Rock: nor, by the former
word, sufficiently expressing the mixture of shells therein. Another, consisting of such like shells (or their resem-
blance) beded in a brown Stone. CHAP. II.
Of VEGETABLE BODIES petrify'd, and other
like STONES. OFOf this kind, here is also great variety; being, or
representing, Fruits, parts of Flowers, Leaves, Branches,
Stalks, Trunks, and Roots: in which order I shall set them
down. Only reserving CORALS with other like Marine
Productions, to be spoken of by themselves. A Petrify'd KATHERINE PEAR, or a Stone naturally
very like one. Being, as that is sometimes, a little bended, very 266 slender at the Stalk or Base; turbinated next the other end;
umbellated at the top of all, or depressed round about the
place of the flower; and of a yellowish tawny colour. A STONE like a petrify'd DAMASCENE-PLUM. As
that of a black colour, and of the same Figure; so far as
to shew the seat both of the Stalk and Flower. The Great petrify'd STONE of an exotick PLUM. As
one would think, both from the figure of it, and the pro-
duction of Fibers by the length, round about it, (as in
many Indian Plum-Stones) very apparent especially, near
the top. The granulated part of it, being turn'd to a
soft opacous Stone; the Fibers into pellucid Flint. A black Stone figur'd like the STONE of (a Præcock-
Plum) an Aprecock. A petrify'd NUX VOMICA, sc. that of the Shops. As I
call it from its figure exactly respondent; being round,
and flat, on one side a little Concave, on the other some-
what Convex. In Aldrovandus (a) (a) Mus. Me-
tall. we have the Figure of a
petrify'd Nux Methel Officinorum: but under the mistaken
Title of Castanites. As also the exact figure of a petrify'd
Castanea Purgatrix; but this too with the false Name of
Anacardites. The same Author represents likewise a most
exact figure of a petrify'd Melopepon. A large JUDIAC STONE (Lapis Judaicus) in the
form of a PEAR. 'Tis an inch and half long; stalked like
a Pear; Next the stalk slender; turbinated upwards, to
an inch in Diametre; and umbellated at the top, or depres-
sed as a Pear, round about the flower. Adorned also round
about with small tuberated Striæ which run from end to
end. This Species not well figur'd by any Author. ANOTHER of a somewhat like Figure, but much
smaller. Best expressed by the least of the four in Boe-
tius. (b)(b) De Gem.
& Lap. l. 2.
c. 226. A THIRD like an ALMOND; both of the same big-
ness, and shape, oval at one end, pointed at the other, and
somewhat flat. Besler hath one or two like this, which he
calls Petrified Almonds. A FIFTH, like an AKORNE, being of a like thickness
at both ends. Another of the same. This sort particularly
called Phoenecites. A SIXTH, like an OLIVE-STONE; being more ob-
267long and oval than the precedent. Besler two or three Stones
somewhat like this, which he calls Petrify'd Olives. A SEVENTH, of a long slender Figure, and knobed as
the rest, almost like a Hazel Catkin. An EIGHTH, in shape like a Pestil. The upper part of
this is knobed, the other smooth, whether naturally appears
not. These Stones either grow chiefly, or were first taken no-
tice of in Judea; from whence their Name. They are
commonly found, not in Earth, but in the Clefts of Rocks,
by those that work in them. They are dissolved with Spi-
rit of Nitre, not without Esservescence, especially when
reduced to powder. And may therefore be justly esteemed
Diuretick, and so sometimes bring away, or (as people think)
break the Stone: for which, by Pliny, (a) (a) Lib. 37.
c. 10. 'tis call'd Teco-
lithos. These Stones always break flaky, and with a strong gloss,
like a Spar; or the Entrochus hereafter describ'd. Of these Stones it is further observable, That being cut
and polish'd transversly, and then wetted, they fairly exhibit,
at least in colour, a twofold substance. The one, whitish;
answering to the Parhenchyma or Flesh of a Fruit: the other
black or dark-colour'd, not only in the Stalk, but also thence
produced, and disposed into two Rings, a large one next the
Circumference, and a small one in the centre of the Stone;
answerable to the Lignous Fibers, distributed in much alike
manner in some Fruits. Two strait slender Stones, resembling the COLUMNS
erected in the middle of some FLOWERS. One, Convex
at the top, and almost flat. The other, spherically trian-
gular, somewhat like the Seed-Case of a Tulip. Beneath,
of an ash-colour; upward, of an obscure or brown Bay.
Of that hardness, that if struck or let fall one upon ano-
ther, they have a kind of Metallick sound, like that of
small round Button-Bells. Two other joynted Stones of the same nature with the
former: looking as if they were pieces of the GENICU-
LATED STALK of some Plant. 'Tis pleasant, especially with a Glass, to see the wrought
Work on the surface of these Stones. In which the small
and curious Striæ which run by the length, answer to the 268 Lignous Fibers, or the warp: and those which are transversly
as it were interwoven; to the Parenchymous Fibers, or
Woofe of a Plant. A more particular explication of which
real Work in all Plants, hath been by me elsewhere given. (a)(a) See the
Authors
Book Of
Trunks. And
that Of
Roots.
Calceolarius hath one or two of these last fairly figur'd. A Stone with the exact signature of a STEM of PO-
LYPODY with the LEAVES. 'Tis softish, and somewhat
brown. Stirreth not with Acids. HIPPURITES. Or a Stone with the impressed Image or
signature of the Equisetum or HORSETAIL. There are
three stalks which very elegantly rise up from one Root. DENDRITES. Or a Flint naturally adorned with the
Images of several epitomiz'd or minute TREES. There is
the figure of a fair one like to this in Calceolarius's Mu-
sæum. ANOTHER; being a SLATE about ⅓d of an inch thick,
representing, as it were, a plain Field, inclosed with a
HEDGE of TREES; some bigger, others less; all so lively,
as if it had been the curious and elaborate Work of a
Painter; or had been cast through a Glass (as Kepler
shews the way sometimes of taking Lanships) upon a
Tablet in a Dark Room. It is very observable, That the same curious Work which
appears upon one side of the slate, doth also on the other.
Agreeable to what Ambrosinus (b) (b) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. also remarques, That if
this sort of Stones be broken into several pieces, the like
Work will appear in the intimate parts. Which plainly
demonstrates, that not being superficial, it cannot be the
effect of Art. DENDROPOTAMITES. So I call it. 'Tis a piece of a
kind of Alabaster, about seven or eight inches square, po-
lish'd and set in a Frame. It hath much and pleasing varie-
ty both in colour and figure: shewing a mixture of brown,
tawny, white, and green; and not unaptly resembling a
couple of Rivers. One crooked or very much winding too
and fro; (as the Thames at Kingstone) and garbed all along
with Trees upon the Bank. The other strait, with a Foot-
walk upon the Bank, and inclosed also with a little Hedge-
Row. A sort of ALABASTRITES, representing a Transverse
Section of the TRUNK of a TREE. That part answering 269 to the Wood, consisting of white and black Rings one
within another. The other answering to the Barque, of two
or three thin ones (like that of a Cherry-Tree) of a russet or
barque colour. Yet the black Rings, being held up against
the light, are transparent. So the clearest Glass, in some
postures, appears black. Spirit of Nitre droped on it, dis-
solves it with a vehement Effervescence. A Stone expressing part of a Tranverse Section of OLIVE-
WOOD. On one side, 'tis very well polish'd. By means
whereof, not only the Annual Rings (appearing in the
Trunks of all Trees;) but also the Insertions or Parenchy-
mous Rays which run betwixt the Pith and Barque; and
even the greater Vessels themselves (either for Aer or Sap)
are all to a good naked eye, but especially with the help of
a Glass, very fairly visible. 'Tis just of the colour of the
browner sort of Olive-Wood well varnish'd. 'Tis as hard as
a Jasper, and seems to be of that kind. ANOTHER sort of Jasper representing a piece of
WOOD. 'Tis of a green colour, and stained with blackish
spots. One would take it for a sort of Lignum Vitæ. A Stone, which in Colour and Texture, seems to resem-
ble a piece of YEW-TREE. ANOTHER, which looks like a piece of BEECH-
WOOD. A large piece of PETRIFY'D WOOD (as it is supposed)
above half a yard long, and ¼ of a yard about. Another Piece about the same bigness. A Globular Stone, which looks as if it had been a piece of
ASH-WOOD turned in a Lathe into that figure. For it hath
not only the colour, but the semblance of the Annual
Rings, and of the Aer-Vessels, as in that Wood. Small pieces of (reputed) petrify'd Wood, commonly
found between the Beds of blew Marble. Two inches long,
and near as thick as ones little Finger. Almost as black as
Ebony. A Piece of INCOMBUSTIBLE Wood, as it were HALF-
PETRIFY'D. For being held in the fire, it becomes red
like a Coal; but neither flames, nor smoaks in the least. A very odd Piece of the BRANCH of a TREE as thick
as a Cable-Rope, whereof the Barque is turned into perfect
Iron, or at least a very rich Iron Ore; and the Wood into
Stone. 270 The petrify'd Barque of a Tree. 'Tis thin, and rowled
up as Cinamon; but rather of the colour of that called
Winterane's. Withall, rough and knobed without. A Piece of Oak BARQUE cover'd with a stony Crust.
Given by Philip Packer Esq From a Stump above Ground. In Septalius's Musæum, as I take it, is mention made of
Petrify'd Wood found an hundred and forty Pertches un-
der the top of a Mountain. And by Kentman (a) (a) Fossil.
Nomenclat. of a
sort of petrify'd Beech (as the people call it) both Trunk,
Branches, and Leaves, taken (for Whetstones) out of the
Ground in the Joachimick Vale, an hundred and seventy
Elns depth. But what kind of Eln is here meant, is not
certain. Of petrify'd Woods it may be noted, That none of
them (at least of these here described) will make the least
Ebullition with any Acid. Which would make one sus-
pect, That they are Stones originally, sui generis; else it
were strange, That some of them should not lie in places
where such Stones are bred, which with Acids make the
said Ebullition. The STELENTROCHITE. By some, called STELE-
CHITES: Entrochites, by most. But, in proper speaking,
distinct from both. For it is not only of a Cylindrical
Figure, or near it, and containeth a softer substance in the
Centre, answerable to a Pith: and also radiated as the
Branch of any Tree cut transversly. But moreover con-
(b) De La-
pid. Figur.sisteth of several flat round Joynts like little Wheels, evenly
pil'd, and, with the said Rays, mutually indented, so as
altogether to make a Cylinder. Described also by Gesner, (c) De Lap.
& Gem.
(b) Boetius, (c) Ambrosinus, (d) and others. But we have
two Accounts hereof given us in the (d) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. Philosophical Trans-
actions, far more accurate and particular, than is else-
where extant. The former, by Mr. Lyster; (e) (e) Num.
100.
with between thirty and forty Figures of their Varieties,
with some other Congenerous Stones. The latter, by
Mr. John Beaumont (f) (f) Num.
129. Junior; who hath added the De-
scription of some more Diversities. And the manner of
their growth. In this Musæum are several Species, which I
shall here enumerate. A ROUND one, near ¾ of an inch Diametre; with the
Pith near a ¼, of a darker colour, hard and dense. The 271 several Joynts, about the tenth of an inch thick; distin-
guished by slender Circles composed of very small knobs.
With part of the Rock to which it grew, altogether irregu-
lar, but of the same substance. ANOTHER, with a Pith larger and more soft, the Joynts
thicker, and the Surface almost smooth. A THIRD, of the same thickness, with the Pith ½ an inch
Diametre. 'Tis also a little bended; and the Joynts distin-
guished not with knobed but entire Rings. A FOURTH, with a Pith not much bigger than to ad-
mit a little Pin. Yet at one end 'tis ½ an inch over. At the
other somewhat more than ⅓d. A little bended as the former.
And the Joynts in proportion to its width, extream thin;
not above ½6th of an inch. Their circumference, convex,
being distinguished not with edged Rings, as the former, but
with furrows. A FIFTH, about ¼ of an inch over. The Pith answer-
able. The Joynts distinguished with edged Rings. And as
thick as in the former. A SIXTH of the same thickness. And a little crooked.
The Joynts distinguish with furrows. A SEVENTH, with the Joynts unequal both in breadth
and thickness; one narrower and thiner, the next broader,
or standing further out from the centre, and thicker, and
so alternately: whereby it looks like some sort of Turn'd-
Work. An EIGHTH, a small one, yet finely shap'd. First with
a Joynt embossed with a knobed Ring. Next two small
Joynts, each of them scarce thicker than a Groat; and so
alternately. A NINTH, not above ⅙th of an inch in Diametre; yet
with Joynts as thick as in the fourth: and smooth. A TENTH, ⅛th of an inch over, and with much thiner or
more numerous Joynts. An ELEVENTH, a very small one, scarce having any
distinction of Joynts. CORALLITES. As it may be call'd. With no Joynts,
no Rays, nor Pith, but more like to a solid piece of Coral. The ASTENROCHITE, or an Entrochites with a Pen-
tagonal Pith, like the signature of a little Asteria, a Stone
hereafter describ'd; from whence I have nam'd it. 272 ANOTHER of the same. And also with a double
Ring of Rays; so as to look like one of these Stones within
another. And may therefore of all the kinds, be most pro-
perly called ENTROCHITES. A FLAT ENTROCHITE. All the former are per-
fectly round: this compress'd; one way, an inch over;
the other, about ⅝ths. ANOTHER, a small one of the same shape. A THIRD, not only flat, but also with two opposite
edges, like the Scabbard of a Rapier. The BRANCHED ENTROCHITE. Yet here the
Branches, which grew alternately as Twigs on a Bough, are
broken off. In one, leaving so many cavities in the Trunk
on which they grew. In another, so many Knots. In both,
radiated, and containing a Pith, as the Trunk it self. The KNOTED ENTROCHITE. A very odd Species.
Above two inches long, and ¾ in Diametre. The Surface
smooth, yet with an obscure appearance of Joynts. The
Knots, no way like those in the last mention'd, as not being
radiated; and looking more like the bases of sturdy Thornes.
Wherewith it not unaptly resembles a piece of a Crab-Tree-
Cudgel. 'Tis composed of three distinct substances. The
outer part, (as one would say, the Barque) is a flaky and
glossy Spar, as in the rest. But as black almost as Jet. The
middle part is Ore of Marcasite, or Yellow Mundick. The Pith,
not unlike Tobacco-Pipe-Clay, when baked pretty hard. A sort not much unlike these, being found in the Isle
Malta, by some saith Mr. Ray, (a) (a) Phil.
Trans. N.
100. are call'd St. PAULS
BATTOONS. The SYNTROCHITE, as we may name it, to distin-
guish it from the rest. It consists of several Joynts as the
former; yet not piled evenly one over another so as
to make a Cylinder: but sliden as it were half on and
half off. The TROCHITES. 'Tis nothing else but one of the
above described Joynts single; on both sides radiated, and
also containing a Pith. So that it looks like a slice of a stick.
These, saith Mr. Lyster, being usually hollow, or easily so
made, and stringed, are therefore by some called St. CUTH-
BERDS BEADS. The ASTROCHITES. As it were, the Trochites and
the Asteria (hereafter described) together. 273 There's one which may be called an Enthrochite, yet not
a Stelechite, because Oval, or at least smaller at both ends;
no way resembling a Stick or Branch. But there is no
example hereof in this Musæum. The True STELECHITES, branched. 'Tis not only ra-
diated, and furnished with a Pith: but is one single piece with-
out any Joynts or joynted Wheels: in which respect, it can-
not be called ENTROCHUS; but very properly Stelechites,
(from whence the English word Stalk) as more answerable
to the make of a stick or stalk, than are any of the rest. 'Tis
of an ash-colour, and curiously wrought all over in the
like manner as a Poppy-Seed. A Piece of a Rock consisting wholly of several Species
of ENTROCHI or Stelentrochi, immersed in a bed of their
Mother-Clay. Another, with two or three small STELECHITES. A hard Stone of the colour of a Magnet, with the signa-
ture of a TROCHITES. These Stones being broken, look flaky, and with a gloss,
as the Lapis Judaicus; but somewhat more obscure. They
also make a like Effervescence with Acids, especially with
Spirit of Nitre. And may probably be as good a Diure-
tick. That All Fossiles of what figure soever make an
Ebullition with Vinegar, is affirmed by Mr. Lyster: (a) (a) Phil. Trans.
N. 100. but
was a slip of his, otherwise most accurate Pen. For there are
many, and those of several figures, which, although
powder'd, yet are so far from making any Ebullition with
Vinegar, that neither Oil of Vitriol, nor Spirit of Nitre it
self, (which taketh place sometimes where the former doth
not) will stir them: as appears in several Instances in this
Catalogue. They are found in as great variety here in England, as in
any other Country. By Mr. Lyster, in certain Scarrs in
Braughton and Stock, two little Villages in Craven: in some
places of the Rock as hard as Marble. In such plenty, that
there are whole Beds of Rock made of them. By Mr. Beau-
mont, in Mundip-Hills; in the Rocks, from the Grass to
twenty fathome: but most in Beds of a grey and gristy
Clay. In a Grotto, five and thirty fathome deep, he observed
their growth: which was, from the finest, and the softest
of the Clay. At first, they were whitish, soft, and smooth. 274 Afterwards, grew hard, and ridged, or divided into Trochi
or Joynts; beginning at the top, and so descending. Be-
ing all the while in a manner quicken'd with Mineral
Steams; conveyed, from the Mother-Bed, through the Pith
of the several Feet of the Root (which Mr. Lyster figures)
and of the Stock it self. It were also further worth the enquiry, In what Time,
one of these Stones will grow up. Whether it doth so, by
Starts, as Ice often doth, and as I have seen a little Icy-Tree
to grow level upon a Table? And whether so much as
serves for the making of a single Joynt, at every start? A Stone figur'd like a Piece of ANGELICA Root; with
a large Pith, and very distinct Rays, as the Cortical Insertions
in that, or other like Root round about. TWO lesser round ones or more Cylindrical: one re-
sembling the Root of CICHORY; the other of TORMEN-
TILE. A STONE somewhat FLAT, like the Root of Iris: but
radiated as the former. More visible, if one end, being first
polished, be then made wet; for so, both the Pith and Ra-
diation are very distinct. A FOURTH, as it were bared of the Rind; and having
one end with a kind of Button, on which the Rays wind
toward the Centre; as the Lines of a Rumb upon a Map,
or the Suits of the Attire of any Corymbiferous Flower. All these seem to be several stumps of Stone Roots, on
which the above described Stones often grow. A FIFTH, with a Pith and Rays; but CONICK and
CROOKED, not unlike the young buded Horn of a
Calf. TWO more of the same Figure, but much less; rather
resembling a COCKS SPUR. Several CLUSTERS (as they appear) of petrify'd
MOSSE. Imperatus, with Dioscorides, makes it a sort of
Alcyonium. A petrify'd TUBER, with several small papillary knobs,
not much unlike that called CERVI BOLETUS. It stirs
not with any Acid. 275 CHAP. III.
Of CORALS, and other like MARINE Productions. THeseThese having also a resemblance unto Plants, and a near
analogy unto those Stones, last described in the pre-
cedent Chapter; they may therefore not unaptly be here
subjoyn'd. A Piece of CORAL, smooth, white, and solid; with its
Base or Root spread abroad upon a Chalky Bed. A SPRIG of solid Red Coral. A knoted TRUNK of the same ½ inches and ½ in compass. A Piece of solid CORAL both RED and WHITE,
growing together. The ROOT of a solid Red CORAL, spread upon the
TRUNK of a White CORAL: in the same manner, as
the Membranous Roots of Sea-Shrubs are spread upon
Stones or other steady Bodies. As if it had been indeed
originally one of those Shrubs; particularly, of the Lignous
kind, which hath no Pith, like the Horny; but, as this
Coral, is altogether solid. The SHRUB-CORAL. Corallium fruticosum. So I call
it, for its more especial similitude to a little Shrub. 'Tis of
a brownish colour, upright, and very much branched.
Curiously adorned round about with Striæ running by the
length; looking like the superficial Fibers in the stalks of some
Plants. And within, radiated, as the same when cut trans-
versly. In some of the greater Branches, the Rays being
pointed or pricked, as by the laxer distribution of the Fibers,
they are in some Plants. And many of them coming short of
the Centre, so as also to form a kind of Pith. The KNEED CORAL. Corallium geniculatum. Pseu-
docorallium fungosum Ambrosini. (a) (a) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. Madrepora ramosa Impe-
rati. (b) By which Name Bauhinus also describes it well.
'Tis striated without, and radiated within, almost as in the
precedent. And is also ringed or knoted without, after (b) Lib. 27.
Cap. 4.
the manner of Canes, or rather the upright Equisetum,
and near of the same thickness. Imperatus hath another
kind a kin to this, yet distinct; not only knoted, but joynted,
and by him therefore called CORALO Articulato, in which 276 the Conick end of one Joynt is received into the like Cavity
of another. A Piece of the same CORAL found on St. Vincents
Rock. The Matripora, saith Terzagi, (a) (a) Mus.
Septal. and all Pores (as he
calls them) and these only, are outwardly rough with
transverse Wrinkles. But this now describ'd, seems by the
Striæ more apparently wrinkl'd by the length. So that
what he means, I do not well understand. A JOYNT of the shallow joynted CORAL. 'Tis near
an inch in Diametre, two and ½ long, solid, heavy and
white. Streaked by the length. The two ends a little
thicker, as of Bones at the Joynts: and rising up from the
Rim to the Centre into a little knob; and this it doth at
both ends: whereas in that of Imperatus, the Joynts are
deeper, and one end hollow. It was given by Sigr. Boccone. A Piece of white FIBROUS or striated CORAL, but
not knoted. Given by the same Hand. The BUBL'D CORAL. Corallium bullosum. From
the same hand. 'Tis of an ash-colour; and rough cast all
over, with very small Blisters or Bubles. The COOME-CORAL. Corallium cancellatum. 'Tis
white, and divided into several short and thickish Branches,
turbinated or knobed at the top. Wrought all over with
small cancellated Work, like that of an Honey-Comb, or the
inside of that Ventricle in a Sheep or a Cow, called the
RETICULUM. The FLORID COOME-CORAL. The Branches of
this also are short; and numerously flourished. Inwardly,
white and porous. The Surface of a pale yellow, and
wrought, as the former, in imitation of an Honey-Coome. A sprig of Rough and POROUS Red Coral. The PUMIS CORAL. Corallium pumicosum. From the
Person above-said. 'Tis branched, of a grey colour, and
porous, somewhat like a Pumis Stone. The POUNCED CORAL. Corallium punctatum. 'Tis
white, and the Surface pricked full of small holes, almost as
in the precedent. The BRANCHING POUNCED CORAL. It seems
to be that described in Bauhinus (b) (b) Lib.
c. with the Title of
Corallium asperum cauditans adulterinum. The Branches 277 hereof are very broad, and divided only at the top. Not
only porous within, but also pricked full of extream small
holes on the outside. The STOOPING POUNCED CORAL. C. punct. pro-
cumbens. Porus Ramosus Bauhino. In this, some of the
Branches rise up obliquely, and distinct. Others of them,
trail or stoop, and are in several places inosculated. The RUSSET POUNCED CORAL. This is also
branched; and the Root hereof, as that of a Sea-Shrub,
spread upon an Oystershell. The WARTED CORAL. This likewise is a sort of
pounced and branched Coral; and white. The Branches
being also as it were warted or knobed. (a) (a) Impera-
tus, Lib. 27.
c. 4. ANOTHER of the same; MORE branched. The White STARRY CORAL. From the Person before
nam'd. Described and figur'd by Imperatus. So called, be-
cause it is perforated with round and radiated Holes re-
sembling little Stars. The Brown STARRY CORAL. Within, a little whitish.
Not so porous, as the precedent; and with nothing near
so many Stars. The Branches flat, like the Horns of an
Elk; and spread abroad. The OCULAR CORAL. C. alb. oculatum Officinarum.
Very well describ'd and figur'd by Ferranti Imper. (b) (b) Lib. 27.
c. 4. and
J. Bauhinus. (c) This sort is fistular, and hath large round
holes in the sides of the Branches, sometimes near ¼ of an (c) Lib.
c.
inch over; somewhat like a Birds Eye. A Piece of the same sort, with its expanded Root. The same growing on or round about some of
the Branches of a Sea-Shrub. As it is probable, That all the
sorts of fistular Corals once did. The CROWNED OCULAR CORAL. Given by
Sir J. Hoskins. In this, which is also white, to the eyes on
the sides, are added little Heads crowned or radiated round
about. A CLUSTER of Red Fistular Coral. The spread FOLIATED CORAL. Clusius describes it
by the Name of Planta Saxea Abrotonoides. Of whom
Bauhinus borrows his figure. His Description not clear.
'Tis white, and porous; especially the centre of every
Branch, in imitation of a Pith. The several Branches 278 encompassed with little short round hollow sprigs, or, as
we may call them, Coral-Leaves, curiously striated round
about. The Upright FOLIATED CORAL. In all respects like
the former, saving that it is less spread. Coral is fish'd for from the beginning of April to the
end of July. Not in the Ocean, but the Mediteranian-Sea (a) Tavern.
Ind. Voyage,
Chap. 21.
only. In which there are eight or nine Fisheries, among
the Rocks, no where above forty miles from Land. Three
upon the Coast of Sardinia; on that of France, two; of(b) J. de
Læt.
Sicily, Catalonia, Corsica, and Majorque, one. (a) Of white
Coral, there is great abundance in Brasile. (b)(c) Of the
Orig. of
Forms, 136. Of the Nature and Generation of Coral, it is affirmed
by the Honourable Mr. Boyle, (c) That whilst it grows,
it is often found soft and succulent, and propogates it
Species. And by Georg. de Sepibus, (d) (d) Mus.
Rom. p. 45.
Col. 2. That of those who
had been us'd for many years, to dive for Coral in the Red-
Sea, Kircher learned thus much; That it would sometimes
let fall a Spermatick Juyce, which lighting upon any (steady)
Body, would thereupon produce another Coral. And (e) Dr.
Brown's
Trav.
further, by Wormius and Tavernere, from the Relations of
others, That this Juyce is white or milky. Which may
seem the more credible, when we consider, that the like
milky substance is found in divers Mines. (e) Sometimes (f) Phil.
Trans. N.
100.
inclosed as is observed by Mr. George Planton, in great Hol-
lows of the Metallick Rock. (f) And that Mr. Beamont
hath found in the Hollows of some Stones called Entrochi,
and Rock-Plants, or a kin to them, an evident concretion
of such milky Juyce. (g)(g) Phil.
Trans.
129. p. 730.
l. pen. Of Corals, are chiefly prepar'd, The Powder ground
upon a Marble; the Magisterial Salt; and the Tincture.
To good purpose, in some Feavers, and some other Cases.
But the Name of Tincture, according to the common no-
tion of it, is a meer deceipt: it being, in truth, no more
but a Liquamen, or solution of the Magisterial Salt. For
those Acid Liquors which are used as Menstruums for the
making of it; by digestion or repeated heats, do always
turn red: which not being heeded, the said colour hath
been believed to proceed from the Corals. Of the Effect
of this Tincture, or rather Salt of Coral, upon a Malignant
Feaver, see a Memorable Relation of Boetius in his own
Case. (h) (h) De Lap.
& G. lib. 2.
c. 154. p. 312. 279 BASTARD-CORAL. Alcyonium. So call'd, because a
Marine Production, often of a roundish form, like the
Nest of an Halcyon, and by some phantastick thought to
be one of those Nests petrify'd. Hereof there are seven or
eight sorts here preserv'd. As The Great, White, FISTULAR Alcyonium. Imperatus
figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi
Marini Impetriti. (a) (a) Lib. 24:
cap. 26. And Besler a single crooked Tube,
with that of Exuviæ Serpentis in Lapidem conversæ; which
is as bad. This is such an one, but more strait and smooth,
as thick as the upper end of a Tobacco-Pipe stalk. But with
a much greater bore. The Middle white FISTULAR Alcyonium. A Cluster of
Coralline Tubes, in some places, meeting in parcels; in others,
divaricated, almost as the Vessels do in Plants. Not equally
thick at both ends; beneath, not exceeding the Quill of a
Crow; at the top, as wide as that of a Goose. Rough all
along with annular wrinkles, almost like the slough of a
Silk-Worm, or a Serpent. Being hollow, 'tis probable they
serve as the Matrices of some Sea-Insects. The small white FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus (b) Lib. 27.
cap. 8.
(b) (whom Terzagi imitates (c) ) called Vermicchiara;
and Alcyonio Milesio; a much better Name. A Cluster of
crooked Tubes, not thicker than a Packthread; and also (c) Sept.
Mus. c. 13.
n. 18, 19.
wrinkled. The Red FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus call'd
Tubularia purpurea. By Besler Alcyonium Maris Rubri. A
Congeries of strait, and red Pipes, of a Coralline substance,
about as thick as an Oaten straw, all standing parallel, as the
Cells in a Honey-Comb: and divided into several Stories by
transverse Plates or Floors, at several distances from a ¼ to ½
an inch, or thereabout. The BRANCHED Alcyonium. 'Tis white, and of a
Coralline substance, but somewhat soft. The Branches so-
lid, and in some places coalescent. The KNOBED Alcyonium. Of a white and coralline
substance, but somewhat soft. Of such a Contexture,
whereby it is every way, and pretty openly, pervious
throughout; somewhat answerable to that of a Sponge.
Evenly tuberated all over the top and sides. Another, unequally tuberous, and of a little more open
compages. 280 The LOBED Alcyonium. Of a like colour and substance
with the former: yet not composed of round, but flat
or lobed portions, with some likeness to Liverwort. The BUBLED Alcyon. Given by Captain Th. Fissenden.
About ½ an Eln in compass. Consisting wholly of Plate-
work, so conjoyn'd, as to make several large Apertures, run-
ing one into another: somewhat after the manner of a Ruff.
The Plates or whole Body compos'd of most minute Bubles,
divided by a very thin Sepiment, and standing all in even,
strait, and parallel Rows. So that it looks not much unlike
Linnen-Cloath: saving its brown tawny colour. A NETED Alcyon. Retepora Imperat. So called from
its Figure. MUSHROON-CORAL. Fungites. So called from a
little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool. Here are divers sorts. The WAVED Mushroon Coral. 'Tis round, and above
two inches over; striated beneath round about. The Rim
and Area, both undulated. With thin Plates standing all
along, and on both sides transversly to the Waves. ANOTHER, with DOUBLE WAVES. Circular, and
about four inches in Diametre. With the top rising high
and round. With transverse Striæ, rather than Plates. And
Waves both double, and more winding than in the former;
much resembling those of a Mans Brain. From whence,
this sort, most properly, are called BRAIN-STONES. A POLISH'D BRAIN-STONE. It much resembles a
sort of undulated Stone. Whereof hereafter. Part of a large BRAIN-STONE from the Bermudas. The PLATED FUNGITES. So especially to be called,
because it hath no Undulations, but Plates only. All very
thin and sharp, and radiated, to the circumference, after
the manner of those in a common Mushroon; excepting,
that there they stand underneath, here above. This sort is
curiously figur'd in Calceolarius's Musæum. A FLAT RADIATED Fungites. Figur'd by Bauhinus.
(a) (a) Lib. 39.
c. 60. 'Tis somewhat more than two inches broad, and with the
sides as it were crushed together. Waved round about, and
the Rim raised like a border pretty high. A STARRY FUNGITES. Of a circular figure; beneath,
a little concave; above, convex. Wrought all over with
a great number of small radiated Stars, every where con-
tiguous. 281 A Piece of Fungites with GREAT STAR-WORK:
every Star, with the Rays, being near ½ an inch over; and
the Rays also plated. The COOMED Fungites. The top hereof is circular;
all over carved into radiated Tubes, the Rays standing high
without, and deep within. Composed together so, as
somewhat to resemble an Honey-Coome, from whence I
name it. ANOTHER of the same sort, of an Oval Figure. Given
by Sir R. Moray. A Fragment of a great One of the same sort. In which
the Texture is fairly observable. For the aforesaid Rays, are
indeed the extremities of so many Plates which run through
the length of every Tube; and which are likeways all the
way conjoyned with an infinite number of other extream
small thin transverse Plates: dividing the whole Tube into
little squares, after the like manner, as in the Pith of a Bull-
rush. The Fungites is found in the Indian-Sea, and the River
Nilus. (a)(a) Clusius. CHAP. IV.
Of GEMS. A ROCK of DIAMONDS. Given by Sir R. Moray.
They grow upon their Bed (which is about three
inches broad, and four in length) in Crystals Sexangularly
pointed. Of several sizes from the thickness of a midling
Pin, to a ¼ of an inch Diametre, but all of them short.
Not very perspicuous, but a little greyish, like the Calcedony.
Saving one small cluster of them, tinctur'd yellowish. They
cut Glass very deep and easily. The principal Diamond Mines now known, are four.
That of Raolconda, in the Kingdom of Visapour; discover'd
200 years since. In this Mine, the Diamonds lie in sandy
Veins in the Rocks. Of all, the clearest, and of the whitest
Water. They pound and wash the Vein for the Diamonds,
just as we do some of our Ores for the Metal. A second 282call'd the Gany, about seven days journey from Golconda;
found out 100 years since. They dig here not above 14
feet deep. Sometimes above sixty thousand Men, Women
and Children at work. It affords the largest Diamonds, but
not clear: one sometimes above 40 Carats, i. e. ⅓d of an ounce.
And there was one here found which weighed 900 Carats
(i. e. ℥vij ss.) A Third, that of Govel, a River in the King-
dom of Bengala. The Diamonds are found in the sand of
the River, for the space of 50 Leagues. From hence
come those fair pointed Stones called Natural Points: but (a) Ind. Tav.
lib. 2. c. 11,
12, 13, 14,
15.
not great. The Fourth, that of Succadan, a River in Bor-
neo. But there are none come from thence but by stealth.
How the Indians prove, work, and sell their Stones, with
other particulars, see in Tavernere. (a)(b) Mr. Boyle
Of Gems,
p. 11. Rough Diamonds are often naturally figur'd into Trian-
gular Plains: a mark to know a right one by, (b) as well as (c) Joh. de
Læt L. de G.
& Lap.
hardness. Many also of the best are pointed with six An-
gles; some, with eight; and some Tabulated, or Plain, and
Square. (c) Diamonds receive no hurt, but are rather mend(d) Boet. de
Lap. & G. -
ed, by the fire. (d) Some, saith Garcias, (e) being rub'd,
will take up straws, as Amber and other Electrical Bodies. (e) Lib. 1.
c. 43.
And Mr. Boyl (f) speaks of one of his, which with a little
friction attracts vigorously. Of another, (g) which by (f) Of Gems,
p. 109.
water made a little more than luke-warm, he could bring
to shine in the dark.(g) Ib. p. 112. 'Tis the property of all true Diamonds, To unite the Foyle
closely and equally to it self, (h) (h) Bœt. de
G. and thereby better augment
its lustre, than any other Gem. That which is called the
Foyle, is a mixture of Mastick and burnt Ivory: The latter,
being one of the blackest of colours; used by Painters for
Velvet, the Pupil of the Eye, &c. The Water of those which are drawn, not from the Rock, (i) Mr. Boyl,
Of Gems,
p. 51.
but the Ground, commonly partakes of the colour of that
Soil or Ground: (i) and some are found as yellow as a
Topaz. (k)(k) Ib. p. 35. Between the Grain and the Vein of a Diamond, there is
this difference, That the former furthers; the latter, being
so insuperably hard, hinders the splitting of it. Although
it seems, that a Vein, sometimes is nothing else, but a
Cross-Grain. Our European Jewelers, when they split one,
they take a very small iron Wyre, and having daubed it 283 with Oil and Powder of Diamonds; draw it upon the Dia-
mond, by a Tool, to and fro like a Saw, so long as is needful
for that purpose. The BASTARD-DIAMOND. Pseudo-adamas. Now re-
maining, as it was found, bred in a Musculites, a Stone like
a Muscleshell. Given also by Sir Robert Moray. 'Tis angular,
pointed, and very clear. And cuts Glass with great ease and
depth. Of our Bastard-Diamonds here in England, the Cornish
are the best; much better than those on St. Vincents Rock
near Bristol. CRYSTAL. From κρύος & στέλλω: because supposed to
be only Water contracted or condensed with cold. Here
are several sorts. A CRYSTAL ROCK. In which, several lesser Crystals
Sexangular, pointed, and most perspicuous, grow round
about a great one, in the form of a Pyramid, above eight
inches about. The bottom of it being polish'd, all the
sides to the top, are very pleasantly apparent through the
same. A small COLUMN of Crystal, also exceeding clear. A ROCK of midling Crystals, growing upon a Semi-
perspicuous Bed, or Grey-Mother. They are very clear,
notwithstanding that beneath they seem to be tinctur'd
yellow; being there only daubed with some substance of a
yellow colour. Of these Crystals, the two opposite
sides, are the greatest: which is also observable in many
others. A small Crystal COLUMN, with a whitish Base. ANOTHER clear Crystal, growing on a Semiperspicu-
ous Mother, together with a kind of Marchasite Spar, or
tessellated Stone, of an Amethystine colour. A ROCK of small Grey Crystals, almost like a Calci-
dony. Another of the same sort, growing upon a kind of Lime-
stone. A Third, with the Points of an Amethystine colour,
growing to a Matrix of a purplish black. A Crystal COLUMN, of an Hyacinthine colour, but
dilute. An inch in Diametre, and almost ½ a foot long.
The two opposite sides of this also are the greatest. A lesser one of the same Species. 284 A THIRD, growing upon a Bed of the same colour; (a) Of Gems,
p. 39.
but opacous. Mr. Boyle (a) mentions a piece of Crystal, in
one part of an Emrald-green. And Terzagi (b) (b) Mus.
Sept. another that
was black. A Crstyal COLUMN, naturally inclosing a kind of Moss
(or the likeness of it) at one end of the Column of a paler,
at the other of a dark Green. 'Tis above ½ a foot in compass. ANOTHER piece of CRYSTAL in which is immersed
a Mossy substance of a redish colour. And there are some
Crystals have been known naturally to enclose a Li-
quor. (c)(c) Mr. Boyle,
Of Gems,
p. 43. &
Mus. Calc. A Piece of polish'd CRYSTAL in the figure of a half
Globe. 'Tis on one side flaky, and hath many very small
Bubles, by which it appears cloudy. ANOTHER Piece polish'd into a Sphærical Triangle, and
somewhat Oval. A THIRD Piece polish'd into a Cone. A Massy Piece of CRYSTAL. Not pointed, nor an-
gular; but of a roundish figure; much bigger than any
mans head. One way, near a yard in compass; the other,
above three quarters. In weight, thirty nine pounds and a
¼ Haverdupoise. Yet is it very clear, beyond the clearest
Ice of the same thickness. The biggest piece of Crystal I
find mention'd else-where, is a Ball of six and thirty ounces
in Septalius's Musæum. Crystal, at least some sorts of it, is the softest, saith Boe-
tius, (d) (d) Lib. 2.
c. 73. l. 1. of all Gems. He should have said, of all perspi-
cuous Gems: for the Turcois is much softer. The most
usual Figure of Crystal, is Sexangular: yet Terzagi (e) (e) Mus. Sep-
tal. c. 9. n. 54.
mentions a Rock of square pointed ones. But it is obser-
vable, That he saith the Bed on which they grew, seem'd to
be Gold-Ore. If so, it might proceed from some govern-
ing principle in the Ore. For I have heard it noted, as I
reremember remember, by Sir Christopher Wren, That Grain-Gold is of-
ten found naturally figur'd into Cubes. Crystal grows in
most Countries, both cold and hot: the Globous, especially
in Bohemia and Silecia. A Drachm (f) (f) Bœt. de
Gem. & L.
Lib. 2. c. 74. of the Powder of Crystal, with Oil of
sweet Almonds, a present Remedy for those that have
taken sublimate. As also for bilious and chylous Diarrhæas.
(g) (g) Ib. When Calcin'd, by some called Pulvis Cæsaris, of ex-
cellent use against the Epilepsie. (h)(h) Terzagi
in Mus. Sept. 285 An AMETHYSTINE ROCK. The Gem hath its Name
from the opinion of its being an Amulet against Drunken-
ness. This Rock consisteth of angular pointed and contigu-
ous Crystals; growing from both sides the Matrix, in-
wards, where their Points meet, and are all closely indented.
Some of them seem to be Pentagonal. Several are Conick
from the Points towards the Roots. These are well
tinctur'd, but the Roots are all white, or rather Diaphanous
and colourless. As also is the Matrix, or inward part of it;
yet not so clear. The shell over all, flat, opacous, and of a
redish brown. There is the Figure of a very fair one in
Calceolarius's Mus. ANOTHER, growing upon a Matrix or Bed spotted red
and yellow, and cross-grain'd, or composed of small
Crystals set together decussatim. A THIRD, the Matrix whereof is a kind of Amethystine
Flint, i. e. not composed of Crystals or Grains, as is usual,
but one entire massy Stone, Semiperspicuous, and of a pale
blew, almost of the colour of some Cows Horns. Of an
orbicular Figure, and somewhat flat like a Loaf. The
Roots of the Crystals are colourless, as in the former, and
the points and upper parts of a pale Purple. With these, is
included in the same Matrix, a whitish and flaky Stone,
which is easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Which is
one, amongst many instances, how near together two
Stones may be bred, of so different a nature one from
another. A WHITE AMETHYST. This is here naked, or with-
out a Matrix. Consisteth of divers contiguous Crystals,
half an inch and an inch long; their Roots grey; but
their Points clear, usually sexangular. From the Points the
Roots taper'd or conick: the Figure which doth especially
distinguish this Stone from Crystal, whether white, or of an
Amethystine colour. An AMETHYST of a pale Violet colour; found grow-
ing in Scotland. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. ANOTHER, with a kind of Chrysolite growing to it. The best of this kind, are, as Theophrastus well describes
them, of the colour of a ripe (red) Grape: and are the
hardest. These grow in the Indies: the rest in Bohemia,
Saxony, &c. The best, being burnt, excellently imitate a
Diamond. (a)(a) Boet. de
Gem. &
Lap. 286 Two little white or pale SAPHIRES, polish'd into a flat
oval Figure. By some called The Female: and so the
paler kinds of other Gems. The best, grow in Bisnagar,
Zeilan, and other parts of the East-Indies, especially in Pegu.
The meaner, in Bohemia, and other adjacent places. They
are cut or fashion'd with Emery and Tripoly; and en-
graven with Diamond-Dust, as other harder Gems. Being
burnt, they imitate a Diamond, as doth the Amethyst. (a)(a) Bœt. de
Gem. & L.
And æs ustum and Glass melted together, imitate a Sa-
phire. (b)(b) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. The Saphire, saith Boetius, (c) (c) Lib. 2.
c. 43. being applied to any
bruised part, prohibits the Inflammation of it, in a miracu-
lous manner. See also the Salt and Tincture (d) (d) Ibid. of it described
and commended by the same Author. The GRANATE, qu. Ingranate, or Ingraind. And there-
fore by the French called VERMEILLE: and the Matrix,
by Moscardo, Minera de Ingranata. The deepest, well com-
pared by Imperatus to the Juyce of a ripe Mulberry. Here
are of several sizes. A BOHEMICK GRANATE, as big as a Nutmeg. With
several more of the same size, or near it. Some other Large GRANATES, polish'd with Rhombs.
But these are cloudy. A Bag of Lesser GRANATES, of several sizes from a
Pease to a Mustard-Seed. A BED of GRANATES from the West-Indies. Given
by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq;. Most of them as big
as a large Pease, beded in a Stone which is friable, and easily
rub'd to a redish and glistering powder; in some places a
little black, and growing with cross Flakes. It seemeth, from
its softness, not to have been the original Bed or Matrix
wherein the Stones were bred; but that being, in pecking
the Rock or Mine, broken off from that, they were after-
wards casually lodged in this. (e) Boet. de
Gem. & L. These Stones grow in Calecut, Cambaia, and Æthyopia.
As also in Spain and Bohemia, where, contrary to what is
observed of most other Gems, they are found exceeding the (f) De Læt.
de Gem. &
L.
Oriental. (e) Many of them will abide the fire, without
change of colour. (f) Spirit of Salt extracts a rich Tincture out of Granates
calcin'd and finely powder'd. (g) (g) Mr. Boyle,
Of Gems,
p. 88. And Aq. Regis, a rich 287 solution of them, only powder'd; colour'd somewhat
like a solution of Gold. (a)( h a) Ibid. The Jewelers TOPAZ. Chryselectron Plinij. This is an
Oriental one. 'Tis of a perspicuous Golden colour, with
some scarlet spots or like a deep Tincture of Saffron. The Whiter or Female TOPAZ. Composed of several
Crystals, clear and colourless at the top; below, clear and
yellow. Growing on a white Matrix, with a light yellowish
Tincture. They grow in Arabia, Bohemia, &c. The best in
India and Bactriana: the Europeans, especially, being soft,
and not without blackish Clouds. The Oriental, the hard-
est of Gems, except the Diamond. And probably the Ruby.
Found sometimes so big as to weigh twelve pounds. (b)(b) Boet. de
Gem. & L.
Æs ustum, stannum ustum, Cinabar, and Crystal, melted toge-
ther, imitate a Topaz. (c)(c) Aldrov.
M. Metall. The SMARAGDUS, growing together with a pale Ame-
thyst in one Matrix. The Crystals are angular, but seem to
hold no proportion. The Occidental, sometimes as big as a mans fist, especially (d) Ambro-
sin. (in Al-
drov. M.
Met.) out of
Porta.
in Peru; but soft and cloudy. The Oriental, no bigger
than a Filbert. The Europeans, in Cyprus, &c. the worst.
'Tis imitated (d) with Æs ustum, and half as much Crocus
Martis. Six Grains of this Stone, in powder, procureth sweat. (e)(e) Mus.
Wormian.
Applied entire to the Belly, stopeth all kind of Dysenetries in
a miraculous manner. (f) (f) Boet.
from Guai-
nerius. A CLEAR and GREEN STONE, (a kind of Smarag-
dus) which, being heated red hot, shineth in the dark for
a considerable time, sc. About 1/16 th of an hour. Given by
Dr. William Crown. I tried the experiment my self also.
And at the same time observ'd, That as it grew hot in the
fire, its Green colour was changed into a Sky-blew; which
it likewise retain'd so long as it continu'd to shine: but after
that, recover'd its native green again. The AGATE. So called from the River Achates in
Sicily, near which it was first found. (g) (g) Theophr.
de Lap. Almost of the colour
of clear Horn. The hardest of Semiperspicuous Gems. They
grow in India, Germany, Bohemia. Naturally adorned with
much variety of waved and other figur'd Veins, Spots, the
representation of Vegetable, and sometimes of Animal
Bodies. None more memorable, than that mention'd 288 by Pliny, (a) (a) Lib. 7.
c. 11. of Pyrrhus King of Epyrus, in which, without
much strain of phancy, one might imagine a representa-
tion of the Nine Muses, and Apollo, with his Harp, in the
middle of them. 'Tis used for Sword-Hilts, Knife-Hafts,
Beads, Cups, and the like. There are pieces of it, sometimes
(b) (b) Mus.
Septal. as thick as a Mans Arm. The ONYX. So called, because in colour not unlike the
Nail of a Mans Finger. Ambrosinus confounds the Agate
and the Onyx together. But the Onyx differs from the
Agate, chiefly, in that, instead of Veins, 'tis generally com-
posed, saith Bœtius, of Zones. But I think rather of several
Balls, one within another: which, when the Stone is po-
lish'd, do indeed represent a round spot in the centre, with
several Zones or Rings about it. Here are of divers
sorts. An ONYX with a white, and very broad Zone. ANOTHER, of a pale Blew. A THIRD, with Rings White and Bay. A FOURTH, of a light yellowish colour, or of Citrine
Amber, with ash-colour'd Rings. A FIFTH, in Figure like an Eye, with the Iris, White;
the Pupil, of the colour of Honey. A SIXTH, with the middle Spot or Pupil encompassed
with a grey Iris. A SEVENTH, with the Iris party-colour'd, within,
White; without, brown; and the Pupil also of the same
colour. An EIGHTH, with an ash-colour'd Pupil, the Iris of a
pale Amethystine within, and white without. These with
more variety of colours, are by some particularly called
NICCOLI; qu. Onyculi. A NINTH, which may be nam'd, The BINOCULAR;
as having the likeness of two little Eyes. The Table on
which Nature hath drawn them, is of the colour of yellow
Amber, and semiperspicuous. The Eyes are white, with
their Pupils of the colour of the palest live Honey. A TENTH, distinctly called BELI OCULUS: the Iris
whereof is Grey; the Pupil, and the rest of the Eye,
Black. An ELEVENTH, of the colour of yellow Amber, with
grey Girdles, not round, as in all the former, but angular. 289 The EMBRIO of an ONYX. So I name it. 'Tis a half
Globe, polish'd. The outer Crust or Shell, Semiperspicuous,
and as hard as of a true Oynx. The part within, round, of
an opacous liver-colour, and so soft as to be dissoluble with
Spirit of Nitre. A PEBBLE of kin to the Onyx. 'Tis round or globous,
and on the two opposite sides, a little prominent. About
an inch in Diametre. The outer Shell, yellowish; the mid-
dlemost, red; both opacous. The intimate Part, diapha-
nous, and of the colour of a glowing Coal. It seemeth to
me, That as some Pebbles, so many more Flints, are a sort
of ONYX. The Onyx, amongst other things, is used for the
making of Cups; of which, King Mithridates is said to
have had two Thousand. Sometimes so big, as to serve
for Statues. At Rome, in the Basilica of St. Peter, there are
(or were in Boetius's time) six little Onychine Columns. (a)(a) Boet. lib.
2. de Gem.
& L.
They grow both in the East and West-Indies, and in
Europe. The ONYCHATE: Betwixt an Onyx and an Achate.
Composed not of Zones, or Balls, but of Plates, perspicuous
and ash-colour'd, mixed. ANOTHER, of a Globous Figure, consisting of Plates
ash-colour'd and brown: like a little turn'd Bowl of Ash-
wood. A THIRD, consisting of Black, and Horn-colour'd
Plates, mixed together, these latter, being also stained with
red spots. The PSEUDOPALUS. 'Tis of a pale blewish Water,
like a Fishes Eye, or a drop of Skim'd-Milk, with some
Rays of yellow. ANOTHER, growing to a thin Crust or Matrix of an
Iron-colour. (b) Boet. de
Gem. This, and the Opalus it self, the softest of Gems. (b) They
are now found principally in Hungary. (c) (c) Tavern.
Voyages. The Opalus,
saith Boetius, hath its variety of colours, only by Re-
fraction: (adds Læt, (d) (d) Lib. 1.
de Gem.
c. 13. like those in a Prisme) for if it be
broken it looseth them. 'Tis true, that these colours are pro-
duced by Refraction: yet not as in a Prisme; as not depend-
ing upon the Figure, (for they will not be produced in
other Stones of the same figure) nor so much as any flaw
or flakiness in the Stone; but its peculiar Texture, which 290 causeth those Refractions. Tin and Venis-Glass melted to-
gether, imitate an Opalus. (a) (a) Porta. See also the Phil. Trans.
hereof. (b)(b) Num. 38. The ONYCOPALUS. By some called Oculus Cati. It
hath the Zones or Rings of the Onyx, of a pale White. The
best of these are found in Zeilan and Pegu. Much harder
than the Opalus. It might be try'd, whether this Stone doth
in any degree partake of the strange property of the Opalus;
some of which, being only steeped a while in common
water, will become Transparent for some time. (c)(c) Læt, ubi
supra. The CALCEDONY, i. e. Onyx Chalcedonius, as Kentman
not amiss. (d) (d) Fossil.
Nomencl. This is polish'd and set in a Frame. Above
four inches long, and near as broad. Semiperspicuous, al-
most like to a piece of grey Ice. Consisting of white and
most perspicuous parts so mixed together, as to look in some
sort like a Honey-Coome. Another small one, with a pointed and sexangular polish
at both ends. This Stone is next in hardness to the German Agate. The
clearest, with a pale cast of blew the best. In Germany, be-
ing cut into thin broad Tablets, many have their Arms
either engraven thereon, or painted on the back-side; pre-
fering it to Crystal, as being harder, if good. Hereof also
are made little Mortars for the powdering of Emery; like-
wise Cups, Religious Beads, &c. (e)(e) Georg.
Agric. The SARDIUS or Cornelian, qu. Carnelian. A semiper-
spicuous Stone. The best, by some called The Male, of the
colour of Flesh, saith Boetius, with the blood in it. I add,
but of a living Animal. But this is diluted with somewhat
of an Amber-colour. Anciently not only This, but all the
smaller Gems, were used especially for Signets and Signet-
Rings. (f)(f) Theop.
de Lapid. The SARDONYX. As it were compounded of the
Sardius, and the Onyx. This is polish'd, and so the better
shews it self. It consisteth of White and Blackish Rings,
one with in another. And stained both with red, and pale
green Spots interjected. The Rings, with the help of a Glass,
appear much more numerous, curiously representing those
in the Root of Taraxacum or Dan-de-Lyon, cut transversly.
Note also, That the said Rings are properly so call'd, only in
the polish'd Stone; being, when entire, really so many Balls, 291 as in the Bezoar or Onyx, one within another. This Stone
is found in several parts in Asia and Europe. Harder than
the Onyx, or the Agate; and is therefore figur'd with
Emery. Hereof anciently Cups were made, and those Dishes
call'd Vasa Myrrhina. See Worm. The JASPIS. An opacous Gem; always, saith Læt, (a) (a) Lib. de
Gem.
with some kind of earthyness. But I take this to be only
the property of the Lapis Nephriticus. 'Tis found of most
colours; of which here is some variety. A GREEN JASPIS, stained with White Spots. A Flesh-colour'd JASPIS, with Blackish Striæ. ANOTHER, stained with Purple and Blew Spots mixed
together. A FOURTH, stained with white and red Spots. A FIFTH, Variegated with White, Carnation, Red, dark
Green, and bright Green Veins and Spots. Very like to
those, which Boetius saith are plentifully found in Bohemia. A GEOMETRICK JASPER. It seemeth at least of
affinity with the Lapis Sanguinalis described in Boetius. (b)(b) Lib. 2.
c. 184. out of
Monardes.
But is certainly one sort of Lapis Cruciformis. (c) This
here is polish'd into a plain Oval Figure, or flat on both
sides. About an inch and ¼ long, and ¼ thick. In the centre
or middle part of both sides stands a Rhumb or Diamond(c) See Al-
drov. Mus.
Metall. -
square part, of a blackish Green. From the four Angles
whereof are produced as many Lines of the same colour;
and from each of these, two more, at acute Angles; the
extreme parts whereof compose four more green Parts, as
it were half Rhumbs: all joyn'd together with a circle near
the Rim of the Stone. Amongst these, some yellow and
red Spots are sprinkled up and down. A Bag of a course sort of JASPER Stones, knockt off
from those in Wilts-shire near Marleborough, called The
Grey-Weathers. Given by John Aubrey Esq;. So hard, that
no Tool will touch them. Generally of a light Grey, some
almost white, many of a dirty red. Another, of a blewish Grey. Taken from a like shelf of
Stones at Stone-heng. 'Tis hard enough to scratch Glass. Another like a green Pebble, found in one of the Streets
of this City. Where also, saith the fore-mentioned Person,
many more are met with, and that they are a sort of Jasper,
brought, as Ballast, from the East-Indies. 292 The JASPACHATES. 'Tis polish'd, and so figur'd, as
to look like one half of a Pear, with the Stalk, Coar, and
dead Flower cut out. Curiously beautify'd with Yellow,
Purple, and Blood-red Spots, immersed in the Horny and
Semiperspicuous colour of the Agate; with which also 'tis
equally hard. This also is a kind of BLOOD-STONE: as
all other Jaspers with red Spots. The JASPONYX. 'Tis polish'd with an Oval Figure.
Composed of white Zones, besprinkled with White, Brown,
and Red Spots. Another of a courser kind, compos'd of Green and Ash-
colour'd Plates. Like that Marble described by Imperatus
with parallel black Lines. The JASPAMMITES. So I call it; Having the Figure
of the Ammites, with the Colour and Hardness of the
Jaspis. For 'tis composed of little orbicular Stones, some-
what bigger than a Pepper-Corn; all green without, and
of a dark Purple in the centre. So as they seem also to
have been once little crusted or shell'd Balls, as those of the
Ammites, hereafter describ'd. The Jaspis grows in India, Phrygia, Thracia, and Bohemia.
Next in hardness to the Agate. Sometimes so big, as to
be used for Statues. Of great esteem, as an Amulet, for
the stainching of all Hæmorrhages. Of its Effect herein,
see some Cases in Boetius; one of them a most remarqua-
ble one. (a) (a) De Gem.
lib. 2. c. 102. See also two others, in Mr. Boyle, Of Gems.
The specifick Virtues ascribed to This and divers other
Stones, seeming almost incredible unto some: Mr. Boyle,
to render an intelligible Account of the same; doth rea-
sonably (b) Pag. 177,
178.suppose, That all opacous Medical Stones have
been, some Bolus's, some Ores of Metals, or Minerals of
kin to Metals, so advantagiously alter'd, as by application
only to become Sanative. (c) (c) Of the
Virtues Of
Gems, p. 171.
172. The Green-Jasper is by some
prefer'd: but that which Boetius us'd in the Cases above-
mention'd, was wholly Red. The NEPHRITICK-STONE. Of affinity with the
Jaspis, and rather harder. Of several colours; but no
one of two, nor any Red: for the most part of a pale
Green. It hath some softer parts intermixed, which make
it look sometimes as if it were a little oily; and for which
cause it admits not of a perfect polish. Of these here are
two Species; first, 293 The NEPHRITICK STONE of Brasile. Gemma, Gesnero,
Oripendula. Described by the Author of the Name. But this
is smaller, and seems to be broken. Of a pale blewish Green,
with some pores containing a whitish substance. Polish'd
and shaped into a little Column. The better sort of the
Natives of Brasile, to distinguish themselves, when they go
abroad, wear this Stone (as we Rings on the Ear) upon
their Lip; which is bored in their Childhood for that pur-
pose. ANOTHER, of affinity with the former. It consisteth
mostly of parts of a dark Green; yet glossy; and firmly
cohering. Yet so as in several conspicuous pores to con-
tain a soft whitish substance. This Stone, although of no beauty, yet is placed amongst
Gems, for that it is highly esteemed, as an Amulet against
Nephitical Pains, and the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys.
Of the admirable effects whereof, in divers Cases of this
Nature, see the Relations of Monardes, and from him of
Boetius; as also from a Noble Person, his Kinsman. (a) (a) Lib. 2.
c. 110. The
Green one with black spots, is commended by many. But
Læt saith, (b) (b) Lib. 1.
de Lap. he had one almost of the colour of Honey,
which, upon frequent experience, he found to do all that
Monardes relates of it. The TURCOIS. So called, because brought to most
places from Turkey, or those that trade from thence. By
the Indians, Perose; for that it is found, most abundant,
saith Cerutus, (c) (c) Mus. Cal-
ceol. S. 3. only, saith Tavernere, (d) in Persia. See
the Description hereof in Boetius. This here, is all over
tuberous on the top with round Knobs, of several sizes,
from that of the head of a small Brass Nail to that of a Pin;
some of a blewish, others of darker Green. Within (some-
what like the Onyx) disposed into Zones, mixed with
spots: both of a Greenish Black. 'Tis two inches broad,
and near three in length: a great one, if, as Boetius saith,
it seldom exceeds the bigness of a Walnut. Another, about as big as a Filbert. A Third, a small one, like those set in Rings. The MOTHER of the TURCOIS, as is supposed.
Found in the Mines of Herngrunt in Hungary; and given
by Dr. Edward Browne. Here are two Pieces. One of
them, for the greatest part, blew; with some places black. 294 In which is also immersed a sort of small Sand-colour'd
Stones, so hard as to scratch Glass. The other, hath also
a mixture of some parts that are Green. The Blew and
the Green, are both, and they only dissoluble upon the
effusion of Acids. The best of these Stones are the Blewest. (a) (a) Bœt. de
Gem. They have
also this property; sc. to look blew by Day, (b) and Green
by Candle-light. Many, saith Boetius, have judged this to
be reckon'd by Pliny, amongst Jaspers with the Name of (b) Læt de
Gem.
Boreas. But either Pliny and the Ancients, or those that make
that judgment of them, were greatly mistaken. For this
is a very soft Stone, and easily dissoluble, with Ebullition,
immediately upon the effusion of some, especially Nitrous
Acids: and may be scraped with a Knife. So that I am
of Opinion; That 'tis nothing else but a sort of Ærugo
in some measure petrify'd. Which also is further confirm'd
in that it doth not only resemble that in Colour, but, be-
ing (as it is easily) burnt, is of the same Tast. So that it
is no marvail, if this Stone, with Age and especially much
worn and exposed to the Air, looseth the beauty of its colour.
And that it may be restored to the same by Oil of Vitriol;
which eateth off its faded Surface. CHAP. V.
Of REGULAR STONES. ASAs Gems are distinguished chiefly by their Colours; so
other Stones Regular, by their external Forms. This
is of two general kinds. Such as is Circumscriptive, or
depending upon the whole Stone, as ex. gr. in the Eagle-
Stone; and this is properly call'd the Figure. Or such as
is Accumulative, where there is a repetition of the same
Figure in several parts, as in Muscovy-Glass, composed of
parallel Plates: and so for the rest, whereof in their
order. A GLOBULAR PEBBLE, an inch and ¼ in Diametre,
whitish and semiperspicuous. It seems to be an Assay to-
wards the Eagle-Stone, hereafter describ'd. 295 A CLUSTER'D PISOLYTHOS. It consisteth of Glo-
bular and bay Stones, united together with an Ash-colour'd
Cement: But this is very hard, and stirs not with Acids.
Boetius and others figure a Cluster of these, but somewhat
bigger. This Stone may seem to belong to the second general
kind above-said. But is really a heap of distinct Stones in
one Bed. Which is also to be understood of others
alike. ANOTHER, composed of Globular Stones, consisting
of a whitish, and soft or friable substance; yet gritty, and
indissoluble with Acids. United together with a brown
Cement. A SINGLE one of the same Figure, but bigger; sc. as
big as a Physical Pill. As also semipellucid, almost as the
bay Amber. Very hard and indissoluble with Acids. Besler
figures some of these, with the Name of Pisa majora la-
pidea. The SINEPITES, as it may be called. Being a Cluster
of small hard Globules, like Mustard-seeds; and united
together with an obscure or dull Red Cement. Given by
Sigr. Boccone. The MECONITES. A Cluster of other like Globules
no bigger than Poppy-seeds. See one of these in Boetius
and Besler. These two last, are properly of the Hammites
kind; but not the Pisolythos, although accounted so by
Boetius. Of these Globules, it is observable with the help
of a Glass, That although they are so very small, yet are
they shell'd, or composed of little Balls one within another,
as the Bezoar-Stone. The CLUSTER'D STALAGMITES. A Congeries of
Globular Stones, like so many petrify'd Drops; of the co-
lour of Oriental Bezoar; cemented together with a kind of
Gypsum. The whole Mass, which here is polish'd, is two
inches and ½ square, and an inch high. This, and the fol-
lowing Stones of affinity herewith, differ from the five
former, not so much in figure, as in substance, these being
all instantly dissoluble with Acids. So that they seem to be
a kind of Gypsum, first dissolved in some Mineral Menstruum,
and after setling in this Figure. The CORALLINE STALAGMITES, also cluster'd. It 296 consisteth of little round Stones of the bigness of the for-
mer, but of the colour of red Coral. Cemented together
with a sort of Gypsum. It is dissolved, upon the effusion of
any strong Acid, with a strong Effervescence. The POROUS STALAGMITES. 'Tis a ruder Species,
the Stones of which it is composed, being not so distinct and
round, as in the former. Cover'd all over with one com-
mon Crust. Yet most of them pounced with small or more
open pores. A SINGLE one, call'd PISUM CAROLINUM; be-
cause frequently bred in the Caroline Baths. Whitish,
smooth and dense; and near as big as a Pistol Bullet. Two SINGLE ones. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. Of
a glossy Ash-colour, and very dense substance: yet easily
dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. These are somewhat
angular. Two more, which are TWINS. These are perfectly
round, except where they joyn together. A Great TIBULINE SUGAR-PLUM. This and the
other Rough sorts the Italians call Confetti de Tibuli; the
place (not far from Rome) where they are bred. 'Tis above
½ an inch in Diametre, Globular, White, and Rough; ex-
actly like a great Confet. A Parcel of SMALL ones; white, round, and as it were
granulated: just like Carvy Confets, and such like. Besler
figures several of these under the Name of Petrify'd Anise-
seeds, Fenil-seeds, &c. The SUGAR-ALMOND, bred also in the same place.
In colour, figure, size, and surface, so like to the rougher
sort which Confectioners sometimes make, that, excepting
the Tast, nothing can be liker. Three STONES found very deep under ground near
Hartford in New England. One of an Oval Figure, flatish,
and having a little Globule standing upon its centre. Ano-
ther, two half Globes, joyn'd edge to edge. The Third,
much bigger than the former, of a circular Figure, and flat;
an inch and ¼ over; almost like the Caps worn by Under-
Graduates in our Universities. All soft, and fine, or not
gritty, and not unlike a hard Bole. Spirit of Nitre dissolves
them with Effervescence. A little round, flat, and blackish Stone, resembling a 297 Medicinal TROCH, or a thin CAKE of Terra sigillata,
having as it were the Impression of a small Seal on one
side. 'Tis a perfect Pebble, not affected with any Acid. The EAGLE-STONE. Ætites. All the former Stones
were round and solid. This is hollow. Named from a
vulgar opinion, That the Eagle, when she sits, carries it to
her Nest, to keep her Egg from being addle. And this,
joyn'd with another, That Bodies operate according to their
Signature: as this Stone, which often contains, or if you
will, goes great with another Stone within it. Several sorts
hereof are here preserv'd. The FLORID Male EAGLE-STONE. A rare kind.
'Tis a perfect Flint, and semiperspicuous; of a Globular
Figure, and as big as a good big Apple, or near three inches
in Diametre. Flourished all round about with several sets
of Rings one included within another, with some simili-
tude to so many little Roses or double Crowfoot-Flowers.
'Tis very ponderous, being almost solid. Yet hollow at
the centre; containing not one, but several small Stones,
as is argu'd from the noise they make, upon shaking the
Stone. An ANGULAR or Ridged Male EAGLE-STONE.
This also is about the bigness of a good large Apple. Of
a brown colour, but daubed over with a kind of Okre;
and was therefore probably bred in a Bed of the same.
'Tis very heavy; which argues it almost solid, as the for-
mer, and to have only a small hollow in the centre. An ORBICULAR EAGLE-STONE. About the big-
ness of a midling Apple. The outside, rough and brown.
Inwardly black. The Concave surface daubed with a sort
of Okre; a quantity of which, 'tis likely, it once con-
tain'd. An OVAL EAGLE Stone. About as big as a midling
Walnut. Without, blackish and rough, as it were granulated
with some semiperspicuous Sands. Smooth within, and of
a spruce Okre colour. On one side, it hath an oblong
Aperture, with a smooth Lip as it were turned outward. One half of an OVAL EAGLE Stone. 'Tis near three
inches in Diametre. The inside rough-cast with small
Grains, in size, like those of Bay-Salt; so hard as to cut
Glass. 298 The FLAT round EAGLE Stone. Of a brown colour,
and figur'd like a Troch. The AMYGDALINE EAGLE Stone. Shaped like an
Almond. Of a glossy brown, like half bright Iron. It con-
tains a sort of Bole, of the colour of Fullers-Earth. The Eagle-Stone which containeth no Stone, but Earth,
is called GEODES. GEÆTITES were more express. ANOTHER, of the same figure and bigness; but some-
what flatter. A Rough and hard EAGLE Stone, the Concave surface
whereof is daubed with a soft white wash, a kind of Gypsum,
dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. ANOTHER Hard one, immersed in Iron Ore. All these
are Naked. Those that follow have a soft Coat. A COATED EAGLE Stone: A hollow Flint; one way,
near two inches in Diametre, and almost round. Cover'd
with a kind of white Earth, about ⅛th of an inch thick: yet
not Chalky, but effœte, making no Effervescence with Acids.
Containing several sparks or grains of Flint, cluster'd in a
round Lump, together with some of the like Earth, as
without. A little Flinty LUMP taken out of another of the same
Species. TWO more EAGLE Stones, of the same Species, of a
midling size, and almost as round as a Ball. One of them as
big as a good big Walnut. A FOURTH, bigger than a Musket-Bullet, and as round.
Cover'd, as the three former, with a white earthy Coat;
and containing the like substance in the centre. The main
Body of all these, is either true Flint, or of a hard sub-
stance approaching to it. All these are by some called
Males. The FOEMALE EAGLE Stone. 'Tis round, and in
a manner Oval. As big as a good large Apple. Ash-
colour'd without, and white within. Of a soft friable and
chalky substance, instantly dissoluble with Acids. From the
outside, to the Concave, ½ an inch thick. Containeth a soft
white chalky Stone, filling up its whole hollow, and an-
swering to it, as the Yelk doth to the White of an Egg. This
Stone is by Pliny called CALIMUS. ANOTHER, somewhat harder. 'Tis also round, and 299 bigger than the former, and the sides above ½ an inch
thick. Rough on the outside, and smooth within. Yet
so, as to be furrow'd with certain shallow Rings. To which
also the Calimus, therein contain'd, exactly answers, as any
Metal doth to the Mould in which it is cast. Both of them
make an Effervescence with Acids. The CALIMUS of another Eagle-Stone, as big as a
good big Gall, and knobed in the same manner. Several Species of this Stone are figur'd by Aldrovandus. (a)(a) Mus. Me-
tall. The flinty Eagle-Stone, and many other Flints, if ob-
serv'd when they are broken, seem to be an Assay towards
the Onyx. The Eagle-Stone is found in Apulia, Germany, Misnia, &c.
Much accounted of by some, as an Amulet against Abortions. The SEMIGLOBULAR TOAD-STONE. Lapis Bufo-
neus s. Garatronens. It looks like the the the one half of a hard
flinty Eagle-Stone; and probably, is nothing else. The
Diametre ¼ of an inch. The SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. 'Tis an inch long,
½ an inch over, of a brown colour, and flinty. The Long SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. This also is
flinty, and of a shining brown, or the colour of Oriental
Bezoar, being polish'd. 'Tis about an inch long, and near
½ an inch over. Besler figures this, with the Name of Batra-
choides. Another sort of Toad-Stone, semiglobular, and solid, sc.
with a flat base, is described by Gesner. (b) (b) Lib. de
Lap. Fig. Thus far of
Stones more Round. I shall next describe those which are
Cylindrick, or near that Figure. And first the Osteocolla, of
which here are several Species. The SOLID or Pithless KNIT-BONE. Ranked by
Kentman, (c) (c) Fossil.
Nomencl. and not improperly, amongst the sorts of Oste-
ocolla. Yet obtains the peculiar Name of ENOSTEOS:
being porous, light, spongy, and cylindrick; so as to look
just like the inward part of a Bone, or of Harts-Horn. The KNIT-BONE with a small PITH. 'Tis bended
almost like the Letter s. Cylindrick, and three inches round.
Almost solid, yet containeth a very small Pith. The outer
part, of an Ash-colour, and gritty or sabulous. The Pith,
like most white Chalk. Both of them make a conspicuous
Effervescence with Acids; but especially the Pith. 300 The GREAT-PITH'D KNIT-BONE. This is not a
single one, but a Cluster. They stand together parallel,
equal to the thick end of a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk; without
exceeding smooth, and of a yellowish colour, somewhat
like that of the Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, hereafter de-
scribed. Filled with a very large Pith, answerable to that
in an Eldern-Branch, hard and stony, and of a blewish co-
lour, like that of blew Marle. The spaces between the se-
veral Cylinders, fill'd up with another sort of Stone, of the
colour of old Elm. The yellowish Cylinders, being rub'd
hard, or scraped, hath a strong stinking scent: but what
Species to compare it too, doth not at present occur. They
are presently dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. ANOTHER CLUSTER like the former; saving, that
the Cylinders stand together without any, or with little,
order: and that the brown and blewish Stones are both
mixed in Veins, and several of the Cylinders hollow. The EMPTY KNIT-BONE. This is neither solid, nor
hath any Pith, but a Pipe; yet with a very small bore.
Smooth both within and without. And transversly striated,
as the Belemnites, hereafter describ'd. ANOTHER, somewhat more hollow. This also is
transversly striated, as the former; but without rough and
of an Iron-colour. A THIRD, most hollow; knobed without, and of an
Ash-colour. Of these Stones, see the Relation especially of Joh. Chrysto-
phorus Beckmannus, Physick Professor at Frankfurt; (a) (a) Phil.
Trans. N. 39. who
observes, That they grow in a sandy, seldom or never in a
claiy-Ground. Sometimes two mens depth; and with
Branches side-ways. Taper'd, as in Plants; where thickest,
equal to an ordinary Arm; the small Branches, to ones little
Finger. The Place where found is noted by a white fatty
Sand, the rest yellowish round about; and underneath a
dark, moist, and fatty putrid substance, like rotten-Wood,
running in Veins and is the Mother of the Osteocolla. So
that it seems to grow somewhat after the manner of the En-
trochus, or Stelechites above describ'd. 'Tis found most in
Saxony, and the Palatinate. This Stone, as is indicated by its Name, is highly esteemed
for expediting the Coalition of broken Bones; ʒj hereof 301 being given and repeated for above five days together.
See one or two very remarquable Histories hereof in Boe-
tius. (a)(a) De Lap.
& Gem. Lib.
2. The Larger Hollow STALACTITES, or WATER-
PIPE. The Greek Name supposeth it to grow somewhat
after the manner of Icicles, from Lapidifick-Waters. Yet
how it should grow hollow, as this, is somewhat hard to
conceive. For hereby, it seems rather to grow or sprout
upward, as the Stelechites. Only with this difference,
That as that grows from an open Bed: this probably, from
one under Water. Whence I take leave for the English
Name. 'Tis three inches long, in thickness equal to the
little Finger. Of a Cylindrick Figure, saving that at both
ends 'tis a little more slender; whether naturally, appears
not. Composed of several ash-colour'd and blackish
Crusts, exceeding thin crispe and brittle, not ill re-
sembling a rouled Wafer. The Bore is lined through with
a small granulated Candy. 'Tis instantly dissolved with
Spirit of Nitre. ANOTHER, consisting wholly of white Crusts or Wafers
one within another. The SMALL WATER-PIPE. 'Tis a Cluster of very
small Tubes, with the Bore so small, as scarcely to be seen
without a Glass. Rough all over with a tuberous Crust.
They are found in Germany, Moravia, and other Parts.
One Drachm hereof in Powder, is a potent Sudori-
fick. (b)(b) Bœt. de
Lap. & G. A Stone like a Pebble with small TUBULAR KNOBS
upon it, like the Primordia of a Water-Pipe. They are
so small, that their hollows cannot be observ'd without a
Glass. The Stone on which they grow, though very hard,
yet makes a strong Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. Thus
far of Cylindrick Stones. The CONICK STALACTITES, solid. 'Tis about three
inches long; the top sharp, the middle ½ an inch over;
the base, an inch, with four or five excentrick Crusts. The
whole composed of several Crusts, one within another, as
the Water-Pipe. Yet not hollow, as that, or rather not
empty, but filled with a Red stony substance. Being
kroken it shines like the Lapis Judaicus. Without, smooth,
of an Ash-colour, with some little cast of red. Instantly 302 dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Aldrovandus (a) (a) Musæum
Metallic. hath one
figur'd like this; but by himself, or by Ambrosinus, call'd
Stelechites Pyramidalis; very improperly. The CONICK STALACTITES, hollow. 'Tis three
inches long; at the top, which is now open, ¼ over; in the
middle, near ¾; the base spread out, with several round
Crusts on one side, like half bubbles, to the breadth of
above an inch. On the opposite side, with a short single
piped one. All of them contained together within the
utmost Crust. Smooth and ash-colour'd without, within
pure white. The Black BELEMNITES. The generick Name is from
the shape, like that of a Bolt-head. This Species is out-
wardly of an ash-colour, but black within: and therefore
by some called Coraceas. Radiated as most of them are,
with transverse Striæ. And bored at the thick end, which
is not so usual, with a Conick hollow. See the Description
of two or three sorts in Boetius, Wormius, and others. The WHITE BELEMNITES. 'Tis Conick as the for-
mer; but the Rays not so plain. Together with its white
colour is joyn'd some little transparency. The bigger YELLOW BELEMNITES. Particularly
called Dactylus Idæus; for that it is in shape and bigness like
a little Finger; and was first, or is now chiefly, found upon
Mount Ida. 'Tis solid, semiperspicuous, and of the colour
of yellow Amber. They have usually a kind of notched
Ridge all along one side; but this hath two opposite
ones. ANOTHER, with a little Hollow fill'd up with a Pith
of Earth. A CLUSTER of broken pieces of the Belemnites. The SHELL'D BELEMNITES. qu. Stalemnites. Opa-
cous, and of the colour of grey Horn. Pointed at
both ends, as the Belemnites is at one. And at one end,
sheweth six or seven shells one over another, as in the
Stalactites above describ'd. From whence I have
nam'd it. Some of these being rub'd, take up Chaff or other light
Bodies, as Amber doth. Kentman (b) (b) Fossil.
Nomencl. mentions one of an
Ash-colour, which being rub'd, smelt like a burnt Cows
Horn. And a white one, which smelt not much unlike to 303 white Ambar. They are found in Germany, and other
Parts, sometimes in England. They all make a strong Effer-
vescence with Acids. Thus far of Stones simply Conick. The WORME-STONE. 'Tis now broken at one end,
yet about two inches and ½ long. Consisteth of about five
solid Rounds, winding from the bigger end (about ¾ of an
inch over) so as to make a spiral Cone. Not much unlike
a Steel Worme used for the drawing of Corks out of
Bottles. Another of the same shape and bigness. This Stone I find
neither figur'd, nor mention'd by any Author, saving only
Olearius. (a) (a) A Dutch
Musæum. They were taken out of the midst of a
Rock. A NETED-STONE. Lapis retiformis. It consisteth of
black and roundish portions, severally surrounded with
Veins, of an Okre-colour, running one into another after
the manner of Net-work. Along the middle of each Vein
(about ⅛th of an inch broad) runs a small Thread or Line,
almost of the same colour. Another, with the Are'as of the Net-work not so black,
softer, and somewhat flaky. A FLINT of a dull Red, with the Figure, almost, of
a λ; encompassed with six or seven Rings. The FLAT BOLTHEAD. Anchorites. Of affinity with
that well described by Wormius (b) (b) Mus. lib.
1. Sect. 2.
c. 13. with the Title of Silex
venabuli ferreum Cuspidem exactè referens. By Moscardo, (c)
with that of Pietre Ceraunie; who also figures it with three
or four Varieties. This like those, is a perfect Flint, and (c) Mus. lib.
2. c. 50.
semiperspicuous. 'Tis likewise in the same manner, pointed
like a Speer. Having at the other end, like those of Mos-
cardo, a short Handle. But moreover, hath this peculiar,
that 'tis pointed or spiked also backward on both sides the
Handle; with some resemblance to an Anchor, or the Head
of a Bearded-Dart: from whence I have nam'd it. 'Tis
likewise toothed on the edges, and the sides as it were
wrought with a kind of undulated sculpture, as those before
mention'd. ANOTHER, different from the former, in that it is
longer, hath a deeper Indenture, but no handle. Both of
them strike fire like other Flints. That of Wormius was
found in a Hill in the Diocess of Ripen. 304 Not only Moscardo, but others reckon these amongst
the Cerauniæ or Thunder-bolts. So called, because believed
sometimes with Thunder to shoot down with violence out
of the middle Region. Amongst other Relations hereof,
that of Terzagi (a) (a) Mus.
Septal. is very express; who saith, That the
Corps of one struck dead with Thunder, being inspected in
the presence of Septalius, and several others, and a black
Wound observed about the Hip, and searched to the Bone;
they found therein a round and edged Stone, which being
broken, had a very strong sulphurious stink. With this
Author, I scarce think any thing of this nature incredible,
to those that read the Relation given at large by Wormius (b) (b) Musæum.
of the Norwegick Mouse. Thus far of Regular Stones, whose external Form is Cir-
cumscriptive, or at least depending upon the whole Stone.
I shall now describe those, whose Form is Accumulative, or
where there is a repetition of the same figure, or near it, in
several Parts. The GRAPE-STONE. Botrites, Wormio. Here are two
or three sorts. One solid, of a yellowish colour, an inch
and ½ long, knobed with several small Clusters, like a young
bunch of Grapes. The HOLLOW GRAPE-STONE, with high Knobs
or white Berries cluster'd all round about, as in the former,
and somewhat thicker. A SEMI-GRAPE-STONE, with white Drops or Berries
only on one side. They all make a vehement Effervescence
with Acids; and are a sort of Stalagmites, next of kin to
the Confetti di Tibuli before describ'd. The STAR-STONE. Asteria vera, Boetio. Generally
of a ¼ or ½ an inch in Diametre, consisting of several Joynts,
evenly piled one upon another, of a Pentagonal Figure,
like a Star, and with the signature also of another on both
sides, which is composed of short transverse Striæ. When
broken, it shines like the Lapis Judaicus, or the Entrochites;
to which latter it is next of kin. Sometimes they are
found single. When consisting of more Joynts, it may
rather be call'd Synasteria. Several both of the joynted and
singles ones are here preserved. A very hard Stone, a kind of Pebble with the signature of
the Asteria upon it. 305 Mr. Lyster hath given a particular Account of this
Stone, and its varieties in several Figures; published by
Mr. Oldenburge, (a) (a) Phil.
Trans. N.
112. together with some Notes of Mr. Ray
thereupon. Mr. Lyster found the fairest of them near Bug-
thorp and Leppington in York-shire, in a blew Clay. The STARRED-STONE. Astroites. So called, for that
being tabulated, or polish'd to a plain, it appears adorned
with little Stars, about ¼ or ⅛ th of an inch in Diametre.
Boetius conjectures Pliny to reckon this Stone for a sort of
Agate. Whether that be so or no, himself is greatly
mistaken (b) (b) Lib. 2.
c. 145. in affirming as much: this being a very soft
Stone. The same Author takes notice, as of a strange
thing, That this Stone being put into Vinegar (c) (c) C. 147. will move
up and down in it. Whereas it proceeds (as Mr. Lyster
also observes of the Asteria, which he calls the Astroites) (d) Phil.
Trans.
only from the Ebullition following upon the immersion:
and happens to any other Stone dissoluble with Acids, if
immersed in small pieces. Another, two inches long, and near as broad. This is
unpolish'd, and seems to be but part of a far bigger Stone.
So that although the figure which Boetius, and some others
give, is but small, sc. not an inch long: yet is it sometimes
of good bulk. The ASTROCHITES; polish'd with the figure of a
Cross. The Stars are here more round, than in the former.
The spaces between the several Stars and Rays, of a dark
blackish colour. The Rays or Stars themselves are pale. And
also surrounded with a toothed Circle; so as not unaptly
to represent the Wheel of a Watch: from whence I have
nam'd it. The imperfect STARRY-STONE. Astroites Bœtio (e) (e) Lib. 2.
c. 164.
quartus. In this the Stars are more obscure, and scarce ra-
diated, but rather spots. But the Stone for substance the
same as the former. The WAVED Stone. Astroites Bœtio (f) (f) Ibid. tertius; but
improperly so call'd. For although it be, for substance,
like the former; yet is not adorn'd with the likeness of
Stars, but of Waves. The several Waves are composed of
whitish transvers Striæ. Another, with the Striæ more conspicuous. The SEIVE-STONE. Lapis Cribriformis. A kind of 306 Tophus. 'Tis of a brown colour, porous light and friable,
as a Pumice. And perforated with many Pores more con-
spicuous, about as big as to admit a large Pin, and regular,
sc. round, strait and fistular. I now proceed to several Spars; of which, although
some belong to Metals; yet here, have no Metal adhering
to them. Those that have, will fall in amongst Ores. And
first of such as are pointed, both soft and hard, reserving the
Flaked for their place. Let it only first be noted, That the specifick difference
betwixt the Stalactites and the Spar, is, That the former, is
always Opacous, and never Angular: the latter, always or
usually perspicuous, and never round. A Silver-Ore SPAR. About an inch and ½ high, and three
in compass. It consisteth of several Crystals sexangular and
pointed, and composed into the figure of a great Bud. The
four uppermost bigger than the rest. All semiperspicu-
ous, of the colour of grey Chrystal; and seem to be as
hard. ANOTHER large Piece consisting of hard and sexan-
gular Crystals, and of the same colour with the former.
Taken from the Coginnian Silver-Mines. Given by
Mr. Colepress. Several other Pieces of the same, and given by the same
Hand. A METALLICK SPAR, of a pale AMETHYSTINE
colour. 'Tis angular and pointed, as Crystal; but with sides
more unequal. 'Tis also soft and brittle. Yet harder than
some others. And hath no sense of Acids. A SHOD. Spuma Lupi. The forerunner of the Load
or Mother of the Tin-Ore. 'Tis both blacker, and harder
than the Mother-Spar. Another of the same, mixed of black, grey, and
yellow. The MOTHER-SPAR of the Tin-Ore. ANOTHER, arising from a Whitish Bed, mixed with
a kind of rusty red. The Crystals are angular, pointed, and
soft, like the square Lead-Spar. Semiperspicuous, yet mostly
cover'd with an angular and blackish shell. A pretty hard Ash-colour'd and Opacuous Spar, growing
near the Tin-Mines. 307 A YELLOW TIN-SPAR from Ireland. Given by
Sir Rob. Moray. The several Crystals are angular, pointed,
and soft; semiperspicuous like brown Sugar-Candy. Disso-
luble with Acids. An Iron-SPAR. A Cluster of small, pointed Crystals, almost of the colour of brown Sugar-Candy; but sader, and
less perspicuous. 'Tis hard enough to cut Glass. ANOTHER, Mixed. In the middle, it hath many Striæ,
of a Lead-Ore colour, running cross one against another.
These are encompassed with other parts of the colour of
yellow Okre. With which are also mixed some white and
green spots. The Stone tasteth like white Vitriol. A large Copper-SPAR. Given by Mr. Langerman. 'Tis
a ¼ of a yard long, and near as broad. Consisting mostly
of sexangular Points, upon a grey Bed, which is also mixed
with Granulated Spars. The other side, all besprinkled with
yellow Mundick. A MUNDICK-SPAR; consisting of tabulated or flat
and square Crystals, of the colour of Citrine Amber, and
growing to a whitish Matrix. Note, That almost all Spars of this kind, are composed
of tabulated, and square Crystals. ANOTHER, consisting of black shining Crystals, of the
colour of Jet, and as broad as a Dice; and some of them
almost Cubical. Being broken, the fragments are of an
Amethystine colour. There are also, underneath, some
whitish Crystals; above, some of yellow Mundick. ANOTHER, partly plated, and partly pointed; of a
black shining colour, like that of polish'd Steel. 'Tis very
ponderous, and maketh no Effervescence with Acids. Yet
soft and brittle. Which three Properties, belong to most, if
not all, Mundick-Spars. A SPAR with CONICK CRYSTALS. They are most
of them an inch and ½ long. All very close and continuous,
excepting at their Points, as in the Amethyst. Semiperspicuous,
and exactly of the colour of the best brown Sugar-Candy.
Very soft; and easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. It
was taken out of a Portland-Stone; and given by Sir Rob.
Moray. A SPAR with CRYSTALS TRIANGULARLY pointed.
'Tis a pretty round Lump. The Crystals so placed, that 308 the Angle of one, for the most part, answers to the side of
another. Of a pale and semisperspicuous colour, coming
near to that of white Sugar-Candy. In which also small
parallel Streaks of a brighter colour, are observable. Very
soft, as the former, and dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. The STYRIATED STALACTITES. Of the same kind
with the Styriæformis described by Wormius. It is a con-
geries of strait, round Styriæ, somewhat parallel, and as
thick as a Cherry-Stalk, or small Packthred. Each Styria
is composed of small, pointed and lose Grains, as big as
those of Salt, piled in a strait line one over another. It makes
an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. The MOSSE-STALACTITES. Consisting also of Gra-
nulated Styriæ; yet not strait and parallel, but winding
too and fro, and the Grains with bigger points; so as to re-
semble petrify'd Mosse. I NEXT proceed to PLATED-STONES; and first such
as are of a Rhomboid Figure. A CRYSTAL of TALK. Wormius describes Talk, to
be a Stone divisible into flat Plates, variously intricated,
and divisible like Silver, which is all he saith of the form,
and his words unintelligible. Far from a definition of that
form, which, so often, as its Concretion proceeds freely on
all sides, or without hinderance from any adjacent Body, it
doth obtain: being then, a Congeries of flat, and perspi-
cuous Plates, somewhat pliable, and figur'd into a kind of
double Rhomboid; or as it were two Squares, with un-
equal Sides and Angles, clapt together, with the edges pro-
duced, to distinguish them: so, as to obtain twelve Angles,
and ten Sides, sc. eight lesser, and two greater ones. A piece
thus figur'd, I call A Crystal of Talk. And of this the form
is both Accumulative and Circumscriptive: the difference
betwixt which is shewed in the beginning of this Chapter. An HALF-CRYSTAL, having only six sides, four lesser,
and two greater ones; as if it were a perfect one, split. A piece of FOLIATED TALK. It consisteth of seve-
ral pieces, pellucid, cleveable, and something pliable, of a
Rhomboid Figure, and composed together so as to resem-
ble the indented leave of Wild Clary. A large Piece of TALK, above ½ a foot square. A Piece of TALK taken out of the Ground in Wiltshire. 309 A lump of the TALK-ROCK near Spiral, in the upper
Carinthia. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of
broken pieces, like those of the Selenites, immersed in a
white glossy Stone, stained with purplish spots, and so hard
as to scratch Glass. Talk, although flexible, and regularly figur'd, yet feel-
eth no Acid; and is of that obstinate nature, as neither to
melt, nor scarce loose its colour, in the fire. Considering
which, and that all Salts, yet known, will flow: I am in-
duced to think, That it hath not its Figure from any Salt;
but is almost a simple Earth sui generis. And that there are
earthy Particles, as well as Saline, which are regularly figur'd;
and of which this and some other Stones are composed.
Hereof is prepared a wash for the Face, which some Chy-
mysts cry up for the best in the World. A GREEN TALK-SPAR. The whole piece, is here of
a rude Figure; but is easily broken into Rhomboid Plates,
resembling those of Talk, from whence I have nam'd it.
'Tis tinged with a pale Green. It stirreth not with any
Acid. Yet is not flexible, as true Talk, but brittle as Glass. A great Crystalline TALK-SPAR. So I call it. Sent by
Dr. Erasmus Bartholine, together with a large account of
it, published in a the Phil. Transactions. (a) (a) Num. 67. And by the
Dr. (b) (b) Experi-
menta Cry-
stalli Islandi-
ci Dis-Di-
aclastici. himself in a distinct Treatise. 'Tis a foot long, ½ a
foot broad, and two inches and ½ thick. Of a Rhomboid
Figure, and the narrow sides likewise sloaped, as in the
Crystals of Talk. It breaketh also into parts of the same
Figure, or near it. Yet not flexible, but brittle. Polite,
colourless, and transparent, as the clearest Chrystal. Yet
soft and dissoluble especially with Nitrous Spirits; and by
a strong fire reduceable to a Calx. Of a very different na-
ture from Crystal, although the said Dr. is pleased so to call
it. When heated, it is of an Electrick Nature, or like Amber
taketh up straws and other light Bodies. That which he
principally Notes is, That the Objects seen through it, in
certain positions, appear sometimes single, sometimes
double, and sometimes sixfold. Which he ascribes to a
Refraction peculiar to this Stone. And to me, it seems pro-
bable, That this various Refraction depends upon the
structure of the Stone, sc. as it is not one piece absolutely
entire, but composed of several Plates; and those not all 310 in a like manner, but differently contiguous; so, as in some
places, several Plates may make but one Refraction; in
others, two or more. It was dug out of a very high
Mountain in Island, one whole side whereof consisteth of
this Spar. TWO PIECES of the same Stone, about two inches and
½ long, broad, and thick. Thus far of Rhomboid Stones. The RHOMBICK LEAD-SPAR. Frequently found
in the Lead-Mines in Derbyshire, and in others. By some
called English Talk. But very improperly. For though
it consisteth of several Plates, yet not flexible, but brittle as
Glass. Besides, 'tis not of a Rhomboid, but Rhombiek
Figure, that is, a Diamond-square, or with the Angles un-
equal, the sides equal. Nor doth Talk feel any Acid, but
this with Spirit of Nitre is easily dissolved. It breaks into
pieces, which, though never so small, yet retain the same
Figure. Being burned, it yieldeth a Lixivial Salt. A clear FLINT, of the colour of yellow Amber, with
Striæ on the sides shaped into little Rhombes. A RHOMB of MUSCOVY-GLASS. This Stone is
by most called Selenites. By some Mariæ Glacies. By
Agricola, and Kentman, Magnetis. By Ambrosinus, (a) (a) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. con-
founded, under the same Name, with Talk. 'Tis indeed
the nearest of kin to that of any Stone, being insensible of
Acids; and consisting of very thin, perspicuous, glossy,
parallel, and flexible Plates. Seldom found figur'd. But
when it is, I suppose always, as it is here in this piece, sc. into
a Diamond-square, i. e. with unequal Angles, and equal
sides; whereas in a Talk-Crystal, both are unequal. It was
taken out of Mount Hæmus. A very white Piece of Muscovy-Glass. ANOTHER, of a pale Green colour, with a kind of silver
gloss, and semiperspicuous. Another, of the colour of tarnish'd Copper mixed with
black. A lump of Selenites. 'Tis immersed in small pieces in
a whitish Stone, a little Diaphanous, and so hard as to cut
Glass. This Stone grows in Cyprus, Sicily, Saxony, and many
other places; especially in Muscovy, whence the English
Name. Used in Saxony, and other places in Germany, in 311 Windows, instead of Glass. Ambrosinus (a) (a) Ubi
supra. mentions a
Lead-colour'd sort so big, as to make not only Tiles, but
Tables. The BONONIAN-STONE, Prepared and given by
Fr. Willughby Esq;. 'Tis somewhat fissile, and may be here
ranked. Now of a greyish colour, and in some places like
the Rombick Lead-Spar. No Acid will touch it. Its qua-
lity of shining in the Dark, after its being exposed a little
while to the Sun, is now lost. See the manner of its prepa-
ration in Wormius. Given in Powder, (b) (b) Mus.
Wormian. or the infusion
of it, after calcin'd, is a strong Emetick. An odd SPAR, Green by day; by Candle-light of an
Amethystine colour. Softer than to cut Glass, yet harder
than the common Rhombick Lead-Spar. A FLORENTINE SLATE. A sort of Saxum fissile.
Hereon is naturally represented the PROSPECT of a City,
Houses, Churches and Steeples, standing in length. To
make them all visible, it must be wetted. ANOTHER, with the PROSPECT of a TOWN, lying
round upon the side of a Hill. Another with the like PROSPECT; but shewing it, as
at a much greater distance. Another, with one half of the TOWN on a Rock, the
other in a Plain. There are some of this kind in Septalius's
Musæum. A SALTRAM SLATE. Very like to Efford-slate (used
for Writing, and Mathematick Schemes) but not all out so
good. An odd SLATE with yellow Mundick in small Grains
or Sparks immerced throughout the body of it. RUMPLEY-STONE. A common blewish Slate, for
colour and substance. But excelleth, in that it rises large
enough for Building. It may be cleft as thin as you please. A kind of whitish Slate, mixed with a rusly Iron-colour:
plentiful in some Mines. Some others; one grey and spotted with tawny.
Another, of a brown Purple. A Third, Red. These abound
in the High-Ways about the Mines in Cornwall. With these
may be placed. The WAXEN VEIN. Ludus Helmontij. A Stone com-
posed of two distinct Bodies. One, and the far greater, is 312 of a dirty ash-colour: in substance, not unlike the Lime-
stone. The other, somewhat harder; runs through it in
several Veins, or rather Plates, as being usually plain, as thick
as the back of a slender Knife, and exactly of the colour of
yellow Wax; for which cause I have plac'd it amongst the
Plated Stones, and taken leave for the English Name. Both
of these two Bodies make an Effervescence with Spirit of
Nitre, but the ash-colour'd, the greater. The PIPED WAXEN-VEIN. So I call it, for that the
greater ash-colour'd Body inclosed within the yellow Plates,
is stuffed top full of small Cylinders and Tubes irregularly
placed: most of which seem to be of the same yellowish
substance, as the Plates. This Species hath some affinity with
the piped Osteocolla above describ'd. The STARRED WAXEN-VEIN. Given by Sir Rob.
Moray. Found in the Isle of Sheapy. On one part of the
Stone grows a fair Star, with many Rays, about an inch
long, white and glossy: from whence I name it. This
Star is of a quite different nature from the Stone on which
it grows, as making no Effervescence with Acids, and in
figure agreeing rather with the Pyrites. A Piece of WAXEN VEIN, with doubled Plates; in
some places, as it were efflorescent with several little pro-
tuberances consubstantial. From the Description of this Stone above given, it ap-
pears, that Wormius was mistaken, in reckoning it amongst
Flints. This is that, which Paracelsus so much extols for
a Lithontriptick. And thus far I believe, that 'tis a very
good Diuretick; and may therefore sometimes be very
well used for the carrying off of Gravel. But let all that
have any Stone too big to be voided, take heed of such
Medicines. PLATED MARBLE. It seems to have been originally a
striated Bole. Now a Stone as hard as Marble, composed
of Portions, of an inch thick, white and pink- all of a browne colour'd,
growing parallel, or as it were stratum super stratum; from
whence I have nam'd, and here plac'd it. Several soft PLATED STONES, found in the same
place, and of the same colour and substance, with the Fish-
Mould formerly describ'd. One of them, Globular, a
little compressed on the two opposite sides: but composed 313 of Plates or Crusts narrowed from the middle of the Stone
both ways, so as to make that Figure. A second, Oval,
with three Hemispherick knobs appendent; all plated, as
the Globular. A fourth and fifth figur'd almost like a
Finger. THUS FAR of Plated Stones. Next of those which
we may call Fibrous. In the former, the Parts are answerable
to the leaves in a piece of Past-board. In these to the Bristles
in a Brush, or the Threads in a Skeine of Silk. THRUM-STONE, as I call it. Amianthus Lapis & Asbesti-
nus. It grows in short Threads or Thrums, from about a
¼ of an inch to an inch in length; parallel, and glossy; as fine,
as those small single Threads the Silk-Worm spins; and
very flexile, like Flax or Tow. Nothing answers it better,
than the hard fibrous part of a large Oyster, when 'tis stew'd.
Here are several pieces, both of White and Green. Of
which, the latter hath the longest Threads, and the most
flexile. A piece of AMIANTHUS-ROCK; in which the Thrums
(about ¼ of an inch in length) lie in Layers between several
Beds of a Green Stone, in some places of a redish brown. Another, with Veins or Layers between Beds of a blewish
colour. A BASTARD-AMIANTHUS. It grows in Veins in a
Claiy and Mundick Load, between Beds of a Greenish
Earth. The Threads ⅓d or near ½ an inch long, of a glossy
black, and brittle. Given by Mr. Colepress, who observ'd
it amongst the Cornish Mines. The best is found in Cyprus and India. Of late, very
good in some Mines in Italy. Of which see the Philos.
Transactions. (a) (a) Num. 72. It was anciently spun, like Tow, into Sheets;
in which the Bodies of Princes, laid on the Funeral Pile,
were wrapped up, to keep them entire, when they were
burnt, from the other ashes. These Sheets were made clean,
not by washing, but by burning them; as being insuper-
able by the fire: from whence the Name of the Stone.
The Art, as well as the Use, is thought to be gone. But
not so; for Septalius (b) (b) Museum. hath or lately had both Thread,
Ropes, Paper, and Netted-Works all made hereof; and some
of them with his own hand. Boetius describes (c) (c) Lib. de
Lap. & Gem. an
Oyntment made of this Stone, which he highly com-
314mends against the Sore on Childrens Heads, usually called
Tinea Puerorum; and Ulcers in the Legs. It hath no sense
of Acids. The FIBROUS BLOOD-STONE. Hæmatites. This
I take to be that particularly, by Pliny call'd Androdamas.
It hath affinity with the Amianthus, not only in being divi-
sible into Fibers; but in that these Fibers are also somewhat
flexile, and of a greenish colour. Yet here, they stand not
just parallel, but rather so as to tend towards one point;
like the Styriæ in some sorts of Antimony. This Stone is
also altogether insensible of Acids. Found in Germany,
Bohemia, Silesia; among the Iron Mines; of an Iron colour,
a dull red, yellow, and sometimes black. Much celebra-
ted against an Hæmoptœ. Trallianus prescribes it ground
to an impalpable powder, from ℈j to ℈iiij for a Dose. A Piece of SPAUD or TARRAS. Schistus Capillaris;
as I call it. It consisteth of white, glossy, and parallel Fi-
bers. But different from the Amianthus, in that they are
very brittle; nor so easily divided. From the Schistus de-
scribed by Wormius, (a) (a) In sine,
Cap. de
Amiantho,
&c. which is divisible into Plates. And
that which Boetius describes, which is yellow. This is pure
white, almost like polish'd Silver, and in a thiner piece,
semiperspicuous. Being rub'd between ones Fingers, it di-
vides into an infinite number of Hairs, twenty times smaller
than the smallest Needle. It stirs not with Acids: and
therefore seems neither to be any kind of Gypsum properly
so call'd. Another Piece of the same, from Warwick-shire. Given
by Sir John Hoskins. A Piece of HARD TARRAS, from Stinchcombe in
Gloucestershire. Given by the same Hand. 'Tis more close
and firm than the former, rather like those in Sal Armoniac;
the Fibers not altogether so regularly pild; nor so white,
more resembling the Mother of Green Vitriol. The same Analogy as is between Talk Muscovy-Glass, and
Amianthus: is also between the Rhomboid Spar, the Saxum
Fissile, and the Tarras. 315 CHAP. VI.
Of STONES IRREGULAR. AS GEMS are chiefly distinguished by their Colours,
and all other Stones Regular, by their Figures: So
these, by the different degrees of Hardness. EMERY. Smiris. Of a kind of blackish Iron-colour.
The hardest of unfigur'd Stones. And is therefore used
for the polishing and cutting of all Gems, except the Dia-
mond. For the hollowing of flinty Mortars, together with
Sand. (a) (a) Mus.
Metall. Ald. For the brightening of Armour, and all Metal-
lick Equipage. And for Moulds or Forms for the casting
of Medals and other Coins. Yet Mr. Boyle (b) (b) Of Gems,
p. 160. hath open'd
it with a Corrosive Menstruum so far, as to make an infusion
of Galls therewith to turn blackish. A FLINT of the colour of yellow Amber. It alludeth
to a Topaz. A polish'd FLINT, not unlike a Calcedony. A rough FLINT naturally perforated with several large
Cavities running one into another. It seems to be an assay
towards an Eagle-Stone, which is commonly a Flint. Flints are of all colours. Some so clear, that some Jew-
elers cut and sell them for Bohemick Diamonds. (c) (c) Boet. de
Gem. They
are also used for factitious Gems, with the mixture of Metals,
in fusion. For making of Glass. For Mortars for the
powdering of the Fragments of Gems. And sometimes added
to melted Metals, to keep them, as is supposed, by the Metal-
lists, from spending. (d) (d) Ambros.
in Aldrov.
Mus. Metal. A BALL of SERPENTINE MARBLE; called Ophites,
from the winding of the Veins. Near four inches in Dia-
metre. Of the noblest sort; consisting of White, and Red
or Murrey Veins, in Black. ANOTHER MARBLE-BALL, two inches and ½ in Dia-
metre, Veined, and spoted with Red, Sand-colour, and White. A THIRD, Veined and spoted with Black, Sand-colour'd,
and White. A Ball of ONYCHINE MARBLE, about the same big-
ness; on one side Sand-colour'd, on the other Grey. That
which is observable is this, That instead of winding Veins, 316 it hath several Circles one within another, as if drawn with
a pair of Compasses on a Slate; or as in the Onyx; from
whence I have nam'd it. The bigest Circle is about an inch
and ½ in Diametre. Two pieces of ÆGYPTIAN MARBLE. Consisting of
a blackish Ground, as it were inlaid with little Green pieces,
most of them of an oblong square Figure. A Piece of the worst sort of CORNISH MARBLE, used
for Lime. A blewish Stone, mixed with some whitish
sparry Veins; and some of a redish-slat, of the colour of
Terra Lemnia rubra. Marbles, besides the places mention'd,
are found in Italy, Germany, Cappadocia, Hetruria, Numidia,
and other parts. The uses are as known, as great. LAPIS LAZULI, i. e. Blew-Stone; Lazuli being the Arabick
word for a blew colour. Whence also the corrupt Italick,
Azure. It consisteth of parts of a full Blew (usually with some
yellow specks) immersed in a dull Bed, bordering upon the
colour of Fullers-Earth. On this here, grow some pieces of
Spar, so hard as easily to write in Glass. Another Piece growing to an ash-colour'd and softish
Stone, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. This Stone is usually found in Gold Mines in Africa (a) Boet. de
Lap. & G.
and Asia. Of two kinds; The fixed, which being put in
to the fire, keeps its colour; The Not fixed, also in Ger(b) From
Cap. 123.
to 137. &
141. -
many. (a) Hereof are sometimes made Knife-Hafts and
Spoons. But especially that most excellent BLEW, called
ULTRAMARINE. The manner of preparing it, is very
largely and exactly described by Boetius. (b) The powder
hereof given to the quantity of ʒss (or more or less) is
an innocent and useful Cathartick. (c) (c) Brassavo-
lus. It will sometimes
work by Vomit. Hath been successfully used in Quartans
and Malignant Feavers. And yields a Narcotick Oil. (d) (d) Fiora-
vantus. The Fading BLEW-STONE. Lapis Armenius. This
piece consisteth of Blew and Green parts mixed together.
And the blew parts themselves, at least, the colour made
of them, will in time turn green. 'Tis softer than Lazuli,
and not insensible of Acids; and of Oil of Vitriol more, than
of Spirit of Nitre. Another Piece of L. Armenius; consisting of Blew parts
immersed in a hard and redish sand-colour'd Bed, with a
Green piece growing to one side. Given by Henry Olden-
317burge Esq;. It grows in Germany, Hungary, and Transylvania.
It makes also an excellent Blew, but, as is abovesaid, not
holding. The way of making it, see in Bœtius. (a) (a) Lib. 2.
c. 144. Given
in Powder, unwashed, to the quantity of ʒj or ℈iiij, it works
by Vomit: washed, to the quantity of ℈v or ʒij, works by
Stool; highly celebrated by some, not only for its Inno-
cent, and most easie; but also most effectual Operation, in
such Diseases, as are supposed to depend on Melancholy. (b)(b) See Tral-
lianus, Guai-
nerius, and
others. The LOADSTONE. Magnes; from Magnesia, a Coun-
try between Thessaly and Macedonia, where, it's said, it was
first found. For the most part of an Iron-colour, tending
to Blew, by some called The Male; if Black, The Female.
Here are several both great and small. One weighing
about sixty pounds. Given by Dr. Edward Cotton. Dug
out of the Ground in Devonshire. Although it takes up no
great weight, yet moves a Needle nine feet distant. Some
part hereof, which was broken off, being put in its proper
place, adds much strength to it. Here are likewise some
other great Pieces from the same place. Part of a LOADSTONE ROCK in Anglesey. Of a
rusty Iron-colour, and in some parts of a dirty slat-Blew. Two Orbicular LOADSTONES; one of them with an
Axis. TWENTY SEVEN Lesser LOADSTONES: whereof
eleven are Arm'd and Coated. They are usually found
in Germany, Italy, Misnia, &c. in the Iron-Mines; and
sometimes yield Iron. See the History hereof in Kircher,
and Vincent Leodaud, who have published what is said both
by our own Country-man Gilbert, and by others. The admirable and known Properties of this Stone, are,
in general, these, That it attracteth Iron; or any Body, if
small, which hath Iron in it. That it hath no perception of
any other Body, though never so light. That it maketh
the Attraction according to its Poles. And that it Commu-
nicateth to Iron both the same attractive power; and a
Verticity to the North-Pole. In which last, lieth its Great
use, as applied to Navigation. Although by Observations
made from the Variation of the Needle, Time may pro-
duce further Discoveries in Astronomy. Those that travail
through the vast Deserts of Arabia, have also a Needle and
Compass, whereby they direct themselves in their way, as
Mariners at Sea. (c)(c) Majoli
Colloquia. 318 The power of the Magnet dependeth not on its Bulk;
the smaller, being usually the stronger. Tergazi (a) (a) Mus.
Septal. menti-
ons one, that would suspend sixty times, and Mr. Boyle, (b)
another, eighty times, its own weight. But the best, in time (b) Of Ef-
fluv. p. 33.
loose very much of their strength; as these here kept
have done: None of them now taking up above ℥vj ss.
Of what they would have done formerly, I find no Re-
gister. Some means have been proposed for preserving the
strength of a Loadstone. But there is none mentioned by
any Author, that I know of, comparable to That, experi-
mented by Mr. Theodore Haac, Fellow of the Royal Society;
not only for Preserving, but also Recovering, and Encreasing
the strength of the Loadstone. For he having One weighing
about ℥iiij ss. arm'd, which would take up sixteen times its own
weight: and having laid it by for the space of some years
unus'd, found it to have lost ¼th part of its strength, so that
it would now take up but about lbiij. And, upon search,
meeting with no means effectual to recover it; considered
with himself, That as in Morals, the exercise of Virtue,
makes it more generous; and that Animal Motions, by use,
become more vigorous: so it might possibly prove also as
to some Properties of Inanimate Bodies. Whereupon, he
hung as much at his Stone, as it would bear; and so left
it for the space of some Weeks. Then, returning to
it, and applying more weight to the former, it very easily
held the same. And repeating the addition of more weight,
at several periods in the space of about two years; he at last
found, That his Stone had not only recovered its former
strength, but encreas'd it; for whereas before he had never
known it to take up more than sixteen, it would now take
up twenty times its own weight. And he is now continuing
the Experiment, to see how far it will go further. A GRITTY-STONE, from the Forrest of Dean; with
which they there make the insides of their Iron Furnaces;
wherein their fire is so vehement, that it either breaks or
melts down any other Material. The Grains of the Stone
must therefore be insuperable; yet not so united, but
that it is somewhat soft and crumbly: of a dirty co-
lour, near that of Fullers-Earth. Given by Sir John
Hoskins. 319 ANOTHER, from the same Hand, more gritty, harder,
and of a brown colour. A Stone like a pure white Pebble, to which another lesser
of the same colour, by mediation of a clean Red, and also
stony Cement, is affixed. Hard, yet dissoluble with
Acids. A little Red Oval Stone, on one side obliquely furrow'd;
on the other, pounced, and stained with a stony Blot. This
also is hard, yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. A piece of Soft ALABASTER. Alabastrites. 'Tis
white and crumbly, an infinite congeries of Chrystalline
or shining Grains, no bigger than fine sands. It grows in
Warwick-shire. And is like to that which comes from Hol-
land. Given by Sir John Hoskins. Another piece, from Shepston near the Seaside. Another piece of a YELLOW colour, almost like to
that of expressed Oil of Mace. It hath some of a blewish
Clay upon it; but might rather casually fall into such a
Bed, than be bred therein. A FOURTH, of VARIOUS colours, in spots, sc. White,
Yellow, Red, Leaden, Brown, and Black, mixed toge-
ther. A FIFTH (in a Frame) consisting of Ash-colour, Black,
and Tawny, mixed in Spots and Veins. 'Tis found also in Caramania, India, and other places. It
hath been more used than now for the preserving of some
more precious Oyntments. But why, rather than Glass or
Glased Vessels, I know not, unless for shew. A Scruple
hereof given in Milk, is affirmed by Boetius (a) (a) De Gem.
& Lap. lib. 2.
c. 270. to be a
certain Cure of a Dysentery. Yet I would have no man to
trust to this, who may have other Remedies. BASTARD-ALABASTER, spoted. Gypsum variegatum.
Here are Examples of several Colours. One Black, with white
spots. Another, consisting of parts some Black, and some of a
pale Green. A Third, of a dark Green, mixed with White
and Red Veins and Spots. A Fourth, consisting of White,
Brown, and Yellow. A Fifth, of White, Red, and Yellow.
A Sixth (in a Frame) of Ash-colour, Citrine, Red, Black,
and pellucid Spots. A Seventh, of White, Green, and a
dark Purple. All these Stones make a strong Effervescence
with Nitrous Spirits. They are found in Misnia, Burgundy, &c. 320 Of these lightly burnt, is made that which is properly called
Gypsum. And Statues of any desirable bigness, yet very light. A LIME-STONE (Saxum Calcarium) having greenish
Veins mixed with a silver gloss. This being burnt, is that
commonly called Quick-Lime. Pliny mentions a mix-
ture of Quick-Lime and Hogs-Grease, usually call'd
Maltha: whence our English word Mortar. 'Tis also
used for the Trying of Ores. (a) (a) See Agri-
cola. Boetius describes an
Aqua Calcis, mixed with Sal Armoniac, as an admirable
Remedy for Burns, Fistulas, Cancers, and Spots in the Eyes;
he adds, and Spots in Cotton-Cloaths. (b) (b) De Lap.
& G. lib. 2.
c. 293. FLAKED DROPSTONE. Stalactites Laminatus. Found
in the top of the Hills near Wooten Underridge in Gloucester-
shire. In Aldrovandus (c) (c) Musæum
Metallic. are several of these called Succi
Concreti. ANOTHER, digged from under the Root of a Tree in
Cre-Forrest. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. A SPONGY DROPSTONE, of an ash-colour, as the
rest. A piece or two of small Dropstones sent from Pendennis-
Castle: said to to have had a strong scent; but now hath
none. Yellow GREAT-GLIST. Ammochrysos, Boetio. So call'd,
for that it consists of a great number of glossy sparks almost
of the colour of Gold, immersed in a gritty Bed. And by
Wormius and others therefore called Mica. White GREAT-GLIST. Ammargyros, as I call it, the
sparks in this being of a bright silver-colour. Kentman (d) (d) Fossil.
Nomencl. ranketh both these with Muscovy-Glass.
And 'tis plain, That the said sparks are flaky, and flexible,
as that Stone: and is therefore either the same broken to
small pieces, in digging for it; or, at least, an assay of Na-
ture towards it. But surely no Metallick Body, as Wormius
supposeth it; unless he means, that 'tis sometimes found in
Metallick Mines. A Red DAZE, or small GLIST, from Cornwall. It dif-
fers from the Mica, chiefly, in the smallness of the
sparks. For they seem to me, to be altogether of the same
nature. A Brown DAZE (from the same place) with an angu-
lar Vein of yellow Daze in it; and both mixed with very 321 small sparks of a yellowish Spar. Of kin to these, seems to
be. A piece of Gold-colour'd Stone, from a Vein of the
same, found in digging a Trench in New England. SOAP-STONE: Steatites. Given by Dr. Richard Lower.
Taken from a Rock of the same in Cornwall. Somewhat
different from that described by Boetius. Consisting of
parts white, red, purple, and green mixed together, as in
Castile-Soap; and seeming, like hard Suet, greasie to the
touch: whence the reason of both the Names. Yet is it not
at all dissoluble either in Oil or Water. Nor in any indiffe-
rent Fire; by which it only becomes somewhat harder
and whiter. It seems to me to be much of the nature (for
substance) of the Lap. Amianthus; and that it is the Mother
of it. A softish Dirt-colour'd STONE (Saxi Limosi Species)
from Staffordshire. Of which those Pots are there made,
wherein they melt their Glass. The Red CAULE (a Stone so call'd about the Tin Mines
in Cornwall) beaten to powder, and made up into a Ball with
water. Of a faint red like that of a wither'd Pink. Ano-
ther of a purplish Brown, with black shining sparks. A base Slate, i. e. neither of one colour, nor good
Grain. An ash-colour'd PUMIS STONE. There are also whitish
ones; and some Black, as in Sicily. Where, and at Vesuvius,
amongst other places, they are frequently found. The
smoothest are, or heretofore were, used by the Germans to
rub the skin, in their Baths. (a)(a) Boet. de
Gem. & L. A CYNDER from Mount Ætna; of a blackish colour,
homogeneous substance, and something metallick. Quite
through full of great Bubles. 'Tis ground to a long Oval
Figure. ANOTHER, much more dense, and ponderous like Iron
Ore. Given by Sigr. Boccone. A THIRD, in some part vitrify'd. Of the Burning and
Eruptions of this Mountain we have a copious History given
us by J. Alph. Borelli. A Vitrify'd CYNDER, taken out of the Ruines of this
City by the late general Fire, and kept as a Memorial of it. 322 SECT. II.
Of METALS. CHAP. I.
Of GOLD, SILVER, and COPPER. GOLD ORE of HERNGRUNT, holding Silver. Given
by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of sparks of a
shining Gold-colour, together with some Black ones, al-
ternately immersed in a white and pretty hard Stone. GOLD ORE of Chremnitz. Given by the same Hand.
Here are several pieces. One white, and semiperspicuous.
Another, blackish, not much unlike some Flints. The others,
mixed of both. All so hard, as to write upon Glass. Yet
Spirit of Nitre droped on them, in a little while, will sink
into them, almost as Water into a Bolus. Which perhaps
may depend upon some invisible Cracks in the Ore. (a) Dr.
Brown's
Travails,
p. 99. That with black spots in white, is accounted the best. (a)
In an 100 l. weight of Ore, is contained about ℥j of Gold,
holding one third part of Silver. (b) (b) P. 103. In this Mine, some-
times are found pieces of pure (c) (c) Ib. p. 99. Virgin-Gold. This, by
some, is called Aurum Obryzum: qu. Ophrisum, like that of
Ophir. Of several particulars of the Working here, and
of separating the Gold from the Ore, with the Engines, &c.
See the forementioned Doctors Travails. GOLDEN SAND, from the River Tagus. 'Tis very
fine, and ponderous; consisting of Grains of a redish Iron
colour mixed with black. A lump of pure GOLD of the bigness of a Peas, melted
out of the forementioned sand. GRAIN GOLD, or Golden Sand from the River Danuby.
Given by John Bembde Esq; taken thence with his own
hand. Very fine as the former. Consisting mostly of black
Grains, wherewith are mixed some of a pure Gold colour;
in the proportion of about one to twenty. 323 SAND out of a River near Conimbria, in which there
are some few sparks of GOLD. Together with a Knob
of Gold fus'd out of it. Given by Sir Robert Southwell. Gold hath the least variety of regular figure, in the Ore,
of any Metal. Because, more solid, and therefore, less wanton,
than the rest. 'Tis a rare Specimen, mention'd by Georgius
de Sepibus, (a) (a) Mus.
Roman. which he calls Aurum Ramescens. The
Ductility of Gold is admirable: one Grain, in Leaves, is
extended to above fifty inches square: and one ounce em-
ploy'd in gilding small Hair-Wyre, will be extended to al-
most an 100 miles in length; as Mr. Boyle hath observ'd. (b)(b) Of Ef-
fluv. p. 13. &
14. The Uses of Gold for Vessels, Coins, Armour, Garments,
&c. are infinite. The Luxury of Galienus the Emperour,
taught him to powder his Hair with the Dust of Gold.
Some Painters, saith Ambrosinus, (c) (c) Aldrov.
Mus. Met. hang plated Gold over
Vinegar, whereby is produced a pure Blew (as Ceruss out of
Lead) which they prefer before the Ultramarine. Of the
Art of Refining, see the Phil. Transactions, (d)(d) N. 142.
Communi-
cated by
Dr. Christ.
Merret. Chymically manag'd, it is reduced to several forms, called
Aurum Potabile, Aurum fulminaus, A. Vitæ; as also, Auri
Calx, Crocus, Sal, Sulphur, Tinctura, Oleum, Vitriolum, Flos:
of which see Libavius, Crollius, Schroder, and others. One
principal use of Gold in Medicine is, for the Correction
of Mercurial Medicines. The original use of Leaf-Gold in
Electuaries, and divers other Preparations, was not only for
better grace, but from the opinion of its adding Virtue to
them. And Plates of Gold, anciently, have been us'd, espe-
cially for Children, as an Amulet. Which I take to be the
true reason, why the Kings of England hang a piece of Gold
upon those they Touch. Pure SILVER, naturally BRAINCHED in the Mine.
From a Silver-Mine in Suecia. Some of the Branches are
blackish being tarnished; the rest of a clear silver colour.
Some pieces of a white Spar, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre,
stick to them. A piece of CAPILLARY SILVER, or with smaller
Branches, also from the Mine: whith a kind of white
Rhombick Spar growing to it. Ferranti Imperato & Al-
drovandus, (e) (e) Mus.
Met. both give an Example of this kind. PLATED-SILVER from the Mine. Argentum nativum
Bracteatum. It lies in thin Plates, of a clear silver colour, 324 between the Flakes, or in the Grain of a hard white Stone;
as the yellow Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, described in
the former Section. The several Plates are curiously
wrought with Striæ, which obliquely decussate each other,
and make their Impression all along upon the Stone. This
Stone is insensible of Acids. In some places, the Silver also
lies crude in a black Ore. Pure Native SILVER, FLAKED, or as it were the Plated
broken into several thin pieces; lying also in the Grain of
a white Spar, but dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. Thick PLATED SILVER from the Mine; with a mix-
ture also of Crude Silver Ore; both in a white Stone disso-
luble with Spirit of Nitre. WHITE SILVER ORE, or of a silver-colour, from Crem-
nitz in Hungary. There are also some parts of Black Ore
mixed with it. And some Cinnabar; partly of a Scarlet or
Vermilion colour, and partly of the Lapis Hæmatites. Given
by Dr. Edward Brown. Another piece of WHITE SILVER ORE, growing
in a white Stone, having a blackish cast in some places, with
the hardness of a Gem. YELLOW SILVER ORE, or near the colour of Gold,
from Kottenberge in Bohemia. 'Tis granulated in a hard
white Stone. In some parts, also blackish. ANOTHER Piece, rather of the colour of Copper, from
the same place. It grows in a hard, black and white
Stone. BLEW SILVER ORE, from the Silver-Mine of Berre
Ferris. Not Granulated, but Flaked. In some positions
especially, of a curious blew, like that of Cichory-Flowers,
or some blew Glass, but much fairer. Some yellow Mun-
dick also, with a piece of Green Spar, grow to it on one
side. PURPLE SILVER ORE, with Cinnabar. GREEN SILVER ORE, The colour is somewhat ob-
scure, but lies not only in the surface, but inward parts of
the Ore. Here are growing to it some of the Lapis Armenius,
and yellow Okre. BLACK SILVER ORE, for the most part Granulated;
from the Silver-Mine at Schemnitz. Given by Dr. Edward
Brown. This sort is the best. An 100 l. of Schemnitz Ore 325 yields from an Ounce of Silver to twenty Ounces. Some (a) Dr.
Brown's Tra-
vails, p. 91.
hath been found to yield half Silver. (a) Most of it holds
some Gold; the best ⅛th part in proportion to the Sil-
ver. (b) (b) Ibid.
p. 93. GROGUNNION ORE; also Black, and Granulated. It
holds fifty lib. (sterling) per Tun. CUMBSIMLOCK ORE, Black, and most of it Gra-
nulated, immersed in a blackish Stone, dispersed throughout
It holds twenty eight lib. sterling per Tun. This, and some
other Welsh Ores, given by Sir Rob. Moray. COGINNIAN ORE, holding fifteen lib. sterl. per Tun.
It runs in Veins or Layers, rather Grained than Flaked, toge-
ther with yellow Mundick, between two sorts of Beds;
one of whitish Clay, the other of brown Stone. A BLACK and FLAKED SILVER ORE, with some
pieces of the Lapis Hæmatites growing to it. ANOTHER Piece FLAKED, from the Forrest of Ore,
not far from St. Veit in Carinthia. With some adhering
Cinnabar of a brown Purple. Given by Dr. Edward
Brown. BLACK FLAKED S. Ore from Freyberge in Misnia. Here
are two pieces: one simple; the other, mixed with white
Ore and Cinnabar. The SCORIUM of the FREYBERGICK S. Ore. Porous,
of a blackish glossy colour, and brittle: qu. Vitrum Ar-
genti. B. FLAKED S. Ore from Kottenberge. B. FLAKED S. Ore from Cummustwith Rock. It runs in
Veins, through a blewish Grey Stone, together with a white,
hard, and granulated Spar. 'Tis also immersed in Grain,
in the Grey Stone. Both the Stones are so hard as to cut
Glass. CUMSUMLOCK ORE, holding twenty li. sterl. per
Tun. 'Tis much like to that of Cummustwith. ANOTHER like Ore from CORNWALL. Given, with
several others, by Sam. Colepress Esq;. It grows together
with Mundick and green and yellow Spar. Black and small FLAKED S. Ore, from the same place.
'Tis immersed in a Slate, with yellow Mundick. A Piece of Bl. FLAKED S. Ore growing to a very
hard Spar, white within, and redish without, and in-
326crustated with sparry Grains, not much bigger than Poppy-
seeds. Another Piece, with Red Cinnabar growing to it. A large Piece of SILVER ORE, with MUNDICK;
running between Beds of White, Yellow, and Green Spar.
The White, so hard as to cut Glass: The other two, soft.
The Ore runs in a Vein obliquely, so as to make an Angle.
By which, the Underlying or Dipping of a Load, may be
well conceiv'd. The Preparations of Silver, are made in most of those
Forms, as of Gold, and described by the same Authors be-
fore mention'd. Goldsmiths sometimes give a silver-wash
to Copper, with that which is called Oleum Lunæ. Soder
(from the Italick, Saldatura) of Gold is made of Silver,
and half as much Brass. Painters make a pure Blew here(a) Ambros.
in Aldrov.
Mus. Metal. -
of with Sal Armoniac. (a) Of the Silver-Mines in Mexico,
and the way of separating the Silver from the Ore, see the
Phil. Transactions. (b) (b) Num. 41. And of the Art of Refining, Num. 142. Pure CAPILLARY COPPER from the Mine at Hern-
grunt. Given by Dr. Ed. Brown. 'Tis very ponderous, the se-
veral Styriæ or Capillary parts but short, of a redish Golden
colour, growing together almost like those of the little
Stone-Moss. Another Piece of the same Species. Pure GRANULATED COPPER, from the Mine. Of
a redish colour, mixed with a sad purple, and some green.
Grows to a Stone, outwardly of a Liver-colour, within
Whitish; not very hard. This sort of Native Copper, by
Chiocco, is call'd Æris Flos verus. (c)(c) Mus.
Calceol. An Iron-Chain and Heart, at least, cover'd with a Crust
of pure GRANULATED COPPER; by lying in one of
the two Springs in the Copper-Mine call'd the Ziment in
Hungary. Given with the next by Dr. Edward Brown. Pure Native COPPER, both CAPILLARY, and GRA-
NULATED, in one piece. The Capillary part, above two
inches broad; and surrounded, like a Wood, by the other.
Aldrovandus (d) (d) Mus.
Metallicum. hath a sort that is pointed, or at least angu-
lar; which Ambrosinus calls Æs nativum figuræ pangoniæ. BULLATED COPPER, Native, or from the Mine.
Given by Sir Rob. Moray. 'Tis pure and of the colour of the
best concocted. Whether this piece was not fluxed by some 327 subterraneal fire may be question'd. Of the rest, 'tis plain to
the contrary. Pure MASSY COPPER from the Mine. Given by the
same Hand. It grows to a white and semiperspicuous Spar,
which cuts Glass easily, and deep. YELLOW COPPER-ORE, from the Mine at Hern-
grunt. Given by Dr. E. Brown. 'Tis of a redish yellow,
mixed with some sparks of the colour of Gold, both with-
out and within. It yields ordinarily, ⅕th part Copper: some-
times ⅗ths or above half. See his Travails. (a)(a) P. 108. Another piece of YELLOW COPPER ORE. Given
by Mr. Oldenburg. 'Tis immersed in small sparks in a brown
Stone; to which adhere some very green Flakes of the na-
ture of the Turcois. BLACK COPPER ORE, holding SILVER. There are
some Grains of a dark Purple mixed with it. Given by
Dr. Brown. Another Piece, with some efflorescence of white Vitriol
upon it; perceived especially by the Tast. A Third piece, with natural Verdegriece. BLACK COPPER ORE, immersed in a Blackish Stone,
which is flaked somewhat like Lead-Ore; probably a courser
sort of Cinnabar. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Of Copper, with the addition of Calamy, is made Brass
with increase, in the proportion of ⅓d or more, according
to the Stone, and manner of operation. Of the making of
Brass, see Agricola. Of Copper are prepared, the Calx, Crocus, Quintescens,
Tincture, Oil, Vitriol and Flowers. Some of them much,
and well used outwardly against ill natur'd Ulcers. And
also justly to be reckon'd among the best Remedies for
the Eyes. That the Labourers in the Copper-Mines, have
them always good, in an observation of Macrobius. 328 CHAP. II.
Of TIN, LEAD, and IRON. A Piece of pure TIN, refined in the Furnace. Pure TIN, Native, or from the Mine. It lies as it
were in bright drops in a brown Stone. CRUDE TIN powder'd, consisting of shining black and
Iron-colour'd Grains. TIN-ORE, holding Silver. FAT TIN LOAD, of a great Grain, in a blewish Clay.
'Tis a Cluster of Crystals like black Glass. Another piece also very FAT, but smaller Grain'd; con-
sisting rather of sparks. A SHOAD, a FAT TIN-Stone so call'd; of an Iron
colour, with some gloss where it is broken. Very pon-
derous. A sort of TIN ORE, with its Grewt. That is, a Con-
geries of Crystals or Sparks of Spar of the bigness of Bay-
Salt, and of a brown shining colour, immersed therein.
They are so hard, as to cut Glass. TIN ORE, consisting of extream small black Sparks or
Grains, immersed in a green and yellow Grit. TIN ORE, of an Okre colour, with a mixture of black
shining Sparks. A Specimen of GRAIN-TIN ORE of several colours;
sc. blackish, brownish, purplish, redish, and yellow. So good,
that they need little or no preparation, by stamping or
dressing for blowing: neither is there any considerable
wast in the melting. A SLAG, remaining in the bottom of the Tin-Floate.
Sent by Mr. Colepress. Of a bright colour next to Silver.
Yet contains (saith he, mostly) Iron; which he acciden-
tally perceiv'd, by applying the Magnet to it, both quickly
uniting. But note, that now, at least, they will not, unless
you take small Sparks only, and these will leap up to it. He
also saith, That one Dr. Stall a German Chymist, affirmed,
the Dutchmen make good spelter of it. SCUM taken from melted TIN. Of a blackish brown, 329 with some sparks of Metal. It seems near as heavy as the
pure Tin it self. CHIMNEY-TIN, forced up from the Herd. 'Tis black
shining and heavy; almost like very fine black sand. A Metalline Slat from the Tin-Mines. See a large Account of the Tin-Mines of Cornwall and
Devonshire, in the Phil. Transactions; (a) (a) Num. 69. communicated
by a Person much conversant among them. As also ano-
ther accurate one particularly of those in Cornwall; com-
municated by Dr. Christepher MenetMerret, and by Me published
in the said Transactions. (b)(b) Num 138. Tin is mixed with Copper, in the making of Metal for
Bells, Organ-Pipes, &c. the proportion of Tin to Copper, as
two to seven, or thereabout. If under, it will be too soft;
if over, too brittle. The Metal used for Concaves and Spe-
culums, is likewise a Mixture of Tin and Copper. Of Tin,
with Lead, and the Marchasite of Antimony of each ⅛th part,
is made one sort of Printing Letters. Of this Metal is
made that sort of Ceruss, called Spanish White; one of the
best, used either by Painters, or by Women. Stannum ustum,
the best preservative of the polish of Metallick Concaves, and
the like. Riverius (c) (c) Observ.
Cent. 4.
Obs. 56. highly commends his Bezoardicum
Jovis against Malignant Feavers. A Mixture against the
Bitings of Mad Dogs, consisting chiefly of Mithridate and
the Filings of Tin, is much used and relied upon by some
Huntsmen. CRYSTALLINE LEAD, from the Mine. So I call it,
not that it is clear, but consisteth for the most part of Hexa-
gonal Points. Of the bigness of a midling Apple. LEAD ORE, rich in SILVER. Given by Sir R. Moray.
'Tis of the usual colour, but mixed with white Spar, so hard
as to cut Glass. And I suppose, that most Lead Ores with
such a Spar, have Silver in them. LEAD ORE holding SILVER, and growing together
with Iron Ore. LEAD ORE, probably also holding Silver. It lies in a
whitish Spar, which is not so flaky as is usual, and will cut
Glass. LEAD ORE holding SILVER, with a large Crystalline
Spar consisting chiefly of Hexagonal Points, and of the 330 colour of a Calcedony. Ferrant. Imperato hath one which
he entitles Ingemmamento di Piombo; and seems to be like
this. SPARKS of LEAD ORE in the Caulk. One of the
Sparks is branched almost like a small Leafe. The Stone or
Caulk is a Congeries of white Crystals of Spar laid cross
every way. They will cut Glass. A large piece of LEAD ORE, flaky, and lying in spots
in a white perspicuous, flaked, and soft Spar. Some other pieces of Lead Ore, English. LEAD ORE, from Freiungen, called WEISSER FLIES.
It consisteth of a soft and friable Spar, of a pale colour, near
that of the Diaphanous natural Sulphur; together with a
redish substance intermixt. LEAD ORE, from the same place, called Schlich. 'Tis
a fine grey Sand, like that used for Writings: with some
few black Grains; which is, I suppose, the true Ore. A large piece of LITHARGE (of Silver.) See a large and accurate Account of the Mendip Lead
Mines in the Phil. Transactions; (a) (a) Num. 28.
& 39. communicated by
Dr. Jos. Glanvile. Lead (besides the uses commonly known) is also em-
ployed for the Refining of Gold and Silver by the Cupel.
Hereof is made common Ceruss with Vinegar. The way
briefly, yet perspicuously set down by Theophrastus. (b) (b) Lib. de
Lap. Of
Ceruss, Red Lead. Of Plumbum ustum, the best yellow Ochre.
Of Lead and ½ as much Tin, Solder for Lead. Hereof are
also made the like Chymical Preparations, as of other Me-
tals, as the Oil, Tincture, Salt, &c. Some of which, many
bold Chymists, without Discretion, give inwardly, and also
extol them. But those that are careful of their Health, will
beware of them. I do not deny, but that 'tis possible this
Metal, as well as Mercury, may be so order'd and given,
as to be innoxious. BRUSH-IRON, Native or from the Mine. It consisteth
of strait, round, long Styriæ, about the thickness of a small
Kniting-Pin, bolt upright, like the Bristles of a stiff Brush,
or the Teeth of a Wooll-Comb. They grow on a double-Bed,
the uppermost of an Iron-colour, the undermost of a dark
yellowish red. BRUSH ORE; From Doward in Herefordshire. Given 331 by Sir John Hoskins. A rich sort. It consisteth also of strait
and almost parallel Styriæ, most of them as thick as a strong
Kniting-Pin; incrustated with very small Grains of Spar,
of the colour and bigness of the Corns of Bay-Salt, but
very soft. MIXED BRUSH ORE; from Clower-Wall in the For-
rest of Dean. By the same Hand. It consisteth of several
Piles of round and parallel Styriæ, and Layers of unfigur'd
Ore, a Pile of the one, and a Layer of the other, cross-
ways; seven or eight in this piece, within the extent of be-
twixt four and five inches. A piece of IRON ORE, from Doward, of kin to the for-
mer. By the same Hand. 'Tis rich, yet hath only some few
Styriæ. ANOTHER piece, from the same place, and by the
same Hand. In this the Styriæ, or figur'd pieces, are flat, and
irregularly cluster'd. Aldrovandus (a) (a) Mus. Me-
tall. gives the figure of an
Iron Spar (Ore) ramify'd. A piece of RICH IRON ORE, from a Hill of the same
in Wiltshire, upon which is scituate a Village called Seen or
Send, about nine miles from the Bath. Given by J. Aubrey
Esq;. Who saith, It is so good, that the Smith there can
make that which he takes up in the street, to melt in his
Forge; which that in the Forrest of Dean will not do. The same Person observing there was great abundance
of it, conjectur'd, it might Impregnate some Neigh-
bouring Spring. And upon trial, found one, amongst
others, in the middle of the street very strong, beyond that
of Tunbridge. For upon the affusion of a Tincture of Galls,
it immediately became as black as Ink. The Village is well
built, and standing so near the Bath, may be very conveni-
ent for those who drink Chalybiate Waters, either before or
after they go thither. Mention also is made of this place
by Dr. Christopher Merret. (b) (b) I think
in his Pinax. MIXED IRON ORE, from Doward in Herefordshire.
Given by Sir John Hoskins. It consisteth of four or five
substances. The best part, both brown and red, or brick-
colour'd. Wherewith is mixed a white and soft spar. With
a blackish, shining, and crumbly Body, knobed on the top,
after the manner of the Turcois. Ordinary IRON ORE, from Clower-Wall. By the same 332 Hand. Almost of a Brick-colour, or that of the Colcothar
of Vitriol. IRON BALLS, about the bigness of Musquet Bullets.
Made by the rowling of Iron-Sand off the Banks among
the Iron-Mines near Senneck, especially after rain. TWO BONES, (part of a Mans Foot) turn'd into
Iron-Stone. A Piece of Drop-Stone turn'd to Iron. An IRON ORE rising near the Silver-Mines (in Wales.)
In some parts of a brown Cinnabar-colour, and mixed with
Slate. The Loadstone takes up little Corns of it no bigger
than Sand. An odd IRON ORE, scarce fixable. In a white Spar,
almost like a Calcedony, hard enough to cut Glass. A sort of BLACK CAULE, holding IRON. Yet so
little, that the Loadstone will not take up any part of it, bigger
than Pins head. It hath a black, shining, and very cross
Grain; with white Spar interspers'd, which cuts Glass. Another IRON-SPAR, consisting of little white and um-
ber-colour'd Columns, laid together cross-ways. An IRON BODY, that rubs away in glossy Dust;
with part of its Wall, (a brown Spar) in which it lay
inclos'd. A Piece of the OLD CYNDER, which now they use
as a Flux for the Iron Ore; somewhat bubly. From the Iron-
Mines in Monmouth. Another, from the Forrest of Dean, by Sir John Hoskins.
'Tis run into Styriæ, somewhat like those of Ice, brittle, pon-
derous, opacous, glossy, and of the colour of the coursest
sort of Crocus Metallorum. A Vitrify'd Cynder, of no use; like a piece of course green
Glass. An IRON STONE, with a Spar, on one side, consisting
of pellucid squares; on the other, of white flakes set cross-
ways, almost at right Angles one against another. A Piece of RUSMA or crude Zernick, almost of the
colour of Crocus Metallorum, or some sorts of the Hæma-
tites. Given by Mr. Lannoy, a Consul at Smyrna. See a very good Account of the Iron-Mines, and Iron-
Works in the Forrest of Dean. Communicated by Henry
Powle Esq; and by Me published in the Philosoph. Trans-
333actions. (a) (a) Num.
137. Some of the ways of giving a due Temper to
Iron, according to the use made of it, are set down by
Ambrosinus. (b) (b) Aldrov.
Mus. Metall. For one Temper is requir'd for drawing it
into Wyre; another, for a File; another, for a Chisel; ano-
ther, for a Sword; another, for the Edge of a Sword in par-
ticular; and the like. For the hardening of Iron for
Files; one of the Kings Farriers, upon my enquiry, com-
mendeth this following way. Take Horse Hoofs or Rams Horns, and hang them over
the fire till they drop like Glew. Take also pieces of Leather,
and burn them black. Powder them both, and put to
them stale Urine, and Bay-Salt. Let them stand together;
the longer the better: at three or seven years end it will be
excellent. Case the Iron with this Mixture, and give it a
strong heat, sufficient to fuse the Mixture, for three hours;
and then cool it. The surface of this Iron will be as hard
as the hardest Steel, and will make excellent Files: but the
hardening reaches not to the heart of the Iron. Of Rusma (a brown and light Iron substance) with ½ as
much Quick Lime steeped together in Water, the Turkish
Women make their Psilothron, to take off their Hair where-
sover they please. There are many Medicinal Preparations
of Iron or Steel: But none, that I know of, equal to the
Tincture made without Acids; especially in Obstructions,
and to strengthen the Tone of the parts, as in Lienterick, and
other like Cases. Against all outward and inward Hæmor-
rhages, Quercetan highly extols his Oleum Martis. A Tincture
of Steel made with White Wine, saith Ambrosinus, (c) (c) Androv.
Mus. Met. is a
strong Cathartick. What he means, I know not. Perhaps
he might find some such effect upon himself, from that, as
one I know in this City, doth from Mithridate, which com-
monly gives him a Stool extraordinary. And another, upon
whom Marmalad hath the like effect. 334 CHAP. III.
Of ANTIMONY, MERCURY, and other
METALLICK BODIES. STYRIATED ANTIMONY, from the Gold Mines of
Chremnitz. Given by Dr. E. Brown. The Styriæ, in
this, are very fair, many of them as thick as in that which
is factitious. STYRIATED ANTIMONY, also Native, from Corn-
wall; called ROSCARROCKS. A Congeries of strait,
long, slender, and edged Styriæ, of a bright Steel-colour,
almost like a cluster of small broken Needles. Aldrovandus
(a) (a) Mus.
Met. hath a sort of native Antimony, which Ambrosinus calls
Plumosum. GRAINED ANTIMONY, or rather Antimonial Ore,
from Hungary. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. It looks like
black grained Silver Ore. Immersed in a Stone, although
of a scurvy opacous and sandy colour, yet so hard as to cut
Glass. ANTIMONIAL ORE from Transylvania. Given by
Dr. E. Brown. It grows in a soft Bed, almost like Lead
Ore. ANTIMONIAL ORE, holding Iron, from Cornwall.
Almost of the colour of Amber: yet with a Grain somewhat
glossy and very cross. A Metallick (probably an ANTIMONIAL) Cornish
Stone, black, hard, and ponderous. It consisteth of a great
many Clusters of short glossy Styriæ, radiated almost as in
the Belemnites. But because irregularly broken and heaped
together, but difficulty observ'd. Antimony is of excellent use for the Refining of Gold:
see an accurate Process, communicated by Dr. Jonathan
Godard, and by Me published in the Philosph. Transactions.
(b) (b) Num 138. An ⅛th part in proportion to the Copper, is by some add-
ed with the Tin, for the best Metallick Speculums.
Founders add a little to their Bell-Metal, to make it more
sonorous. And so Pewterers, to their Pewter, to make it
sound more clear like Silver. 'Tis also used in the casting
of Iron Bullets, to make the Metal run the better. The 335 Spanish Women rub their Eye-brows with it, to give them
an acceptable Black. (a) (a) Ambro-
sinus, and
others. The Cathartick Property of Antimony, was first taken
notice of by Paracelsus. And several Preparations hereof
both Cathartick, and Diaphoretick, are now much cele-
brated. Of the Virtue of it also taken Crude, see the Phil.
Transact. (b) (b) N. 39. The Red Oil, called Stibij Sanguis, admirable
in Malignant Ulcers. (c)(c) Wecker. MERCURIAL ORE. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. 'Tis Dr. Popes
account of the
Mines.
all of one colour, much like that of the Hepatick Cinna-
bar, but somewhat sadder. In the West-Indies, all their
silver is refined, or else melted down with Quick-silver. (e)(e) Kirch.
Hist. Ind. l. 4.
c. 3.
A Past made hereof with Gold, is sometimes used for gild-
ing of Brass Vessels; which being daub'd with the same,
and held to the fire, the Gold adheres, and the Mercury ex-
hales. With this the Tin-Foile is made to stick close to the
backsides of Looking-Glasses. Of Sublimate, Ceruss, Juyce
of Limons, and Rose-water, mixed like an Oyntment; is
made That Paint, which is both the best and the worst in
the World. In Medicine, the great use of Mercury is in the Lues Vene-
rea; sometimes in the Cholick and Iliac Passion; and for
Wormes, especially those small ones, called Ascarides;
against which, if duly prepar'd, there is no Medicine so
effectual, or more safe. Being prepar'd, and mixed with
convenient Catharticks, 'tis also very properly us'd in divers
Chronick Diseases. A rich piece of Native CINNABAR, from Carinthia.
It weighs above ℥ij and ʒij, and is entirely of a Scarlet
colour. Another Piece of CINNABAR, of a Scarlet-colour, from
Tyrol. A Piece of Native CINNABAR, of a purple colour,
almost like that of fine Lake. Given by Mr. Olden-
burge. A piece of BLACK CINNABAR. Given by Dr. Walter
Pope. Hard and ponderous, about as big as a Lambs Heart.
Where it breaks, of a shining black. Another piece, of a shining Black, mixed with a sad Pur-
ple. By the same Hand. The best Cinnabar in the Schemnitz Mines, ground with 336 Oil, makes a Vermillion, equal to, if not surpassing, that made
by sublimation. (a)(a) Dr.
Brown's
Trav. p. 91. YELLOW MUNDICK. Marchasita. Pyrites Aureus;
not for that it hath any Gold in it, but is both within, and
without, of a shining Metallick yellow. As heavy, as most
Ores. Here are of various Figures; as The ORBICULAR MARCHASITE; tuberated, about
the bigness of Hand-Ball. Another, lesser, and a little compressed. The GRAP-MARCHASITE. March. Botryidea. It con-
sisteth of small Globules growing together in the form of a
young Bunch of Grapes. There is one like this in Ferr. Im-
perato. The APPLE MARCHASITE, as it may be call'd. 'Tis
round, excepting on one side, where it falls in, and hath a
stalk, like a young Apple. The FLORID MARCHASITE. So I name it. For it looks
like a Cluster of Buds ready to flower. The YELLOW BUD. Marchasita Phylloidea. For it
looks like a single Bud composed of several small leaves. Part of a CYLINDRICK MARCHASITE, radiated from
a Vitriolick Pith or Centre. The TABULATED MARCHASITE. Broad and plain,
or flat like a Tablet. Consisting of flaked and small Cubick
knobs, growing on a rough Stone. Another, only Flaked, growing to a blackish Stone. A Third flaked, but of an irregular form. The GRANULATED MARCHASITE. It grows on
a brown Stone, in a Crust of about 1/12 th of an inch thick, with
the surface all over grained. This kind is found near Hin-
don in Middlesex. Not only the greater Flakes of which the other Varie-
ties consist, but even the smallest and almost invisible Grains,
are all either Squares, or at least pointed with Right Angles.
Whereas the Pyrites, simply so call'd, is always Radiated.
Which, and not the colour, according to others, I take to
be the principal difference between them. The CUBICK Marchasite, about ⅓d of an inch square.
The Marchasite seems to attain the perfection of its Figure,
in a Cube; that is, a Square upon a Square. But sometimes
it consisteth of parts neither Cubick nor Square; as in 337 The PENTAGONATE Marchasite. About the bigness
of a little Gall; somewhat round, defined with several sides,
each with five Angles. A Tuberated Marchasite with a Green Spar. A MARCHASITE growing to its own Spar, together
with a white one pointed and semiperspicuous. A Mixed MARCHASITE. It consisteth of yellow pieces
partly cubick, and partly flaked: with Lead-Ore holding
Silver growing to it on one side; on the other, several sets
of ash-colour'd Flakes growing together in the form of little
Roses. As all Metals, so Marchasites have their SPARS, called
Fluores. Both because they melt in the fire; and make the
Ores to which they belong, to melt the better. The rea-
son whereof is, For that in all Spars, there is a certain Salt
which lies more loose and open, and which in mixing with
the Ore, frets and tears it all to pieces. A Piece of WHITE MUNDICK. WHITE MUNDICK ORE, immersed in Grains in an
ash-colour'd Stone. GREEN MUNDICK, or Mundick Ore, running in Veins
in white Clay. A large sphærical and knobed FIRE-STONE, or Pyrites,
about two inches in Diametre. Another, of the same Figure, as big as a Walnut, and of
an Iron-colour. A Piece of a large one of the same Figure, and with a
black surface. The whole Body is radiated from a Vitrio-
lick Centre or Pith about ¼ of an inch in Diametre. Which
radiation is also seen in most Fire-stones. Another whole of the same form, a little lesser. A Round PYRITES, compressed. Another lesser. A PYRITES, partly Cylindrick, and partly Oval; Cy-
lindrovalis. 'Tis two inches long, and near an inch and ½
over; Cylindrick in the middle, and Oval at both ends.
The Surface, smooth, and of a shining black. MUNDICK ORE, as it may be call'd; having the
same Analogy to that which is figur'd; as the Ores of Metals,
have to such as are pure and perfect. This is for the most
part of a greenish ash-colour, not very hard, and somewhat
gritty. 338 Yellow Mundick GRAIN-ORE; immersed in a Spar of
an Amethystine colour. Another sort, like Silver Grain-Ore, in a Spar of the co-
lour of that of Tin. So hard as to cut Glass. A piece of Mundick-Ore in a white Spar, both Grained
and Vein'd. A piece or two of Veined Ore from a Silver-Mine. Mundick Ore and Vitriol mixed with a White and Green
Spar. Mundick Ore, and Black Daze, mixed with a Vein of
White and Green Spar; all lying between two firm Beds
or Walls. These Ores, by some are called Mock-Ores. A MOCK-FIRE-STONE. Pyrites stirilis. Outwardly,
of the colour of polish'd Steel. And radiated from the
Centre, as the true Pyrites. But of a light and useless sub-
stance. No sort of Mundick, that I find, either in the Ore, or per-
fect, stirreth with Acids. Every Metal hath its Marchasite:
which is sometimes added to them, instead of Lead, (a) (a) Boet. de
Lapid. l. 2. to
make them flow the better. But if too much, it robs them,
by over volatilizing them (b) (b) Dr.
Brown's Tra-
vails. in the Furnace. Out of most
Fire-stones, may be made both Vitriol and Sulphur. SECT. III.
Of Mineral Principles. BYBy Mineral Principles, I mean, neither such imaginary
ones as some have talked of: nor such as may possibly
have a real existence, yet were never seen solitary or uncom-
pounded: but those which come within the cognizance of
sense, sc. Salt, Sulphurs, and Earths; and such Bodies as
are reduceable to these Tribes. For it seemeth to me, That
most subterranial Bodies are either compounded of
these Three, or are hereinto resolved. So Copperas is the
salt of a Metal; either as an ingredient in its Generation; or
resulting from its Corrosion by some Natural Menstruum,
equivalent to such as are applyed by Art. In like manner,
a Bolus, as it seems to be the Basis of most Stones and Metals; 339 so, upon the Resolution of the same, to be nothing but
their Caput mortuum. There being a Circulation amongst
Minerals, as amongst Plants and Animals; the same Princi-
ples passing from one to another. And so, probably, amongst
all Bodies, at least between the Atmosphere and the Centre
of the Earth. CHAP. I. Of SALTS. A Parcel of NATURAL SAL ARMONIAC. (Rather
Ammoniac, from its supposed similitude to that of
the Ancients, bred under the Sands in Africa.) This I call
Natural, as being found sublimed, by the subterraneal
Fire, in a Cole-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne. Given
by Dr. L. Hodgson, who first made experiment of the nature
hereof. And hath answer'd several Quæries about it, pro-
posed by Mr. Boyle. (a) (a) See Phil.
Trans. N. 130. Here is some of it lying upon and
between Beds of a light and sooty Earth; and some pure
and white as Sow. It hath the perfect Tast of the Factiti-
ous; consisteth of the like Fibers or Styriæ; and may be
easily sublimed into Flowers. (b) (b) See Part
4. Cerutus hath also de-
scrib'd a Sal Ammoniac, as he calls it, sublimed by the sub-
terraneal Fires of Puteoli; but This is of a different kind, as
appears from his Description of it. (c) (c) Mus.
Calceol. S. 2.
p. 149. Hereof are made se-
veral Preparations of great Use to Physitians, Alchymists, and
others, as the Spirit Simple, Aromatiz'd, and Tinctur'd; the
Tinctur'd Flowers, &c. A parcel of SALT taken from Tenariffe, 1674. and given
by Dr. George Trumbal. 'Tis very white, and light like flowers
of Sal Ammoniac, or the Earth call'd Agaricum Minerale.
Taken by some to be a kind of Nitre. But not rightly.
For it hath the perfect Tast of a Lixivial Salt. Makes an
Effervescence with Aqua Fortis, as those Salts will, but Nitre
will not do. Hath, as those, a fixed Body: neither will it
flow, or flame, though exposed naked to the same fire,
wherein Nitre will do both. Yet hath it somewhat of a
nitrous Tast intermixed; as have also many Lixivial Salts.
I conclude it therefore to be a fixed Alkaly, or, in nature, a
kind of Lixivial Salt. 340 Another parcel of the same sort of SALT, taken out of
the Cave or the Pique of Tenariffe, 1674. By the same
Hand. Different from the former, only in being of a purer
white. A Third parcel of the same, taken, I suppose, from ano-
ther quarter of the said Mountain. A square piece of Crystalline Sal Gemmæ (rather Gem-
meus) weighing almost twenty Ounces. A Ball of Crystalline Sal Gemmeus; with another piece
of the same Species. A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus, tinctur'd with some
Rays of yellow. It grows almost in the form of Sal Ammo-
niac. A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus tinctur'd with partly
an Amethystine, partly a Saphirine Blew. Ambrosinus gives a Figure of Crystal of this Salt, much
like that of the Corns of common Sea-Salt; from which it
differs no more, than Pit-Salt. Sal Fossilis properly so call'd, is, as it were, the Ore of the
Sal Gemmeus. Yet This, as well as Metals, is sometimes
found native. The principal Mines are in Poland and Ca-
labria: of which, see a Relation in the Phil. Transactions. (a)(a) N. 61.
In the lesser Poland, saith Comer, (b) (b) Descript.
Polan. lib. 1. are some pieces of this
Salt (he means the Ore) like huge Stones; so hard, that
Houses and even whole Towns are built with them. Near
Eperies, a City in Upper-Hungary, is a Salt-Mine, in which
are pieces Ten thousand pounds weight. (c)(c) Dr.
Brown's
Travails,
p. 112. Of This as of common Salt, may be distill'd that Acid
Liquor commonly, but absurdly call'd the Oil. This mo-
derately taken, but especially if it be dulcify'd by Cohoba-
tions with a simple, or rather with an aromatiz'd Spirit of
Wine, is sometimes of excellent use to restore the Digestive
Faculty to the Stomach. But the common sort, taken, as
it often is, without discretion, really breeds more Diseases,
than it pretends to cure. See several Preparations of Salt in
Schroder and others. Ambrosinus, I think it is, who reports,
(d) (d) Aldrov.
Mus. Metal. That in the Province of Canicla, in the Great Cam's
Dominions, the people melt and cast Salt into a round
Form, for Money. But who ever knows the nature
of common Salt, must also, that this Report is a great
mistake. 341 BLEW VITRIOL, Native, and crystalliz'd, from the
Copper-Mines of Herngrundt in Hungary. Given by Dr. Ed-
ward Brown, together with the several Species following. GREEN VITRIOL, Native; from the Silver-Mines of
Schemnitz in Hungary. Native GREEN VITRIOL, mixed with some Rays of
a pale Blew; from the same place. With its astringent and
sweetish Tasts, is joyn'd some Acritude. It grows to its own
Ore, of a purplish ash-colour; and of a milder Tast. A parcel of the same Species, from the Copper-Mine of
Herngrundt. Native VITRIOL of a pale Purple, and consisting of
pointed Crystals. This also hath some Acritude. From the
same Mine. Native WHITE VITRIOL. It grows in glossy Grains
like Nitre grosly powder'd; and not without some Acritude.
From the same place. Made WHITE-VITRIOL of Chremnitz. WHITE-VITRIOL Ore of Chremnitz. Of a pale Okre
colour, and meanly astringent. A sort of Native VFRDEGRIESEVERDEGRIESE, from the Copper-
Mines of Herngrundt. It consisteth of flat and parallel
Plates, as in a Slate; of a blewish Green, yet not so blew, as
the factitious. 'Tis also of a much milder Tast. It maketh
a strong ebullition with Spirit of Nitre. These from the
above-mention'd Person. A rich ORE of Green Copperas, from Cornwall. Of a
kind of Brick-colour, crack'd a little with lying in the Air,
and hath upon it several efflorescent lumps of Copperas. A poorer sort of Green Copperas ORE. On one side, be-
ing scraped, of a blewish ash-colour; and with little Tast.
On the other, of a yellowish Green, and tasteth strong as
Vitriol. Maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. A Fibrous or STYRIATED ORE of Green Copperas.
'Tis white, and form'd almost like Sal Ammoniac; but
hath the perfect Tast of Green Vitriol. Acids stir it not. Besides the places mention'd, and others, Green Copperaas
is plentifully made here in England, as at Debtford, and else
where. The Copperas Stones or Fire-Stones are found on
the Sea-shore in Essex, Hamphire, and so Westward; the
best of a bright Silver-colour. For the making of Copperas, 342 they make Beds sometimes an hundred feet long, and
fifteen broad at top; well ram'd first with Clay, and then
with Chalk. In these Beds the said Stones are laid about two
feet thick: which by Sun and Rain, are gradually dissolv'd;
and in five or six years time, begin to turn into a kind of
Vitriolick Earth, which will swell and ferment like levened-
Dough. And once in four years, the Bed is renewed with
fresh Stones. In a Boyler containing about twelve Tuns of
Vitriolick Liquor running from the Bed, they put in by
degrees, about fifteen hundred pounds of old Iron; which
both quickens the boyling, and prevents the setling and
melting of the Copperas at the bottom of the Boyler, and
of the Boyler it self. Sometimes, in stirring the Earth on
the Beds, they find pieces of Native Copperas. See a parti-
cular and exact account of these Works at Debtford, com-
municated by Mr. Colwal, the Founder of this Musæum,
and by Me published in the Philosophical Transactions. (a)(a) N. 142.
Of the Nature of Vitriol, see several considerable Observa-
tions grounded on Experiment, in the same Transactions. (b) (b) N. 103.
& 104.
Amongst other particulars, an excellent way of purifying
it from its Okre. The three principal Parts hereof are, an Acid Spirit, fixed
Salt, and Sulphur. The last, a good Hypnotick, in some Cases,
where Opium is not safe. Native Vitriol, saith Ambrosinus, (c) (c) Aldrov.
Mus. Met. given to the quan-
tity of ʒj in any convenient vehicle, is a great Remedy in
Germany and Hungary for the Plague. Blew Vitriol of ex-
cellent use against Venereal Ulcers. Both of this, and the
Green, is made the Powder called Sympathetick; the De-
scription whereof may be seen in Papinius, and out of him
in Wormius. I doubt not, but that the Stiptick Liquors of
Mr. Lyster and of Mr. Deny, are both made of Vitriol. A sort of ALUMINOUS Earth, found near the River
Patomach in Virginia. 'Tis soft and very light; of an ash-
colour, and acid-astringent Tast, almost like that of Alum.
Whether the people there make Alum of it, or use it in
Deying, we have no account. Of the Nature of Alum, see a very good Discourse in (d) N. 103.
and conti-
nu'd, N. 104.
the Philosophical Transactions. (d) Of the English Alum-
Works an accurate Account, communicated by Daniel Col-
wal Esq; and by Me published in the same Transactions. (e)(e) Num.
142. 343 The Alum-Stone (of a blackish colour, and flaky, like Cornish
Slate) is found in most of the Hills between Scarbrough
and the River of Tees in York-shire. As also near Preston in
Lancashire. Of these Stones calcin'd, is made a Lee; and
of the Lee, Alum. The Lee after the first shooting of the
Alum; is called Mothers. In which, certain Nitrous and
other parts call'd Slam, being predominant; to precipitate
the same, they add the Lees of Kelp; made of Tangle, a
Sea-Weed commonly among Oysters. And then, a certain
proportion of Urine, both for the same purpose, and to
keep the Kelp-Lees from hardening the Alum too much.
The Mine, before it is calcin'd, being exposed to the Air,
will moulder in pieces, and yield a Liquor whereof Copperas
may be made. Fallopius's Aq. Aluminis Magistralis, is of good use against
untoward Ulcers. Deyers boil their Cloaths, or Yarn in Alum-
Water, that they may take both a better, and more dura-
ble colour. It is used, likewise, for the making of a Leather
soft and white, or fit to take a clear colour, which the Tan'd,
will not do. And I little doubt, but that to wash the Skins
of Beasts or Fowls herewith on both sides, or perhaps on
the Feathers, only strewing Alum in fine powder, would be
a good way to keep them from the Moth, and growing dank
in moist Weather, and so to preserve them for ever. CHAP. II.
Of SULPHURS. A Piece of Opacous yellow AMBER half a foot long.
Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq;. Found, with se-
veral lesser pieces, in digging of a Ditch under the Walls
of Rensburge in Holstein, eighteen feet under ground.
Which place is at least five and twenty miles both from the
Baltick and German Seas. A Piece of AMBER of the colour of Honey. A Piece of clear yellow AMBER. Given by Captain
Tailor. Another yellow Piece, semiperspicuous; from the same
Hand. 344 A Ball of yellow and opacous AMBER. A Piece of clear yellow Amber, with a CICADA drowned
in it. A Piece of Citrine Amber, with several GNATS im-
mersed. A little Ball of citrine Amber, with an immersed Em-
met. A Heart of yellow Amber, with two FLIES. Two or three more Pieces, with some other INSECTS.
In Septalius's Musæum, is one so large as to bury a Frog.
And Boetius (a) (a) De Gem.
lib. 2. affirms that Pieces are found sometimes as
big as a mans Head. Found in great quantity in Pomerania, and upon the
Coast of Prussia in the Baltick-Sea. The Elector of Branden-
burge, Soveraign of that Coast, farmes it out (b) (b) Tavarn.
Ind. Voyage. for twenty
Thousand Crowns yearly. Also plentiful on the Coasts of
Soffala, Mosambique and Melinde. Boetius describes a Powder, (c) (c) De Dem.
lib. 2. c. 160. in which Amber is the
chief Ingredient, and which he highly commends for the
Epilepsie both in Children and grown persons. The two
Salts of Amber united, saith Terzagi, (d) (d) Mus.
Septal. make an admira-
ble Specifick for that Disease. Take Yelks of Eggs sixteen, Gum Arabick ℥ij; Gum of
Cherry-Tree ℥j. Dissolve them, and set them in the Sun for
an Artificial Amber. Amongst the many Opinions of the
Original of Amber, I put this question, Whether it is not a
kind of harden'd Petroleum? FLAKED STONE-COAL. Lithanthrax scissilis. By
some called Black Amber; not properly. For, when fir'd,
it hath scarce any tast or smell. Neither doth it yield any
Oil, or melt, as Amber. Only makes a very weak and thin
Flame, which presently vanishes; and little smoak. Yet
keeps fire for a considerable time. 'Tis black, glossy, and
pretty hard. Yet being struck, easily breaketh into Flakes
of a square Figure. Found in Misnia, Bohemia, &c. In some
Pits two Hundred paces deep. (d) (e) (d) (e) Boet. de
Gem. & L. A STONE taken out of the Dead-Sea. Blackish and
somewhat flaky. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. When
fir'd, it yields a sulphurious scent. Yet the barbarous Arabi-
ans use it for fewel. A Piece of Jet. Gagates, from Gaza a River of Lycia, 345 where first found. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Of a shining
colour, and in some places, flaky. It cracks when held to
the fire; and in it, burns with a thick flame and smoak, and
very stinking. If rub'd till its warm, it takes up pieces of
Feathers, and such light Bodies. 'Tis found in France, Sicily.
And in this Island, in Cleaveland, on the top of Huntley and
Whitby Clifts, where the Sea-water never comes. Pit EBONY. Ebenum fossile. Very brittle, and when
held in a flame, breaks into Flakes; it burns, with a sooty
smoak, into ashes; but with scarce any flame. A parcel of ORPMENT. Auripigmentum s. Arsemicum
croceum. Native SULPHUR or BRIMSTONE, crystalliz'd, of
a pale Golden colour, and semiperspicuous. Sent from
Peru. The like is described in Calceolarius's Musæum, and by
Wormius. ANOTHER Piece, of such a like colour. Found in the
Pike of Tenariff, and given by Dr. George Trumbal. A Lump of Native SULPHUR of the colour of some
Olibanum Drops, or opacous yellow Amber. From the same
Hand, and Place. As also, Two Pieces of SULPHUR ORE. One, Earth, of a
brown colour; the other, Stone, of a Sand-colour and
gritty. Native SULPHUR of Island. Of the colour of the
common factitious Brimstone; and immersed in a stony
Bed. SULPHUR, of a curious Orange-colour, extracted out
of Gold-Ore. Given by Henry Oldenburge Esq;. SULPHUR ORE of Freyberg. Here are three Pieces.
One, almost of the colour of Cinabar. Put into the fire,
it smells like Brimstone, but flames not. The other two,
consist of blackish and ash-colour parts mixed with the red;
together with some grains of Mundick. If fired, they
smell like the first, but not so strongly; nor make any
flame. GREEN SULPHUR-ORE. Like that in the Copper-
Mines of Suecia, mention'd by Wormius. SULPHUR-ORE of Island. Opacous, and immersed
in a blewish Glebe. If burnt, it hath the scent of Brimstone;
but yet weak, and flames not. 346 Of the nature of Sulphur, Copperas, and Alum, see a very
good Discourse in the Phil. Transactions. (a) (a) Num.
104. Of the Uses,
see Agricola, Libavius, Crollius, &c. I have seen a Tincture of
Sulphur of Mr. Boyls, brought over the Helm, which will
fume all away. I remember not where he describes it, but
as I take it, 'tis made with Sal Ammoniac. CHAP. III.
Of EARTHS. TWo Two Parcels of EARTH RAINED on the Archipe-
lago, upon the Eruption of M. Vesuvius, Dec. 6th
1631. Given by J. Evelyn Esq;. One, is gritty, and of the
colour of Amber. The other a soft Bole, and looks like
powder'd Jalap. I dropped some Oil of Vitriol on them,
but they stir not. This Earth began to rain about Ten of
the Clock at Night, and continu'd till two next Morning:
So that it lay two inches thick on the Deck of Captain W.
Badily's Ship, who sent this Relation. While it rain'd, no
Wind stirring. It fell in several parts a hundred Leagues
distant. (b) (b) See Phil.
Trans. N. 21. A parcel of EARTH, RAINED lately upon Tenariff.
Given by Mr. Joseph Bowles, a Merchant in this City. Of
a pale Clay-colour, and insipid. Yet upon the affusion of
Oil of Vitriol, makes a suddain Effervescence; herein diffe-
rent from the former. FINE SAND, from a Sand-Pit near Bruley in Kent.
Given also by Mr. Evelyn. Of this is made the clearest
and best English Glass. It consisteth of some Grains, as
clear as Crystal: with which others obscure, being mixed,
give a whitish ash-colour to the whole Mass. A Sandy substance of a Gold-colour, found in a Vein of
Stone in Hartford in New-England. Black SAND of Virginia. Black SAND found on the shore near New-Haven in
New-England; with some Grains of red and white. The like out of St. Christophers Island. Fine white SAND of Saco in New-England. 347 Of BOLES and other EARTHS, here are examples of all
colours, as White, Ash-colour'd, Yellow, Red, Green, Blew,
Brown, Black. Of which in their Order. A parcel of MELITA EARTH. Given by Sir Phil.
Skippon. By some called St. Pauls Earth. 'Tis of a white
colour, but inclining to that of Mortar. Not gritty, yet
less soft than many other Earths. Makes a strong Effer-
vescence with any Acid. Cerutus (a) (a) Mus.
Calceol.
Sect. 2. p. 130. extols the use of it in
Pestilential Feavers, and against Worms in Children, and
not unjustly. Not only the Earth it self, but the Images,
Vessels, and the like, made hereof, are fabled to derive these
and other Virtues, as against the bitings of Serpents, &c.
from St. Paul, who liv'd sometime there, and miraculously
preserv'd himself from the Venome of the Viper. And Wor-
mius (b) (b) Mus.
l. 1. c. 4. hath given himself the trouble to transcribe a print-
ed Paper hereof. SAMOS EARTH. 'Tis white, and softer than the for-
mer. Maketh an ebullition with any Acid; but very weak
and slow. It hath somewhat of an aromatick Tast, like
that of calcin'd Harts Horn. Of this also Vessels were an-
tiently made of great esteem. STONE MARROW. Stenomarga Agricolæ, i. e. Saxi
Medulla: because found between the Commissures of
great Stones. Agaricus Mineralis, Imperato; from its likeness
to Agarick in colour; but no further. For between the
Teeth it feels somewhat like fine sand or grit; and hath no
Tast. Nor is it sensible of Acids. 'Tis sometimes used by
Chirurgions for the drying of Ulcers. A BOLE like that of WHITE (c) (c) Mus.
Worm. l. 1.
c. 4. p. 9. Terra Lemnia. Very
close and heavy, and when scraped, of a pale white, smooth,
and glossy; almost like to white Wax. 'Tis but slowly dis-
solved in the mouth. This and other like smooth Earths are commonly called
Pingues, or Fat: absurdly, for Læves or Subtiles. Their
seeming Pinguitude proceeding only from the exquisite
fineness of the Particles of which they consist. A smooth BOLE, almost of the colour of Castile Soap.
More easily dissolved than the former, so as it seems to melt
in the mouth like Butter. A parcel of very white, light, and soft EARTH. Taken
out of the Cave opened at the Royal Fort at Plymouth; 348 where it lies in little Veins containing much water. Sup-
posed to be the materia prima of white Marble. A White EARTH lying in a Load degenerated from Tin.
very gritty, and insensible of Acids. A White EARTH, with a Ray of Red; very soft, with-
out any grit, and inaffected with Acids. Nor hath it the
common Tast of Boles, but is altogether insipid. Found
in the same place, as the former; but in different Veins.
Supposed to be the Embrio of white and red Marble. A BOLE of a yellowish sandy colour; somewhat gritty
and friable. SILESIAN BOLE. Of a redish yellow, exactly like the
paler Emplastrum de Minio. As dense as any other, crack-
ling a little betwixt the Teeth. Yet without the least Par-
ticle of Grit; feels as smooth as Castile-Soap; scrapes with
a gloss; and breaks like Bees-Wax, or the Salve above-said.
Tasteth like other Boles. The BOHEMICK sealed BOLE. It agrees in all pro-
perties with the former; saving that it hath somewhat more
of red. The HEPATICK BOLE of LEMNOS. Of kin to the
red Lemnian. And answers to that which Wormius describes
by the Name of Terra sigillata hepatica. It stirreth not with
Acids. ANOTHER of the same more PALE. Somewhat
harder than the Armenian Bole. It makes a small ebullition
with Oil of Vitriol, and with Spirit of Nitre a very strong
one. I take the principal Difference between Earths, as applied
to Medical Use, to be this, That some are not affected with
Acids; others are: Those, Pauperes or Fatuæ; coming nearer
to simple or meer Earths; These Saline, or impregnated
with a Mineral Alkali, and therefore of greater energy. A smooth and pale redish CLAY, lying in a little vein,
running East and West, through a great Pillar of Sand, in a
firme Marble-Rock. Supposed to be the Embrio of the red
Marble. Red LEMNOS EARTH. As red as Radle; but much
more close and coherent, and so colours not the Fingers.
Theophrastus (a) (a) Lib. de
Lapid. reckons up three sorts of Terra Lemnia; sc.
the Deep Red, the Pale Red, and the Whitish. 349 Celebrated by some of the Antients against Poyson,
which, if right, it expels by Vomit. Yet Theophrastus saith,
That in his time, it was used only for Painting. ARMENIAN BOLE. From that part of Armenia next
to Cappadocia. Both of a deep and a pale Red. Very
soft, and easily rub'd to powder. Never makes any ebulli-
tion with Acids. First brought to Rome in Galen's time,
when the Plague was there. In which, and other Malignant
Diseases, it hath generally been esteemed of good use.
Joubertus relates, as a Testimony of its Virtue, That four men
preparing some Cathartick of Antimony, were all well nigh
suffocated. And that upon his giving them each ℈ij of this
Bole, they became very well. But the question is, Whether
so soon as they were got out of the reach of the Antimonial
Fumes, (from which we may be sure he took them) they
would not have been well without it? An English BOLE, like the Armenian. From Sir J. Hoskins. A Red MINERAL EARTH, with some little glossiness
in some places. Of the colour of the deepest Armenian Bole. Red Cornish MARLE, used in Agriculture. It hath some
grains of fine Sand, which, through a Glass, looks like Me-
tal. A piece also of common Radle. A BOLE consisting of Red and White Plates, thin and
parallel; so as to look like striped Work. BERG-GRUN; a Green Earth, the sediment of a green
Water in the Copper-Mine at Herngrundt. Given by Dr. Ed.
Brown. 'Tis used by Painters. A VERDAZURINE BOLE. So I call it, for that it is
on the out-side of a blewish green, like Verdegriese. Within,
of the colour of a Leek. It sticks to the Tongue, as the
Armenian, or Lemnian, and hath the like Tast. Stirs not with
Acids. Not unlike to that, which is described by Wormius
with the Name of Creta Viridis. Yet cannot be the same,
unless that Name be ill given: for Chalk properly so call'd,
maketh a strong Effervescence with any Acid. A GREEN EARTH like that which Kentman (a) (a) Fossil.
Nomencl. calls
Saponariam s. Fulloniam. A BLEWISH Grey MARLE mixed with Red. Used
in Agriculture. A BLEWISH EARTH, with the signature of an Escal-
lop upon it. It gently dissolves with Acids. 350 Earthen BALLS, about as big as mounting Stones, of
a Blewish colour, or that of Tobacco-Pipe-Clay. With other
irregular Lumps of the same nature: found among the
Earth of a Hill overturn'd at Kenebank in New-England. A Piece of IRISH-SLATE, so called. Given by Mr. Rob.
Hook. Of the same colour as the Cornish, only somewhat
paler. But as soft as the Terra Lemnia, and several other
Boles. And is therefore to be reckon'd amongst them. Be-
sides the common Tast of Boles, it hath a little Astringency.
Yet not alike perceived in all, for there is better and worse:
which Apothecaries will do well to observe. Kentman (a) (a) Ibid. mentions a sort of very white Earth near
Padoa, which in a short time would turn Blew, only by being
exposed to the Aer. A sort of BROWN EARTH, very light; lying in Veins,
incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand. From Corn-
wall. A BLACK EARTH, taken out of a spot enclosed in the
same Sand, without any Vein issuing from it. 351 PART IV.
Of Artificial Matters. SECT. I.
Of Things relating to CHYMISTRY, and to other
Parts of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. ALLAll Arts are referred either barely to the Observation,
Or also to the Command and Management of their
Object, for the Use of Man. But I must speak of
those Particulars here preserv'd, in that Order, as they will
bear: and so shall reduce them to four General Heads, sc.
such as relate to Chymistry and other parts of Natural Phi-
losophy; To the Mathematicks, Mechanicks, and Anti-
quity. The Phlegme, Oil, Spirit, Volatile, and fixed Salts, both
of the Serous, and Grumous Parts of HUMANE BLOOD.
Together with the Oil, Volatile, and fixed Salts, of that of
an OX. Prepared, and given by Dr. Walter Needham. By
whom also was read a Discourse before the Royal Society,
in which, as I take it, the proportions between the said parts,
with divers other Remarques were deliver'd. But I meet
with no Register hereof. The different Proportions of the
said parts, as they are observable in the several Viscera, I may
have occasion else where to represent. I shall now only
note, That the fixed Salts of Blood above mention'd, are
three of them Grey, and all but weak. The fourth, viz.
that of the serous part of an Oxes, although calcined to
whiteness; yet is not so strong, as That of most Vege-
tables. The OIL of TOBACCO distilled per descensum. The
notable effect hereof upon a Cat, was try'd some years
since before the Royal Society. One or two Drops of it be-
352 ing put upon her Tongue, she fell immediately into horrid
Convulsions, and dy'd within the space of one minute of an
hour. This very Oil I have several times prescribed to my
own Father (who takes Tobacco) in Lint to be held betwixt
his Teeth, against the Toothach, with a good effect, and no
ill one. But I, who take none, having once us'd it, my self
in the same manner, although I swallow'd not so much as
any of my spittle, yet it made me extremely sick, and vomit
once or twice. The Stillatitious OIL of LAWANG BARQUE. Sent
from Java major by Sir Phil. Vernatti. It partaketh much
of the colour, smell, and tast of That of Sassafras; but is
much more fragrant. The Oil of Sassafras is distill'd only
from the Wood. But if one were distill'd from the Barque,
it might equal This. An Oil distill'd per Alembicum, from the ROOTS of
the CINAMON-TREE resembling Camphire. From the
same Hand and Place. The Roots being only bruised, and
steeped in Water, are then distill'd. The Tree is about the
bigness of the Olive. Described by Linschot. (a) (a) Lib. 1.
c. 63. Grows in
Cavit and Subanin, but the best and most in the Island Sey-
lon; there in whole Woods. The LIQUID OIL of MACE, by expression. 'Tis
made of fresh Mace. Hath some few curdled parts, as some-
times in that of Olives: but the most part of it is liquid
without heat, which the best expressed Oil of Mace in the
Shops, is not. Almost of the colour of a Tincture of Saffron,
and very fragrant. Confirming what Linschot saith, sc. That
the original colour of Mace, is Scarlet. The FIXED SALTS of Carduus bened. Garden and
Sea Scurvy-Grass, Ash and Oak Barques, Rosemary, Mint,
Mugwort, Agrimony, Wormwood, Sorrel, Mallows, Liquorish,
Anise-Seeds, Sena, Jalap. By Me prepared and given. To-
gether with a Discourse read before the Royal Society con-
cerning the same, which I purpose to publish ere long. I
shall here only Note, that although Many think and affirm,
That all the Fixed Salts of Vegetables are alike: yet by These,
duly managed, it doth appear, That there is a great diffe-
rence, both as to strength, and otherwise, between divers
of them, even when they have been equally calcin'd. So
far, that the promiscuous use of some of them, in Physick, is 353 unsafe: as, for instance, of Tartar and Wormwood; half a
Scruple of the former, being as strong as one whole Scruple
of the latter. Of the Fixed Salt of Vegetables, see a Discourse
in the Phil. Transact. N. 107, & 108. Of the Volatile Salt,
N. 101. (a)(a) Both
communica-
ted by Dr.
Daniel Cox. An East-Indian Composition (as it seems of Vegetables)
called CATO. Very astringent, and infus'd in water makes
it yellow. Us'd by the Indians against the Inflammations of
the Mouth or Throat. SAL AMMONIAC sublim'd in a Sugar-Mould from
Beds of the same taken from a Coal-Mine near New-Castle
upon Tyne; of which, see the foregoing part of this Cata-
logue. Prepar'd and given by Dr. Luke Hodgson. SPIRIT of Sal Ammoniac distill'd from the said Salt
mixed with Quick-Lime. By the same Hand. The Parts of the Medical WATERS of SCARBROUGH.
Prepared and given by Dr. Witty: together with an
account of them. But this I find not. The Preparations
are these, The Phlegm, and Acid Spirit, not strong. The
Sedement upon evaporation, of an ash-colour, a bitterish
and nitrous Tast. The Precipitate, upon the mixture of
Gall-powder; black, and of little Tast. One or two Grains
will precipitate ʒj out of a Gallon of the Water. The Ni-
trous or Essential Salt, as I take it, before the Precipitation
be made. The like Salt, after the Precipitation is made.
These Salts have also somewhat of a Nitrous Tast, but
mixed with a smatch of a Vitriolick: And the latter, I
take notice, is figur'd into long square Crystals, or little
square Bars. The Black Precipitate calcin'd. The Lixivial
Salts, made, as I take them, from the Precipitate, and from
the simple Sediment or Extract both before and after Pre-
cipitation made: somewhat like to that of Vitriol. What ever Ingredients, as Niter, Vitriol, or other known
Salts, may go to constitute these abovesaid; I am of Opi-
nion, That the predominant is some Metallick Principle
different from them all. A Solid HERMETICK PHOSPHORUS; a mixed Mat-
ter, which being exposed for about half a minute of an
hour to the Sun, or only to Day-light, or to a bright Fire
or Candle; will shine in the dark for some minutes. Made
by Dr. Fr. Slare, and by him given to the Royal Society, 354 Apr. 3. 1679. The first of this kind was made by Mon-
sieur Baldwin, a German Lawyer who gave it the Name
above, but with no direction for the making of it. Nor
doth he so much as mention the Materials. I call it Solid, to distinguish it from two Liquid kinds.
The Author of one, supposed to be Mr. Dan. Krafft. The
other invented by the Honourable Mr. Boyle; which He
calls the Aerial Noctiluca; and whereof He hath lately
published an excellent Discourse. In whose Laboratory, the
solid kind was also made by his direction, several ways. Of the Process for This here, Dr. Slare some years since
received a hint from Dr. Christian Connerding, Archiater to
the Duke of Zell. And not hearing of any one, amongst
many that have try'd, besides these Three, to have suc-
ceeded in the making of it, he hath imparted the following
Account. Take good firm Chalk, ignite it in a Crucible, and then
powder it. Put into a pint or half a pint of strong Spirit of
Nitre, Cochleatim, as much hereof, as will serve well to sati-
ate it, i. e. till it becomes sweetish, and makes no Effervescence
upon the injection of the Chalk. Then dilute this Liquor
with fair Water, filtre it through a Paper, and so evaporate
it in a large Glass, or glazed Vessel, or good Hassian Crucible
to a dry Salt. The preparation whereof may be perform'd
in four hours: whereas I have seen a PocessProcess, that would take
as many Weeks to follow it. he main business lies in the good Enchiresis; about
which these several Directions must be carefully ob-
serv'd. First you must prepare a Vessel of Clay, somewhat like
a shallow Coffee-Dish, of three, four, or five inches in Dia-
metre, and an inch in depth, very well baked and neal'd.
Then place it under a Muffle, after the manner of a Refining
Furnace, in the place where the Cuppels usually stand: and
so make it red hot. Then put the prepared Salt into it, by
little and little, not above ʒj ss. or ʒij at a time. Keep the
fire to that degree, which will suffice to make the Salt boil
in the Dish, so as to spread it self every way, and creep up
the sides of it. Before the Salt, last put in, be consumed, be
sure always to be ready, to make a new addition, otherwise
your labour so far is lost, and you must begin again. 355 When five or six Drachms are fum'd away, take the Dish
nimbly out of the fire, so soon as the Salt last put in is dry.
If you have wrought well, what remains in the Dish will
be yellowish in some parts, and every yellow part will shine.
Secure this Matter from the Air by fitting and cementing
a Glass to it: otherwise it will loose its property in one
Week. As to the Cause of this strange Phænomenon, Dr. Slare
continues to this effect. I shall in short offer my Thoughts,
and refer them to your Judgment. Two Questions may
arise: What it is in this Mixture that yields the light? and,
How it doth it? As to the first, I take it to be the pure fiery
part of the Spirit of Nitre embraced by the Chalk. For
that the rest is weak and phlegmatick; as appears, if it be
distill'd. Also, that about the end of the Operation, a black
Fume begins to rise and fly away. That if by continuing
the Dish too long in the fire, you drive all the Nitrous parts
away, the Chalk which stays behind will not be luminous.
Or if the Matter duly prepar'd, be exposed to the Air, and
thereby prey'd upon, the same effect will follow. As to the Second, I suppose, That it shines not by Imbi-
bition of Light, but by Impression from it, from whence
proceeds a motion therein productive of Light. Which
we may the rather be induced to believe, In that if it be
put into an Iron Cover, and then an Iron Box, and a good
heat given to it, it will shine so vigorously as to seem to
kindle the Air about it. That two Men by following their
blow close, will make a Bar of Iron glow, or shine in the
dark. And although the Impulse of Light may seem small;
yet upon Bodies nearly related to it, as This seems to be, it
appears to be great. As in those odd effects it sometimes
hath upon Infants unus'd to it; and People that have sore
Eyes; or have been newly Couch'd; as it happen'd to
Dr. Castle sometime since, who by making bold with his
Eyes too early, (i. e. by a too frequent admission of light
to them,) after that Operation, did thereupon suffer such
extreme pains, and mischief in his Eyes, that he now dispairs
of ever seeing more. Mr. Haac (a) (a) Author
of the Expe-
riment upon
the Load-
stone, Part 3. saith he, hath frequently repeated the
following Experiment upon this Phosphorus. If it be ex-
posed to the Morning Light a little before Sun rising, it 356 presents a bright Rosy hugh. As the Sun approaches the
Meridian, it advances to a higher and more firey Com-
plexion, like that of a red hot Iron. A little after Sun-set,
declines to a pale wan colour, like Chalk, or rather Mother
of Pearl. Expos'd, saith he, to the light of a Candle, or flaming
Fagot, it receives a pale Luminous colour, as from the
Sun towards setting. But being expos'd for a considerable
time to the most clear Moonshine that I have seen in Lon-
don, I could not perceive it to become Luminous in the
least. It hath been kept, saith he, in the Vacuum of my Great
and Noble Patron, the Honourable Mr. Boyle called Vacu-
um Boyleanum, and by his Highness Prince Rupert and Him-
self observ'd, for above four or five months, without any
diminution of its shining property. He adds, That he hath lately found a way to affix this
Shining Matter to Glass, whereby some not unpleasing
Experiments may be made. Thus far Dr. Slare. As to his Ingenious Conjectures of the Subject and
Cause of Light in this Phosphorus: because he hath desired
my Opinion, I shall therefore subjoyn it in a few lines. As to the first, What it is which gives the Light: It
seems hard to say, Whether it be the Cretaceous Salt, the
Nitrous Salt, or some Igneous Particles incorporated with
them in the Operation? It is plain, That one way or other,
they do all concur to produce it. As to the Question, How these Particles give light? It
should first be stated, What Light is; Whether it be a
Body? Which, though much disputed, yet in strict speak-
ing, is an absurd Question; all one, as to ask, Whether a
Quality, be a Body? But the meaning of the Question is,
or ought to be, Whether there be any Body in Nature,
which is the peculiar subject of Light, or metonymically
may be called Light? Or whether more Bodies than one,
may successively be the immediate subject thereof? If so,
Whether it be any other Adjunct besides Motion? If only
Motion, Whether as there is one peculiar Motion, at least
for a Musical sound, so another for Light? And in regard
there are some Experiments which seem to favour each of
these Questions: such an Answer should be given as will 357 correspond with all those experiments; and will be too long
to suit with this Catalogue. I shall here only say, I am inclined to believe, That, in
this Case, all the three Bodies above mention'd serve toge-
ther to compose an Apt Recipient of that which is the
true Luminous Body. That, as in the mixture of Sulphur
and Water, sulphurious Salts, of affinity with both, are
used as a medium: so here, the Cretaceous Parts serve to
fix the Nitrous; and the Nitrous, to fix the Igneous; being
of a middle nature and readily incorporated with them
both. And being in this union exposed to the Sun Beams,
or other Light, the Igneous parts serve, for some time, to re-
tain a certain portion of such as are Luminous, or to give,
as I may say, a degree of Fixation to These also: and that
therefore this Mixture is kindled or made to shine, by puting
it into the Light, as a stick is made to burn, by puting it into
the fire. Of shining Flesh, see a Relation of some Remarkable
Circumstances, made by Dr. J. Beal, and published in the
Phil. Trans. (a)(a) N. 125. Of Instruments relating to Natural Philosophy. AN AIRE-PUMP; or an Engine to exhaust the Air out
of any Vessel fitly applied. Contrived and described (b)(b) Experi-
ments Phy-
sico-Mecha-
nick of the
Spring of
the Air.
by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq;. Who hath also made
therewith, and published in several Tracts, a great variety
of accurate and instructive Experiments. A Great CONDENSING ENGINE of Brass; con-
trived to ram and crowd a great quantity of Air into a
little room. Whereto is also fitted an Iron Gun or
Barrel. A Little CONDENSING ENGINE of Glass, with a
Brass-Neck, Rammer and Valve fitted to it. A WEATHER CLOCK. Begun by Sir Chr. Wren, (c)(c) See Hist.
of the Royal
Society,
p. 312:
now President of the Royal Society. To which other
Motions have since been added, by Mr. Robert Hook
Professor of Geometry in Gresham-Colledge. Who purposes
to publish a Description hereof. I shall therefore only take 358 notice, That it hath six or seven Motions; which he sup-
poseth to be here advantagiously made altogether. First a
Pendulum Clock, which goes with ¼ of a 100 lib. weight,
and moves the greatest part of the work. With this, a
Barometre, a Thermometre; a Rain-Measure, such an one as
is next describ'd; a Weather-Cock, to which subserves a
piece of Wheel-Work analogous to a way Wiser; and a
Hygroscope. Each of which have their Regester, and the
Weather-Cock hath Two; one for the Points, the other for
the Strength of the Wind. All working upon a Paper fall-
ing off of a Rowler which the Clock also turns. An Instrument for MEASURING the quantity of
RAINS that fall in any space of time, on any piece of
Ground, as suppose upon one Acre in one year. Con-
trived by Sir Christopher Wren. In order to the Theory of
Vapours, Rivers, Seas, &c. A triangular Tin-Vessel hang-
ing in a Frame, as a Bell, with one Angle lowermost.
From whence one side rises up perpendicular, the other
sloaped; whereby the water, as it fills, spreads only on one
side from the centre, till at length it fills and empties it
self. Which being done, a leaden poise, on the other side,
immediately pulls it back to fill again. The Model of an Iron Instrument to fetch Earth, or
other Bodies, from the bottom of the Sea; made with se-
veral Valves and Springs to open and shut it for that pur-
pose. Contriv'd by Mr. Hook. A LAMP-FURNACE. By the same Person. Towards
the bottom is a partition with a hole in the middle; below
which, stands a Vessel of Oil with a Wick, and a Cork to
float it, so as to stand within the said hole. Over this is
placed a Pan, viz. with the bottom about two inches di-
stant from the partition. Within which, is fine Sand.
Design'd for the hatching of Eggs, in order to observe
the Process of Generation. As also for digesting of Li(a) See his
Lampus,
p. 14. -
quors. A pair of Semicylindrick LAMPS. Contrived, describ'd,
(a) and delineated (b) by the same Person.(b) Ibid.
Tab. 3. Fig. 4. Design'd,
for the poysing the Liquor which is to feed the Flame,
so as to keep the surface thereof always at the same height,
till it be all consum'd. And thereby not only to secure,
that it never desert the Flame, and so to save Attendance: 359 but also to keep the Flame of equal strength, for all such
purposes as require it. The MODEL of an EYE. In which the Humours are
represented by Glasses of an answerable Figure. A BURNING-GLASS, about half a foot in Diametre. A HOLLOW BURNING-GLASS. That is to say, two
thin concave Glasses set together, and so to be fill'd up with
water when it is us'd. About the same bigness as the
former: but burneth not altogether so strongly. Contrived
and given by Dr. John Wilkins late Bishop of Chester. A Large MICROSCOPE, with three Glasses, and seve-
ral Screws to fit it for all manner of positions. It magni-
fies the Area of the Object to above a hundred times the ex-
tent thereof to the bare Eye. A Lesser MICROSCOPE, somewhat more managable
than the former. The advantage of one with more Glasses, is that it takes
in a bigger Object, or a greater part of it. Of one with
a single Glass, that it shews the Object clearer. So that to
have a distinct representation of it, 'tis convenient to make
use of both. Of the latter kind, I have seen several made
by Mr. John Malling in this City, not only with melted,
but with Ground-Glasses so very small, that one of these
Ground-Glasses being weighed in the Assay-Scales in the
Tower, was found not above the fourscorth part of a
Grain. The Diametre or Chord 1/25th part of an inch.
Another, so small, that those Scales were not nice enough
to weigh it. The Chord hereof to that of the former,
is as two to three. These are the clearest and best that ever
I saw. An OTOCOUSTICK, or Instrument to help the hearing,
made of Ivory. In shape like a Funnel, saving that the Nose
is bended for the more convenient application to the Ear,
and reception of the sound. Given likewise by Bishop
Wilkins. Another of Copper, funnel'd at one end, as the former,
and also belly'd in the middle. A Third of Tin, of a Conick Figure, and with a Cochlea
within it. The best of all the three, is the first. A Pair of HYDROSTATICK Scales. Used, amongst
other purposes, to examine the specifick Gravity of Bodies. 360 A Box of ANATOMICK Instruments; sc. Saws, Steel
and Ivory Knives, Chizels, a Forceps, a Leaver, a Tenter, a
Sirynge, Pipes, Probes, and Needles. SECT. II.
Of Things relating to the MATHEMATICKS;
and some MECHANICKS. TOTo Astronomy. A REFLECTING TELESCOPE. Con-
trived by Mr. Isaac Newton, Professor of the Mathe-
maticks at Cambridge. Whereby not only the cumber and
charge of other Telescopes is avoided; one of these less than
a foot long, magnifying as much as another of six feet:
but the Object likewise, both by a more regular Refraction,
and a less expence of Rays, is much more clearly repre-
sented. It consists of a Tube open towards the Object, and close
at the other end. Where is placed a Metalline Concave,
instead of an Object-Glass. Near the other end, a flat Spe-
culum, also of Metal; placed obliquely towards a small
Eye-Glass; sc. upon that point of the Tubes Axis, on which
the perpendicular falls from the said Eye-Glass. So that the
Rays coming from the Object, first fall upon the Concave;
are thence reflected to the flat Speculum, thence to the Eye-
Glass, and through that deliver'd to the Observers Eye.
The Authors Description hereof at large; together with a
Discourse of the Materials which are or may be thought
fittest for the Speculums; a Table of Apertures and Charges
for several lengths; As also Mr. Hugen's de Zulichem's Re-
marques on the same; see in the Phil. Transactions. (a) (a) Num.
81, 82. Arithmetick. An Instrument for working Questions by
Multiplying and Dividing. Contriv'd by Mr. Hook. Who
purposes to give the Description hereof himself. Geography. A WAY-WISER. Given by Bishop Wilkins.
'Tis very manageable. It hath five Indexes pointing to so
many different Measures, sc. Perches, Furlongs, Miles, Tens
of Miles, and Hundreds of Miles; and turn'd about with
as many Wheels. Made to Work in a Coach, thus; In 361 the middle of the Axletree is cut a little Box to receive the
Wiser: from whence the Axeltree is made hollow to the end.
In this hollow lies a Rod, loose from the Axletree, and fasten'd
at one end to the Nave of the Wheel, and so turns round with
it. And with a Worm it hath at the other end, at the same time,
it turns the Perch Wheel of the Wiser, and that all the rest. Yet
by this measure, 1 yard will sometimes be lost in a 100 yards. Architecture. A Model of a Geometrick FLAT FLOOR.
Given by the forementioned Person. Contrived and deli-
neated (a) by Dr. J. Wallis Professor of Geometry at Oxford.
Who was pleas'd to give me the following Account, as an
Abstract of that he hath formerly published hereof. (a) (a) See his
Book De Mo-
tu, Cap. 6.
Prop. 10.
Fig. 243. I did first, saith the Doctor, Contrive and Delineate It in
the Year, 1644. at Queens-Colledge in Cambridge. When
afterwards I was made Professor of Geometry at Oxford,
about the Year, 1650. I caused it to be framed of small
pieces of Wood, representing so many pieces of Timber;
prepar'd by Mr. Rainsford a Joyner in Oxford, and put toge-
ther by my self. This I shewed soon after to divers in Oxford, and particu-
larly to Dr. Wilkins, then Warden of Wadham-Colledge in
Oxford. Who was so well pleased with it, that he caused
another to be made for himself, according to that Pattern.
Which he kept by him for many years, and afterwards pre-
sented to the Royal Society. After the King's Restauration, I caus'd another to be
made; and, in the Year, 1660. presented it to his Majesty;
who was well pleas'd with it, and caused it to be reposited in
his Closet. On the Model first mention'd, I Read two Publique
Lectures at Oxford, on the Vespers of the Publique Act: the
one, in the Year, 1652. as to the Construction of it; the
other, in the Year, 1653. as to the computation of what
weight every Joynt of it sustains; whereby it might be the
better judged how far it may be safely practised. The
greatest weight charged on any one Joynt, doth not
amount to Ten-times the weight of one Beam: And the
greatest weight bor'n by any one Beam; not to seventeen
times its own weight: and even this, not laid all on the
same part, but distributed to several parts of it. The sum
of these two Lectures, is to be seen in the Sixth Chapter of
my Book de Motu. 362 A Third Lecture, much to the same purpose, I read,
May, 1699. in the same place, before the present Grand
Duke of Tuscany, who honoured the University with a
Visit, and me with his Presence at that Lecture. After
which, he was pleased very particularly to consider both
the Delineation and Model, and declared himself very well
pleased with it, The contrivance is obvious to the Eye. The outsides re-
present the Walls of the Building on which this Flat Floor
or Roof is to be laid. The Beams next adjoyning to the
sides, have one end lodged on those Walls; the other end
sustained by another Beam, lying cross; both ends of
which, are in like manner sustained by other cross Beams;
and those again by others; till they reach the other Walls.
So that no one of them can fall, unless the Walls fail, or the
Beams break: all mutually sustaining each other without
any Pillar or Prop to support them, besides the outer
Walls. The Models I caused to be made, and that of the Royal
Society in imitation thereof, are in Breadth, about four times
as much as the Length of the longest Beam. But may be
continu'd, at pleasure, to farther breadth, as shall be thought
fit. With this Caution: That the farther the Work is
continu'd, the greater Weight will be charged on every
Joynt; especially near the middle. And though in this
Model, no one Beam is charged with so much as seventeen
times its own weight: yet if the Work be continu'd to a
greater breadth, the proportional Weight will be thereby
increased. And therefore must be limited, according to
the strength of Timber, able to bear more or fewer times
its own weight. I do not know, that yet it hath been reduced to practise,
in more than four Pieces, in this Form. Such is
one of the Floors in the Tower of the Publique
Schools at Oxford: the Breadth whereof, to the
Length of the Beams, is as three to two. But
may doubtless be continu'd much further: especially in
such a Roof or Floor, as is not to bear much more than its
own weight. [Figure] Thus, for instance, a Bowling-Green of near an Acre of
Ground, may be cover'd with a Frame of long slender 363 pieces, without any other Prop than on the sides, for
Vines, or other like Plants to run upon, so as to shade the
whole. Note here, That whereas the ends of the several pieces
are to lie upon those that cross them, about the middle
thereof; it will be necessary at every Joynt to abate both
pieces half way, or near it; that one may be thus let into
the other, and the whole reduced to a Flat. But whether
such piece, so abated doth end even with that on which it
lies, or doth lie over somewhat beyond it; is indifferent.
And though That may seem more elegant; This, perhaps,
may be fitter for use. Each piece, I say, must be so abated half way, or near
it. For, whereas those Beams, especially if of a considera-
ble length, will, with the weight, bow a little; if this abate-
ment be somewhat less than half way, (whereby without
such bowing, the whole would somewhat rise in the mid-
dle) it will by such bowing be reduced to a Flat. Note also, That a Frame thus contriv'd, needs neither
Nail nor Pin; the several pieces fastening, as well as support-
ing one another. Yet, if it be to bear a great weight more than
its own; it will be convenient to fasten each Joynt with
Pins; and, if need be, to strengthen it with Iron-Plates, or
line it with other pieces of Timber, to be fasten'd with Iron-
Bolts; to make amends for what is weaken'd by the abate-
ments at the Joynts: which will make the whole Frame
exceeding strong. A Model of a Double Winding STAIR-CASE. The
Foot of one is opposite to that of the other; whereby
both make a parallel ascent, and within the same Cylinder.
The Newel or Column in the Centre, is hollow, and built
with long Apertures, to convey Light, from Candles placed
at the bottom, and on the sides of the Newel, into both
the Cases. Another, of a single one, with a solid Column or Newel. Navigation. A Model of the Hull of a DOUBLE-BOT-
TOM'D SHIP. Contrived by Sir William Pettey. It hath two Heads, two Ruders, two Keels, two Holds,
and a Vacancy between them. From Stem to Stern, four feet and seven inches long.
The Deck, about four Feet. From the foremost Rib to 364 the Rudder, three Feet and seven Inches. The Keel three
Feet and about five Inches. The Beam or breadth of the Ship, sixteen inches, or
with respect to the Keel, as two to five. The height of the Round-House, or the Room in the place
of it, three inches and ½. Of the Great Cabin, three inches.
Of the Fore-Castle, as much. The depth of the Wast an
inch and ½. Of the Holds, six inches and ¼. Each of them
four inches broad. The Vacancy between them, eight
inches over. Their inner sides not belly'd, but plain, and per-
pendicular. These are the principal Measures; which I thought fit to
set down. The great Advantages of this Form, with re-
spect either to the Speed, the Course, the Safety of the Ship,
or otherwise, I leave to the Authors own excellent Hand,
from whom is expected a particular Account hereof. An INSTRUMENT, contrived by Sir Christopher Wren,
to demonstrate, How far against the Wind a Ship may
Sail. Shewing, that the Mechanical Power, to which
Sailing (especially against the Wind) is reducible, is a
Wedge: And that a Transient Force upon an Oblique Plane
will cause the motion of the Plane, against the first
Mover. A TERELLA, or an Orbicular Loadstone, about four
inches and ½ in Diametre, with the one half immersed in
the Centre of a Plane and Horizontal Table; so as to be like
a Globe with the Poles in the Horizon. Together with 32
Needles upon the Margin of the Table. By which the dif-
ferent respect of the Needle to the several Points of the
Loadstone; the reduction of the Filings of Steel to Helical
Lines, or near them, by the Magnetick Effluvia; and
other particulars may be observ'd. Contriv'd by the same
Person. Two DIPPING-NEEDLES. Designed for the taking
of Longitudes. A CANOO. Given by Mr. Hocknel. A sort of Boat so
called, used in Greenland, and some other places. Figur'd
almost like a Weavers Shuttle. The Wooden-Work is
made up of five slender pieces, running by the length:
one, which is round at the bottom or in the place of the
Keel; and two flat ones in each side: Made steady with 365 small bended pieces, set or pricked in cross-ways, instead
of Ribs: and so ty'd all together with Fin-Whale-Bone. This Wooden-Work is cover'd all over, both below and
above, with Seal-Skins, sewed together with Leathern-
Thongs. Saving, that towards the middle, is an Oval Hole,
encompassed with a Rim about four inches high, big
enough for a man to sit down in. In length, seventeen feet. From the Centre of the said Hole
or Seat, forward, Ten feet; from thence, backward, seven. In
breadth at the Seat, a foot and ¾. In depth, backward, seven
inches and ½; forward, a foot; because of the mans feet.
And the Boat seems thereby to be carried forward with the
more ease: as a Coach, in being hung higher behind. The
whole Boat is answerable to a great Bladder, in which,
though the Waves dash and beat over it never so much, the
man still sits safe. He makes use but of one Oare, about nine feet long.
Made of Ash, and shaped somewhat answerable to a strong
Bow. In the middle, an inch and ¼ thick, and an inch and
¾ broad, by the Horizontal measure: towards both ends,
about ¼ of an inch thick, and two inches and ½ broad, by
the Vertical. At each end is fasten'd a Padle, here wanting.
This Oare he holds in the middle, and Rowing with both
ends alternately, makes it serve instead of two. War. A GUN affixed to an Iron Triangle; the middle
of the Gun, to one of the Angles; and the Breech, to the
middle of the subtended side: and so to be fasten'd to a Floor
or steady Frame, either at all the three Corners, or only at
one of the hinder. Contriv'd by my Lord Vicount
Brouncher, for the making of Experiments of the RE-
COYLING of Guns. Delineated in the History of the
Royal Society. (a) (a) Part 2;
p. 233. Together with the Experiments made
herewith by his Lordship; first before the said Society,
and afterwards before the King: set down in a Table of
five Columns. The First shewing the Corner stoped from
Recoyling; the Second, the different Charges of Powder;
the Third, the Distances to which the Bullet was carry'd
wide of the mark; the Fourth, the side on which it was
carry'd; the Last, the distance of the Mark from the Muz-
zle of the Gun. As also, the Causes assigned by his Lordship,
for the particulars most observable. 366 An ASSAYER to try the strength of Gun-powder. Con-
triv'd by his Highness Prince Rupert. Compos'd of two
flat, upright and parallel Stands of Brass, about a foot and
¼ high, with a shallow Indenture on both their inner edges.
Upon the Base on which they stand, and between them, is
placed a Powder-Pan. Over which, a Slider, with a thin
Plate-Spring, which plays against the said Teeth, and two
Arms for the charging it with weight at pleasure. The
stronger the Powder is, it forceth the Slider to a greater
height. A WIND-GUN. Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of
Chester. Composed of two Barrels, one within another.
To which is fitted a Rod to charge it with Air. At the
Breech, where the two Barrels are open one into the other,
is placed a Valve, to admit the Air into the outer Barrel, as
the Rod drives it, and to keep it there. A Seven-SHOT GUN, or a Gun which carries Pow-
der and Bullets, for seven Charges and Discharges to be
made presently one after another. Given by Dudly Palmer
Esq;. Under the Breech of the Barrel, is one Box for the
Powder. A little before the Lock, another for the Bullets.
Behind the Cock, a Charger: which carries the Powder
from the Box to a Funnil at the further end of the Lock;
opens one Valve to let it into the Barrel, and the Priming-
Pan; another, to let in the Bullet after it; raises the Cock;
and lets down the Steel; all at one time. An Indian Poyson'd DAGGER. About ½ a yard long.
The Hilt is a sort of Wood, as firm as Box. Very curiously
carved into a kind of Antique Head. The Neck by which
it joyns to the Blade, plated with Gold, and embos'd with a
Ring in the middle, in which is set some small sparks of
Gems. The Blade about 14 inches long, and an inch
broad about the middle; waved in the manner of some
Swords hung up for Signs, and much expanded next the
Hilt, the better to stay the Hand: where it is also curiously
Damask'd with Gold. But every where else with white
flourish'd Work of the colour of Silver. Saving both the
Edges, which are left naked, and are very sharp. But
that which is most observable is the Scabbard, which is one
entire piece of Wood (near the colour of the best Walnut)
with a Cavity cut down to the bottom of it answerable
to the Blade. 367 A TAMAHAUKE, or Brasilian Fighting-CLUB. Made
of Brasile-Wood. About an Eln long. The Handle, above
two inches and ½ broad; in the middle, two; and four at
the other end. Hath two double or square Edges ¾ of an
inch thick. The broad end wrought on both sides with
two Tables or Areas of small lines obliquely crossed, and
fill'd up with a chalky substance to make them appear. In
the middle of which, seems to be a rude Representation
of some one of their Idols, whose help they expect. A West-Indian TARGET. Given by H. Whistler
Esq;. A West-Indian BOW, ARROWS, and QUIVER. The
Bow is made of Ash. Near two yards long. In the middle,
not an inch broad, but high-back'd and belly'd, sc. above
an inch, as our Bows. But betwixt the middle and the
ends, of a different shape, sc. above an inch and ½ broad,
and not much above ½ an inch thick. The string made of
a sort of Catgut; but consisting of three of them hard
twisted together, looks like thick Packthread. Some of the Arrows are almost an Eln long. Made of a
fine sort of unjoynted and hollow Cane; about the thick-
ness of one of our Arrows, and feather'd in the same man-
ner. The Notch fortify'd with a Swath of split Quill, made
tite with a fine sort of Glew. In the other end of the Cane, is
fasten'd a brown Stick, about seven or eight inches long,
and the Cane there kept firm from cracking, with a Swath
and Glew, as the Notch. This Stick is usually knoted, for
greater strength: and always Arm'd. One of them, with
a curious Shark's Tooth near an inch long, and indented or
serrated on both edges: a scurvy Weapon. The rest with
Bones, Stones, and pieces of Metal, usually shaped not much
unlike the said Tooth. The Quiver made of the Skin of the Beast, somewhat
like the Pig-Badger. With a round piece of wood for a
Bottom; and in the middle of the wood, an Iron Wrest, to
keep it from the ground. A Pot of MACASSAR POYSON. Given by Sir Phil.
Vernatti. With this the people of the Island commonly
poyson their Arrows. They have of several sorts; the
most dangerous said (a) (a) Tavern.
Ind. Trav.
l. 3. c. 19. to be made of the juyce of certain
Trees in Borneo. But in This are plainly to be seen the Legs 368 and other Parts of some Species of Cantharides; which
seem to be mixed with a kind of Corrosive Salt. Three Cane-pieces ½ a foot long, fill'd with the same
Poyson. A Siam DRUM. Given by Mr. John Short. The Body
of it, as it were a great thick Neck'd Earthen-Jug, fourteen
inches long; the Belly nine over, the Neck four; and with
the Bottom out. In the place whereof is spread a thin
Parchment, made of a Fishes-Skin, beset all over with small
round knots in strait and parallel Rows. Stretched out tite
with numerous little Braces made of Split-Cane, all spread
over the Belly of the Jug, and very curiously platted toge-
ther at both their ends. The Neck of the Jug flourish'd
round about with a Mould. Both this and the Belly co-
ver'd with a black Varnish; and the Neck also with Red,
Green, and Gilt. SECT. III.
Chiefly of MECHANICKS. Relating to TRadeTrade. An Arabian BALSAME-BOTTLE. Given by
Thomas Henshaw Esq;. 'Tis two feet high, and near
an Eln in compass. Shaped like a Long-Neck used in
a Reverberating Furnace. Examining it well, I find it made
neither of Glass, Earth, Wood, or any Vegetable Body; but
only of Leather and Parchments. The inmost Parchment,
as thick as that us'd by Scriveners. Next to which, is ano-
ther, as thick as the best Cordovan-Leather; but as sturdy as
Whale-Bone. Next to This, another like the Inmost. Over
all, is very titely and curiously sew'd a Cover of tan'd Lea-
ther. The top of the Neck hath a Ring or Collar, made only
with raming in a kind of Gummy Earth very hard between
the middle and the utmost Skin. The Stople made of Fir-
wood. So much of the Balsame which sticks to the sides of
the Bottle, is of an extraordinary fragrancy: and seems
not inferior to that which some Drugists sell under the
Name of the Balm of Gilead. ASSAY-SCALES, included in a Case with Glass Panels;
to weigh with, out of the Air. 369 A China STATERA, in the form of a Steel-Yard. The
Chineses carry it about them, to weigh their Gems, and
the like. The Beam or Yard is of Wood, round, ¼ of an
inch over, and a foot in length. Upon it are Three Rules
of Measure, made of fine Silver-studded Work, as in
Watch-Cases. One of the Rules is divided into inches; and
every inch into (25) equal parts. The other Two are also
divided into equal parts; but not into inches. They all
begin from the end of the Beam: whence, the First is ex-
tended (8) inches; the Second, 6 ½; the Third, 8 ½. The
first, is our Europe-Measure; the other two, I take to be
the China-Measure, and that of some other Country trading
with them. At the other end of the Yard hangs a round Scale, mark-
ed with a square Seal of China-Characters. At Three seve-
ral Distances from this end, are fasten'd so many slender
strings. The First Distance makes ⅝ths of an inch; the
Second, is double to the First, or an inch and ¼; the Third,
two inches and ¼. When they weigh any thing, they hold up the Yard by
some one of these three strings, and so hang a sealed weight
(about an Ounce and ¼ Troy-weight) upon some point of the
Rule, as the Thing requires. 'Tis kept in a Case fitted to it,
almost like a Dancing-Master's Kit. There is one like to this
in the Musæum Romanum. (a)(a) P. 34.
Col. 2. A Pair of WOODEN-BELLOWS. Contrived to save
Leather. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. They may be com-
pared to a Box; saving, that here the Box moves, and strikes
not within, but over the Lid: and both of a square Figure.
The length of the Box from end to end, within, two feet.
The breadth, at the Breech, a foot and ¼; the depth, about
a foot. The breadth of the Nose-end, seven inches and ½.
The Breech-Board is bended, so as to make part of a Zone,
answering to the Lid (which moves upon an Iron Centre or
Axis) as the Radius. The Lid hath a Margin placed inward on both sides and
both ends. From the inner edge, to edge, longways, nine-
teen inches; in breadth, at the Breech, ten inches; at the
Nose-end, four. The Nose, of Iron, like that of an ordi-
nary pair of Bellows. The Valve, of Wood. On the middle of the said Margin, are two Springs on each 370 side the Lid, and one at each end. Between the two Springs
on the sides, and at the four Corners, a kind of half Staple
like a Bench-Hook. Within or under which are placed
squares of Wood, and by the said Springs, kept close to the
sides of the Box, (to keep in the Air) as it plays over the
Lid. A ROUPY of Silver. Given by G. Ent Esq;. A HALF-ROUPY of Silver. By the same Hand. These
and divers other like Coins are currant all over the Domini-
ons of the Great Mogul. I place them here, as not relating
to Antiquity, but of present known use. Several sorts of Indian MONEY, called WAMPAM-
PEAGE. 'Tis made of a sort of Shell, formed into small
Cylinders, about a ¼ of an inch long, and ⅛th over, or
somewhat more or less: and so being bored, as Beads, and
put upon Strings, pass among the Indians, in their usual
Commerse, as Silver and Gold amongst us. But being loose,
is not so currant. The meanest is in SINGLE STRINGS. Of which, here
is both the White and Black. By measure, the former goes
at Five shillings the Fathome; the latter, at Ten. By Num-
ber, the former at Six a penny; the latter, at Three. The next in value is that which is Woven together into
BRACELETS about ¾ of a yard long; Black and White,
in Stripes, and six pieces in a Row; the Warp consisting of
Leathern Thongs, the Woofe of Thread. These Bracelets the
Zanksquaes or Gentlewomen commonly wear twice or
thrice about their Wrists. The best, is woven into GIRDLES. Of This here are
two sorts. One about a yard long; with fourteen pieces
in a Row, woven, for the most part, into black and white
Squares, continu'd obliquely from edge to edge. The
other, not all-out so long, but with fifteen pieces in a Row.
Woven into black Rhombs or Diamond-Squares, and Crosses
within them. The spaces between filled up with white.
These two last, are sometimes worn as their richest Orna-
ments; but chiefly used in great Payments, esteemed their
Noblest Presents, and laid up as their Treasure. A string of Virginian MONEY. A Row of Teeth in
shape like the fore-Teeth of a Hare: all woven together, 371 at one end, with brown twisted Thread, into one Piece ¾ of
a yard long. Husbandry. The Frame of a SAFFRON KILN. Given
by the Honourable Charles Howard Esq;. Together with
a Description hereof; and the way of Planting Saffron, and
ordering it upon the Kiln. And by Me published in the Phil.
Transactions. (a)(a) Num.
138. The Spanish SEMBRADORE. A Machine for Plowing,
equal Sowing, and Harrowing all at once. Contriv'd by
Don Joseph Lucaleto a Spanish Knight. Used and approv'd
both in Spain and Germany. Given by J. Evelyn Esq;
together with the Description extracted out of the Au-
thors Treatise hereof, and published in the Phil. Trans-
actions. (b)(b) Num.
60. A CIDER-PRESS. Described also by Mr. Evelyn. (c)(c) Appen-
dix to Po-
mona.
Contriv'd by Mr. Hook. For better Dispatch, and thorow
breaking of the Apples. Consisteth chiefly of four Cylin-
ders. Those two, which are first to bruise them, more di-
stant; the other, to press out the Juyce, as close as will well
consist with their motion. A BOX-HIVE. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. But contrived
by Sir Christopher Wren: And the Description hereof first
published (d) (d) By Mr.
Hartlib. in the Year, 1652. Since then by Mr. Moses
Rusden. Design'd to keep them warmer, and more safe;
but especially, to prevent their Swarming, and the better
to propagate them into Colonies. Houswifery and Houshold-stuff. CASSAVI-BREAD. Made
of the Root of the Hyjucca Mexicana. They first pound it,
and press out the Juyce; which is of a noxious (say some,
of a deadly) quality: and the Pulp of the Root is reduced (e) Aldin.
De script.
Hort. Farnes.
Out of Mo-
nerdes and
Oviedus.
to a Cake. These Cakes they fry, or rather bake over a gen-
tle fire, and so set them in the Sun to dry, for their Bread.
The thicker Cakes, called Cassavi, and eaten by the poorer
sort. The thiner, called Sciam Sciam, by the Rich. (e) In
Hier. Benzoni's time, (f) all the Ships that were bound from
Spain to Mexico; when they returned, were Victualled (f) Histor.
Americ. l. 4.
c. 28.
with Cassavi-Bread. That is, instead of Bisco't. A HAMMOCK. Like a Great Net, with several small
Tassels on the sides, and two huge ones at the ends. Be-
tween which, 'tis fifteen feet long. The Weft, seven feet; 372 and about as broad. It consisteth of twisted Thread, as
thick as small Packthred; made of the Barque of the Coco-
Tree, and of the Rind of the Nut. Not Netted; nor
Woven with Warp and Woofe; but after the manner of
Bobbin-Work. At both ends, the Weft gather'd up into
several small Ropes, and those at last into greater: by
which it is commonly fasten'd to two Trees some yards
above ground. Thus fitted, the people in some parts of
the Indies, lie down in them, and so sleep secure from Ser-
pents and wild Beasts. A Pattern of the STUFF made by the Planters in New-
England: the Yarn whereof they Dey of a kind of Philea-
mot, with a Decoction of the Barque of the Butter-Nut-
Tree (described in the Second Part) without Alum, Coppe-
ras, or any thing else to strike the Colour. A sort of LEATHER, as thin as that of a Kid. Of which
it is affirm'd, That it will keep out water better than the
best Neats Leather. And I have been told, That it hath
been us'd in the French-Camps, spread upon the ground,
for Beding. It seems to be made, by being throughly
soaked in a mixture of Oil and Bees-Wax. A CUP Turn'd out of Sassafras Wood. A Little BOX Turn'd out of a Nutshell. A JAPAN Wooden CUP: cover'd with a Red Varnish
within, and with yellowish Flowers without, upon a Black
Ground. An INDIAN-PAIL. Made of the Barque of Birch-Tree.
Square at the bottom, and thence rising up into a Conick
Form. So ingeniously contriv'd, that the Sides and Bottom
are all made out of one single piece of Barque. An INDIAN DISH or Potager. Made also of the
Barque of a Tree, with the Sides and Rim sewed together
after the manner of Twiggen-Work. Another DISH, cut out of Wood, as Hollow Ware commonly
is here in England. A RUSH-BASKET. The Rushes are partly of their Na-
tive colour, and partly deyed with a redish and brown
Tawny. Very prettily woven together by the Indian Wo-
men, in striped and indented Work. And also very oddly:
for it seems to have a double Woofe, one on each side the
Warp; the Rushes running on the out-side, one way; on
the in-side the contrary. 373 A BASKET made of Porcupine-Quills. The Ground
is a Packthred-Caule; not Netted, but Woven. Into
which by the Indian-Women are wrought, by a kind of
Lap-Work, the Quills of Porcupines, not split, as the
Person that sent it affirms, but of the young ones entire:
mixed White and Black in Even and indented Waves.
Esteemed by themselves as one of their chiefest Curio-
sities. ANOTHER, made of the same Materials; but with the
Quills wrought in Triangular Chequer-Work. An Indian COMB. A Stick, whereof somewhat more
than one half is cut into three sharp and round Teeth, four
inches long. The other part left for the Handle, adorned
with fine Straws laid along the sides, and lap'd round
about it, in several distinct Swaths. Cloaths and Ornaments. An Indian PERUQUE. Made,
not of Hair, but Feathers, sc. black, grey, yellow, red and
white: all cut at the tops to the length of about five inches.
Saving the fore-Lock, which is made of small ones an inch
and ½ deep. Fasten'd to a course Netted-Caule of Pack-
thred. An Indian MANTLE; Also made of Feathers. Given
by Dr. G. Smith. About an Eln square. The Feathers all
of a Brown or Eagle-colour, small and wrought into a Caule
of Packthred. An Indian BRACELET for the Wrist. Made of the
Scarlet Feathers of the Indian Sea-Curlew (described in the
First Part) Clipt short, and woven into a Caul of Packthred
two inches broad. There are also ½ a dozen Tufts of blew
Feathers in the middle, and two of Black at each end.
Much like the usual Bumbast of black Bits sewed into
Ermine, which our English Women are made to think very
fine. A Pair of Iceland GLOVES. Given by Th. Henshaw Esq;.
About ½ a yard long, and ¼ broad at the Tops. Made of Deer-
Skin; not tan'd, but only dry'd, with the Hair on; and
lin'd with the same. The Tops faced with Scarlet Serge, Em-
broyder'd with Flower-Work, made of Leaden-Wyre, twisted
(as Silver-Wyre on Silk) upon brown Hempen Thread. I
call it Wyre, not because it is Drawn, which this Metal
cannot be, but for that it is so small. In the vacancies of 374 the Work, are set Copper-Spangles with knots of the same
Wyre. An Indian SCEPTRE. Made, as it seems, of a sort of
Cane. A yard long; and as thick as a middle walking-Cane;
without any Joynt, and perfectly round. Consisteth of
hard and blackish Cylinders, mixed with a soft kecky Body;
so as at the end cut transversly, it looks as a bundle of Wires.
Gilt and varnished all over with Flowers in Green, Red and
White; saving the two ends which are Black. The FAN of an Indian King. Given by H. Whistler
Esq;. Made chiefly of the Feathers of Peacocks Tailes;
composed into a round Form. Bound altogether with a
circular Rim, above a foot over, consisting of the parts of
certain Plants like split Cane. The middle strengthen'd
and divided into squares with cross Bars, made of the same
materials, and some of them deyed Red. The bottom of
each Square over-laid with Moscovy-Glass. And in the
middle of each, a knot of white Feathers, like the Flower
of a Jacynth. A plain Indian FAN, used by the meaner sort. Made
of the small stringy parts of Roots, spread out in a round
flat Form, and so bound together with a Splinter-Hoop,
and strengthen'd with small Bars on both sides. The
Handle painted with Japan Varnish, black, red, and yellow.
When they use them, they sprinkle them with sweet
Water, which perfumes the wafter Air. An Indian PURSE or CASE for the Pudenda of a Man.
'Tis a foot long, and closed at the bottom. Made of
small Reeds woven together after the manner of course
Linnen. An APRON for the Pudenda of a Woman. A ¼ of a
yard deep, and shaped like a Widows Peak. Hath two
transverse Labels, with several small Tassel'd Strings, to tie
it about her middle; and a great one hanging down
before. Made of Rushes, and other Plants. The out-side
of several colours, sc. white, yellow, red, tawny, and brown;
as flexible as any Thread. Woven in several Squares, and
½ Squares in a most exact and geometrick Order. The in-
side of smaller Rushes, all of one colour, and the Weaving
uniform: as some Silks are plain on one side, and flowered
on the other. A piece of Work, which an European could
hardly imitate with all her Art. 375 A Pair of Iceland BOOTS. Given also by Mr. Hen-
shaw. Made of dry'd Deer-Skin, as the Gloves. Somewhat
above a foot long, and about a foot broad at the Tops.
The small of the Leg, above ½ a foot. The Foot, but
eleven inches. Lined with another sort of Skin, and that
only dry'd. The Knee faced with course red Cloath; and
the top of the Foot with Lists of the same; both Embroy-
der'd with twisted Leaden-Wyre, like that on the Gloves. On
the end of the Toe, a Button made of a Leathern Thong knoted
in a round form, and wrought over, not with twisted, but
plain Leaden-Wyre. They are stitch'd together with Cat-
Gut. How the people use them, I see not; for the very
same Skin, which is thin, and with the Hair on, makes the
Sole, as well as the Top, of the Foot, and the Leg. A SNOW-SHOOE, used in Greenland, and some other
places. Given by Mr. Linger. A yard and ½ long, and in
the middle fifteen inches broad. Oval behind; the fore-
end, sharp. The Margin is a piece of Wood of the breadth
of a Lath, reduced to the Form above-said, and so made
tite and steady with two cross Bars. To the sides round
about, is stretched and fasten'd three pieces of woven
Work, resembling Net-Work; made of small Leathern
Thongs, in three parallel Orders, one directly, and two ob-
liquely transverse. In the middle piece is a hole made, to
affix It to the Foot. Painting. A LANDSKIP, being the Prospect of a fair
City, painted upon Stone. A Natural Landskip, or Prospect of Ruinous Buildings
in Stone. Humour'd with a Tree painted over it. Another, with a Woman in a praying posture. CATOPTRICK PAINT, on a Table or Board. Given by
Bishop Wilkins. On one side, the Paint looks as if it were al-
together rude and irregular, so as nothing can be made of
it. But a Metalline Cylinder being placed perpendicular
upon a certain Point of the Table; the Rays are in such sort
incident thereon, and thence reflected to the Eye, as to re-
present a variety of curious Work: sc. a Shepherd playing
on a Pipe; and his Wife dancing with a Child in her Arms,
and a Basket on her Head. On the other side, St. George and Don Quicksot both on
Horse-back, and a Wind-Mill betwixt them. And Don 376 having made his Horse leap at the Sail, his Horse hangs
upon it, and himself is thrown to the ground. But a Me-
talline Octogon, placed as the Cylinder, shews St. George in
good posture upon Don's Horse, killing the Dragon. An Instrument to draw PERSPECTIVE with. Contriv'd
by Sir Christopher Wren. An Optique BOX, used as a help in DRAWING. A piece of SMALT-GLASS. Used by Painters for
Picture-Frames, and other purposes. Given by Mr. J.
Linger. The Picture of a MUSK-DEER, in Colours, and after
the Life. Taken in Java major, and sent from thence by
Sir Philiberto Vernatti. The Picture of a BASILISK. Pretended by those that
shew it, to be a real Animal so call'd. But is an Artificial
Thing, made chiefly of the Skin of the Raja, and the Legs
of a Dodo, or some great Fowl. Given by Ellis Crisp, Esq;. The Picture of the Plant called NINSIN. The whole
Plant is drawn after the Life on Parchment, in Colours.
The Root, of a redish yellow; about five or six inches long,
and near as thick as a Skirret: agreeing with the De-
scription hereof in the Second Part of this Catalogue. The
Stalk as thick as a Wheaten-straw, and a foot high. The
Leaves somewhat like those of the Stock-Gilly-Flower. The
Flowers redish in the Bud, and white when open; three and
three together, and composed of six round Leaves, like
those of the Round-Flower'd Moly figur'd in Bauhinus, but
not so big. The Draughts of several Indian PLANTS on a Table.
In the first place, of The CLOVE-TREE: Together with a Branch of the
same after the life: The Mother or Prolifick-Clove, from
which the Plants are propagated: And the Stone and Ker-
nel of the same. Next of The NUTMEG-TREE: Together with a Branch of the
same after the life: The Fruit of the Female-Nutmeg: Of
that called the Thieving-Nutmeg, because it infects and
spoils the good ones where it lies: The Male, with its Fruit,
both long and short: And the little Kind, wherewith the
Natives dey their Teeth black. Next of A PLANT which beareth a Fruit hanging with a long 377 Stalk upon the top of the Leafe; almost in the shape of a
Can, with its Lid. If it be open'd, though the Weather ne-
ver so hot, 'tis half full of Liquor. Then of A SAGEWAR-TREE; whose Flower being cut, renders
a Juyce like Wine, far above the Coco-Tree: With the Fruit
both of the Male and Female. In the last place, of The SAGOUS-TREE; which those that inhabit the
Molucca Islands, eat instead of Bread: With the Fruit, after
the life. Design. An Armed SOULDIER, in the posture of
fighting. Together with a Landskip, and the Prospect of an
Army. Given by Mr. Will. Brownest; and all very curiously
Drawn with his Pen. Wrighting. A Jewish PHYLACTERY. This here is only
a single Scroll of Parchment, ¼ of an inch broad, and 15
inches long; with Four Sentences of the Law, (viz. Exod.
13. from 7. to 11. and f. 13. to 17. Deut. 6. f. 3. to 10. and
11. f. 13. to 19.) most curiously written upon it in Hebrew.
Serarius, from the Rabbies, saith, That they were written
severally upon so many Scrolls. And that the Jews to this
day, do wear them over their Foreheads in that manner.
So that they are of several sorts or modes, whereof this is
one. (a) Deut. 6.
8. and in
the other
places above
quoted. The original use of them, for Memento's: grounded on
that Command, (a) And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon
thine Hand, and they shall be as Frontlets between thine Eyes.
But afterwards, served more for Ostentation. And at last, (b) Hierome,
quoted by
Bishop Mon-
tague.
for Spells or Amulets. (b) From whence also the use of
Charms amongst Christians was first learn'd; and those who
gave them called Phylacterij. Prohibited by the Council in
Trullo. (c)(c) Can. 61. An Example of the ARABICK Letter in one or two Va-
riations upon Parchment. An Example of the CHINA-Language, in a considerable
Variety of CHARACTERS, upon two sorts of China
Papyr. An Example of the MALABARINE Letters and Lan-
guage. The Letters have some little resemblance to those
of the Coptick. Written upon a single Plate of the Palmetto-
Leaf, an inch and ½ deep, and 10 inches long. It seems,
from the Hole punched at the end of it, to have been 378 filed with a great many more, and so to have made a
Book. Another Variety of the ARABICK Letter, not properly
Written, but Impress'd with a Style, or as it were Engraven,
upon two double Plates of the Palmetto-Leaf. Sculpture. A CARVED Shell of MOTHER of Pearl.
On which Andromeda stands naked upon the Shore, having
her Arms fasten'd to a Rock with two Chains. Near the
Shore, a great Sea-Fish or Monster making towards her,
and spouting out Water at Perseus. Who comes flying
upon Pegasus, with his Shield, and his Sword advanced, to
kill the Monster. Upon a Promontory between Andromeda
and Perseus stands a Cupid, and among the Trees upon it
another, signifying their Marriage afterwards. All done
with extraordinary Art. ANOTHER, with the same curious Work, but different
Phancy. Neptune making towards the Shore, without his
Mace, advances and spreads abroad his Arms, in Courtship
towards Diana. Who stands on the Shore in her Mantle
half naked, and holding forth her Hand in the posture of
denial. Between them, two naked Nymphs, one giving aim
to the other, shooting a Dart at Neptune to give him a
further repulse. And a Cupid flying away over Dianas
Head. About 36 pieces of Ivory, with IMAGES CARVED
upon Each. On some, of Men; on others of Women and
Children; and on others, of Cattel. One of them, a
Crucifix, with the Eleven Apostles. They seem to have be-
longed to a Cabinet or Chest of Drawers, and to make some
story; but the rest being wanting, unintelligible. One of them, is a curious piece of Work. On the top of
a Rock, stands a Castle. At the foot, a George or Chevaleer,
armed and mounted, and combating a Dragon; defending
her self, and shewing her rage in a most lively posture. Be-
hind the Horse stands one of her young Ones, expecting her
Conquest. On the brow of the Rock, a Woman, or if you
will the Lady, praying for her overthrow. Hereto may be
refer'd, A SEA-PIECE, consisting wholly of INLAY'D-WORK,
of several Colours, in Stone. As also, A FORREST, with a House at the end of it; and several 379 Beasts both wild and tame, as the Lion, Unicorne, Boar, Camel,
Stag, and a Dog pursuing him: all Cut in PAPYR, in the
compass of about three inches square. Turn'd Work. A Box of CUPS, from Norimberge: being
an Hundred of them one within another; the Boll of the
utmost about two inches and ½ in Diametre. Given by
Dudley Palmer Esq;. I take the Wood to be Maple. A piece of TURN'D Work in Ivory. Given by H. Olden-
burge Esq;. A solid Triangle, turn'd open on the four sides.
With a Flower standing out on each side, and loose. In each
Flower, a little Spike, also loose. But all the four Flowers
by themselves, and so the Spikes, are united in the centre.
On the Necks of the Flowers likewise hangs a Sphærical Tri-
angle; and on each Neck, several small Rings. Preserved
in a Round Ivory Box. The HEAD of a Princes, in her HAIR, and with a
CORONET; in an Oval of Ivory. That which is extra-
ordinary, is, That it is not CARVED, but all TURNED
Work. 'Tis kept in an Oval Box, wrought with Undulated
Work of several Forms, all likewise Turn'd. The Art, I
think, is now dead with the Author. Molded-Work. Two HALF BODIES in Armor, betwixt
four and five inches in length. Given also by Mr. Dudley
Palmer. The phancy is this, That upon a rude molded
Ground of Rosin and Wax, or some such substance, are laid,
chiefly the parts of several Plants and Insects, by which the
Figure is compleated. As the Forehead, (all the Face of
one) with the Scales of the Belly-Piece, of the Broad Golden
Cantharis; the Ball or White of the Eye, with Gromwell-
Seeds; the Lids, with those of a sort of Marigold; the
Nose, with that of Carthamum; the Beard with those of
Lettice. Part of the Armor, of one, with the Wing-Sheaths
of the Green Broad Cantharis: of the other, with the Seeds
of Cow-Parsnep: and so for the rest. A couple like to These,
are figur'd in Olearius's Musæum. Sir Robert Moray's HEAD in WAX. Taken off of a
Plaster-Mold, which was made upon it. 380 SECT. IV.
Of COYNS, and other Matters relating to Antiquity. THeThe Effigies of JOHN HOWARD, the first Duke of
Norfolk, in Colours Neald on Glass. From whom
the Right Honourable the present Duke of Norfolk is the
eighth, inclusive. Given by Mr. S. Morgan. He is repre-
sented kneeling in a Chappel, with his Dukes Cap by him,
and Invested in his Coat of Armour, bearing four Coats,
Quarterly: sc. of Howard, Brotherton (Son to King Edward
the First) Plantagenet (Earl of Warren and Surrey) and
Fitz-Allan. The first, is Gules, a Bend betwixt six Crosslets
fitchy, Argent. The second, the Arms of England, with
a Label of three Points Argent. The third Checky Or and
Azure. The fourth, Gules, a Lion Rampand Or. The PEDEGREE of the most Noble Family of the
HOWARDS, from the first Duke above-said: Engraven
on a Copper-Plate. Given by the same Hand. A ROMAN URNE, of Glass, with a Handle. Given
by Sir Christopher Wren. Above fifteen Hundred years old.
Almost like a Bottle containing a Gallon and ½; but with a
very short Neck, and wide Mouth, and of whiter metal.
Encompassed girth-wise, with five parallel Circles. Found in
Spital-Fields. STONES, not long since found near the Foundation of
Charing-Cross at a great depth. Given by Sir Joseph Wil-
liamson. They seem to be a sort of course Marble. Of
a blackish colour, and figur'd into several plain sides; but
irregular: from whence they may be argu'd to be very
ancient. A Piece of MOSAICK WORK, found deep under
ground, in Holbourn near St. Andrews Church. Inlaid
with black, red, and white Stones, in Squares and other
Regular Figures. A parcel of little square Stones, belonging to MOSAICK-
Work, found in a Field near Bath, in the Year, 1664. Several Examples of MORTARS of old Castles and
Roman Buildings. Given by John Aubrey Esq; for comparing
them with those now in use. 381 A ROMAN MONEY-POT. Given (with the Coin
below mention'd) by the same Hand John Aubrey. Found in the Year,
1651. in In Week-Field, in the Parish of Hedington, in Wilt-
shire; half full of Roman Coin, Silver and Copper, of several
Emperors near the time of Constantine. Of the colour
of a Crucible, and fashion'd almost like a Pint Jug with-
out a Neck. Closed at the top, and having a Notch on one
side, as in a Christmas-Box. In the same place (where anci-
ently was a Roman Colony) and at the same time, were dig'd
up the Foundations of several Houses for a Mile together. Of COYNS. MOstMost of them being obscure, lest I should mistake,
I presently took the help of my Worthy Friend
Mr. Abraham Hill, Fellow of the Royal Society, very well
acquainted with This, as well as other parts, of Antiquities. Silver. Twenty SILVER DENARII; whereof Nineteen given
by Sir Paul Whichcote. The I, II, and III. Consular. IV. Imp. Otho Cæsar Aug. Trib. Pot. Reverse. Securitas P. R. V. Aulus Vitellius Imp. Germ.
. . . . . . . . . Augusti. VI. Cæsar Vespasian.
. . . . . Tr. Pot. VII. Cæsar Aug. Pater Patriæ.
Princ. Juvent. Cæs. VIII. Imp. Cæs. Domit. Germ. Pont. Max. Tr. P.
Imp. iij. Cos. xv. Censor. P. iij. IX. Imp. Cæs. Trajan, Hadrian Aug.
P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij. Felicit. P. R. X. Imp. Cæsar Trajan Hadrian. Aug.
P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij. XI. Hadrianus Aug. Cos. iij. P. P.
Romulo Conditori. XII. M. Commodus Anton. Aug. Pius.
Tr. P. viij. Cos. iiij. P. F. XII. M. Commodus.
. . . . . . Cos. . . . . Exerc. 382 XIV. Severus Aug. Parthic. Max.
Restitutor Urbis. XV. Cæs. Marc. Anton. Gordianus African. Aug.
Princ. Juventutis. XVI. Maximus Cæsar German.
Pietas Aug. XVII. Dom. Nost. Julianus P. (i. e. pius) F. (i. e. felix) Aug.
(Julian the Apostate.)
Votis x (i. e. Decennalibus) multis x. XVIII. D. N. Valentinianus P. F. Aug.
Urbs Roma. Lug. P. C. XIX. R. N. Valens P. F. Aug.
Restitutor Reip. P. Lug. These from Sir Paul Whichcote. XX. D. N. Valens P. F. Aug.
Urbs Roma Tr. P. (Treviris Perc.) Given by Walter Chetwynd Esq. XXI. Henricus IV.
Dominus Hiberniæ. Commonly call'd an Irish Groat. XXII. Carolus V. . . . L. M.
. . . . Indiarum Plus Ult. In whose time the Indies
were more fully discover'd. These two given by G. Ent Esq. Copper. I. D. N. Constantius P. F. Aug.
Fel. Temp. reparatio.
Two more of the same. II. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug.
Felicitas Reipublicæ. These from J. Aubrey Esq. III. Constantinus P. F. Aug.
Soli Invicto Comiti. IV. Constantinus Nob. Cæs.
Vot. x. Cæsarum nostrorum. S. Tr. (i. e. Sign. Treviris.) V. Constantinus Aug.
. . . Tranquillitas Vot. xx. The same again. VI. Constantinus Jun. Nob. C.
Vot. x. nostror. Cæsarum. These found near Cambridge. VII. Antonius Pius Aug.
Virtus Augg. (Augustorum) Denarius. VIII. . . . . Tit. Æl. Hadr. Antoninus Aug. Pius.
Cos. iij. S. C. (i. e. Senat. Cons.) Annona. IX. D. N. Constantinus P. F. Aug.
Fel. Temp. Reparatio. 383 X. D. N. Magnentius.
Felicitas. . . . . . XI. D. N. Magnentius.
Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Cæs. Α. Ω. XII. D. N. Constantius.
Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Cæs. Α. Ω. Of these two last
together, here are 24, all with the same Revers, about ☧ the Initial Letters of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ. XIII. Constantius P. F. Aug.
. . . . . Exercitus. With Nine more obscure. These were taken out of
the Pot above mention'd, found near Hedington. XIV. . . . Ptolomy.
. . . . . . XV. Divus Aug. S. C.
Consensu Sen. & Eq. Ord. PQR. XVI. Divus Augustus.
Providentia S. C. XVII. M. Agrippa. . . . Cos.
. . . . . . XVIII. C. Cæsar Aug. German. P. M. Tr. Pot.
Vesta. . . . . . . The same again. XIX. Tib. Claud. Cæs. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp.
Constantia Augusti. The same again. XX. Tib. Claud. Cæs. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp.
. . . . . . . S. C. XXI. Drusus Cæs. Tiber. Aug. F. Divi Aug. N.
Pontif. Tribun. Potest. iterum. XXII. Imp. Nero Cæs. Aug. Pon. M. Tr. P.
Roma. . . . S. C. XXIII. Nero Claudius Cæs. Aug. Germ. P. M. Tr. R.
Mac. Aug. S. S. (Macellum.) XXIV. Serg. Galba Imp. Cæs. Aug.
Adlocutio. XXV. A. Vitellius Imp. German.
Fides Exercituum S. C. XXVI. A. Vitellius Germ. Aug. P. M. Tr. P.
S. C. . . . . XXVII. Imp. Cæs. Vesp. Aug. P. M. Tr. Cos. viij.
. . . . . . S. C. XXVIII. Cæsar Vesp.
. . . . . . . . . S. C. 384 XXIX. Imp. Cæs. Domit. Aug. Germ. Cos. xvj. Cens. Perp.
Moneta Aug. The same again. XXX. Imp. Cæs. Magnentius.
Felicitas Reipublicæ. A Souldier holds in his right
hand, a Victory; in his left, the Standard, on which is ☧ as
on the XII. XXXI. D. N. Decentius.
Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Cæs. XXXII. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug.
Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Cæs. XXXIII. D. N. Decentius Cæs.
Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Cæs. XXXIV. Urbs Roma. XXXV. Constans.
Fel. Temp. Reparatio. XXXVI. . . . Constantius.
Fel. Temp. Reparatio. Of these two last together,
here are 43, all with the same Reverse. XXXVII. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug.
Gloria Romanorum. XXXVIII. . . . . Philip.
Miliarium Sæculum Cos. iij. When Rome had
been built a Thousand years. XXXIX. . . . Aurelius Anton.
. . . . . S. C. XL. D. N. Theodosius P. F. Aug.
Gloria Exercitus. XLI. D. N. . . . .
Reparatio Reipub. XLII. Constans Pius Aug.
Virtus Exercit. XLIII. D. N. Honorius.
. . . . . . . XLIV. Crispus Nob. Cæs.
. . . . Tranquillitas. XLV. Gallienus Aug.
. . . . . . . . With about 72 more, which are obscure. Paper or Pastboard-Money. Lugdunum Batavorum. Pugna pro Patria. 1574. When besieged by the Spaniards. 385 Appendix. Of some Particulars lately given by Dr. Christopher
Merret. TOTo which I shall only premise a Note concerning
the CLYSTER-BAG, described p. 239. of this
Catalogue; but should have been placed in the last
Part. 'Twas given by Sir Rob. Southwell; of whom I lately
learn, That the Portugal Negros, having rowled a lump of
Clay into the shape mention'd p. 239. they cut the Branches
of a certain Tree which yields an Oily Gum, and so turn the
Clay round, as the Gum drops upon it, till it hath cover'd it
all over like a thick Skin; which being dry'd in the Sun,
will be almost as tough as Leather. Then picking out
the Clay, it serves them for a Bladder. To which they
tie the Shank of a Hare for a Pipe: and so filling it with
Sea-water, as often as they feel themselves much chafed
with heat, put it up for a Glyster. These Bags they com-
monly hang by their sides, to be always ready for their
use. The Particulars given by the Doctor are these that fol-
low; with the Descriptions, in his own words. SAGU. A Gum, so called. It comes from the Islands of
Malacca. It drops from the Trees in small roundish Grains,
of the bigness of Turnep-seed, but whitish. Chewed, it
tasteth somewhat clammy. Boil'd in water, exactly repre-
sents Frog-Sperm; and in consistence, comes nearest to Gum
Tragaganth. 'Tis used in Medicine and Diet. TERRA JAPONICA. Call'd also Catechu, Categu, and
Casheu. 'Tis a Gummo-Resina. For most of it will dissolve
in Water; and some parts of it only in Rect. Spirit of Wine.
Most of it contains a great deal of Earth; the reason of the
Name. 'Tis cover'd with a rough brown Coat; within
which it comes near the colour of Aloe; but darker, and 386 with brown earthy Particles intermix'd. The Tast Astrin-
gent and very Dry. The Tincture of a bright Claret
colour. An useful and effectual Medicine; and not un-
grateful. POCO SEMPIE. A Golden Moss, consisting of most
fine, soft and flexible Threads. Accounted a great Cordial.
And said wholly to dissolve in the Mouth; and seem'd so
to me, in barely chewing it: but the contrary upon Expe-
riment, which was thus: I ty'd some of it in a Cloath, and
chew'd it; keeping it in my mouth a whole Night: but in
the Morning, I found no diminution, nor alteration. So
that chewing only unfolds it, and then 'tis insensibly swal-
low'd with the Spittle. RIZAGON. A Root brought from Bengala, of good
use. Cut into flat pieces, of a whitish colour, bitterish and
aromatick Tast; and hath very large Fibers. CAROLINA. A long red Root, so call'd, from the
Place from whence it comes. It draws on Paper red Lines.
Answers not expectation, as to deying. SADORE, or Bitter Wood. It hath a brownish Barque:
the Wood yellowish, and exceeding bitter. If it be sliced
long ways, you will find very white Fibers running by the
length. CAIUMANIS Olearij. (a) (a) P. 2.
p. 356. By the Sea-men, Caiomanes.
By the Portugese, Canella de Mato. An Canella Crassiori
Cortice. (b) (b) Pinax,
409. b. This Barque above ¼ of an inch thick. Distill'd,
it affords a somewhat harsh and rough Liquor. But by In-
fusion, makes an Aromatick and grateful syrup. SALT of Soap-Lees. An Exotick. Found in some quan-
tities on the sides of the Boylers. I have yet made no trials
of it. TEUTENAGE. A sort of Speltar, as many Experiments
shew. Hereof Parallellepipedon Vessels are made in Japan,
wherein their Thea is brought over. I have several other Rarities, which, when I see what is
wanting in the Societie's Musæum, I shall add to it. Most of these Things were communicated by Mr. Samuel
Clark, learned, judicious, experienced in all things Na-
tural and Artificial which are brought to the King's Ware-
house in the Port of London, whereof he is Surveyor. 387 An INDEX of some MEDICINES.
TOTo prevent Abortion, 297.
For Quartan Agues, 316.
Anodyne, 163, 203.
For the Bitings of a Mad Dog, 329.
For the Bitings of Venimous Beasts, 52, 181, 227, 347.
For Bleeding, 7, 134, 292, 333.
For spitting of Blood, 314.
For broken Bones, 300.
Cathartick, 207, line 3, 22, &; 24. 217, 316.
Cordial, 58, 227.
Cosmetick, 145, 309, 335.
For the Cramp, 15, 89, 163.
Dentifrices, 148.
For Bilious Diarrhæas, 203, 284.
Diuretick, 42, 157, 159, 267, 273, 300.
For the Dropsie, 42.
For a Dysentery, 319.
For a Dysury, 168.
Emetick, 156, 207, 210, 217; 311, 316, 317.
For the Epilepsy, 197, 227, 247, 284. In Children, 344.
For an Erysipelas, 209.
For the Eyes, 173, 327.
For Feavers, 42, 66, 84, 227, 278, 329, 349,
For Fractures, 300.
For a Gonorrhæa, 168.
For the Gout, 39, 71.
To fetch off Hair, 333.
To make the Hair grow, 156.
For the Headach, 217.
For Hysterical Fits, 247, 258.
For an Hæmoptœ, 314.
For the Itch, 209, 218.
For a Lientery, 333.
For Melancholy, 317.
For the Menses, 134.
Antidote for Mercury, 284, 323.
Narcotick, 203, 316.
For Nephritick Pains, 293.
Obstructions, 333.
Ophthalmick, 173, 327.
For the Plague, 342, 347.
For Poyson, 31, 59, 66, 83, 197.
For the Shingles, 209, 217.
For Cold Swellings, ib.
For the Stone, 40, 267, 222, 293, 312.
Sudorifick, 66, 84, 258.
Syriasis, 231.
Tinea Puerorum, 314.
Ad Veneris Languorem, 159, 168, 228.
For Malignant Ulcers, 138, 209, 327, 343.
For Ulcers in the Legs, 314.
For Venereal Ulcers, 342.
Wash for the Face, 145, 309, 335.
For Worms, 247, 249, 335, 347. 388 A List of those who have Contributed to this Musæum:
excepting some Names which are lost.
His Highness Prince RUPERT, Count Palatine of the Rhine.
THomasThomas Allen M. D.
John Aubrey Esq.
WILLIAM L. Visc. BROUNCKER.
Hon. ROBERT BOYLE, Esq.
Dr. Erasmus Bartholine.
John Bembde Esq.
Sign. Paul Boccone.
Mons. Olaus Borrichius.
Joseph Bowles Merch.
Sir Thomas Brown
Edward Brown. M. D.
JONH JOHN late Lord B. of CHESTER.
EAST-INDIA COMPANY.
ROYAL AFRICAN COMPANY.
Walter Charleton M. D.
Walter Chetwynd Esq.
Andrew Clench M. D.
Samuel Colepress, Esq.
Thomas Cox, Esq.
Edward Cotton M. D.
Thomas Crispe Esq.
Ellis Crispe, Esq.
William Crone M. D.
John Evelyn Esq.
George Ent Esq.
Captain Thomas Fissenden.
Nehemjah Grew M. D.
Hon. CHARLES HOWARD of N. Esq.
Theodore Haac Esq.
Thomas Henshaw Esq.
Abraham Hill Esq.
Mr. Hocknel.
Luke Hodgson M. D.
Robert Hook Geom. Pr.
Anthony Horneck B. D.
Sir John Hoskins.
John Houghton Pharm. L.
Edmund King M. D.
Mons. Lannoy.
Mr. Langerman
Mr. Linger.
Fath. Hieronim. Lobus.
Richard Lower M. D.
Martyn Lyster Esq.
Mr. John Malling.
Sign. Malpighi.
Christopher Merret M. D.
Sir Thomas Millington.
Sir Jonas Moore.
Sir Robert Moray.
Mr. S. Morgan.
HENRY Duke of NORFOLK.
Walter Needham M. D.
Isaac Newton Math. Prof.
Henry Oldenburge Esq.
Philip Packer Esq.
Dudley Palmer Esq.
Sir William Petty.
Robert Plot L L. D.
Walter Pope M. D.
Thomas Povey Esq.
SETH Lord B. of SALISBURY.
Mr. Scotto Merch.
Mr. John Short.
Sir Philip Skippon.
Francis Slare M. D.
George Smith M. D.
Mr. John Somner.
Sir Robert Southwell.
Dr. Swammerdam.
Captain Tayler.
George Trumbal T. D.
Edward Tyson M. D.
WILLIAM late L. WILLOUGHBY of Parham.
Sir Christopher Wren P. R. S.
George Wheeler Esq.
Daniel Whistler, M. D.
Henry Whistler Esq.
Sir Joseph Williamson.
Francis Willughby Esq.
John Winthrop Esq.
Robert Witty M. D.