The HEAD of an OSTRICH. Caput Struthiocameli. He is accurately described in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia. His Head, like that of a Goose; he hath great thick black Hairs on his upper Eye-lid, as in Quadrupedes; his Tail standing in a Bunch, and not expanded, as in other Birds; his Wings very short and little; and his Foot not divided into three or four Toes, as in other (a) Willugh. Orn. Birds, but into two only; which are his principal Characters.

The CASSOWARY. Emen. Accurately described by Clusius, and pictur'd in Willughby's Ornithologia. His Bill, almost like that of a Gooses, but not so broad. Next to the Ostrich, he is the greatest of Birds; and in Bulk little inferior, but not near so tall. On the top of his Head, hath a horny Crown, which falls off when he moulters, and grows again with the Feathers. His Wings extream small. The plumage of his Feathers so little, that he seems at a distance to be hairy. Hath three Toes without a Heel, as the Bustard. Hath no Tail: which are his chief Marques. He is brought from Tabrobana, the Molucca Islands, and others of the East-Indies.

The CLAWS of the same BIRD. See the full Description of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia.

Agreeable to this conceit, it is likewise commonly thought, and by Georgius de sepibus, who describes the Musæum Romanum, is affirmed, that those two long Quills that grow upon the top of this Birds Rump, being at his pleasure twined or wrapped round about the boughs of Trees, serve quietly to suspend him. Whereas, as Mr. Wray hath also rightly observed, (a) (a) Willoughb. Ornith. not being Muscular, it is impossible they should be of any such use. His hooked Claws shew him to be a Bird of Prey; and he ordinarily flys at Green-Finches, and other little Birds, and feeds on them. (b) (b) Bont. H. N. l. 5. The Tarnacenses shoot them down with Darts. (c)

The GREAT RED and BLEW BLUE PARROT. Psittacus Erythrocyaneus. All the great kind called also MACCAW and Cockatoone. It was sent hither from Java. See his Description in Willoughby's Ornithologia. There are of these greater, the middlemost called Popinjayes, and the lesser called Perroqueets, in all above twenty sorts. Their more remarkable Parts, are their hooked Bills, whereby they catch hold of Boughs, and help to raise themselves up in the climbing of Trees. Their broad, thick, and muscular Tongues, for which they are called ἀνθρωπόγλωττοι and by which they are the better enabled to speak, and to rowl their meat from side to side under the edges of their Bills: and their Feet, which, like those of the Woodpecker, have two Toes before and two behind, with which they bring their meat to their mouths; and that after an odd way, sc. by turning their foot outward. (d) (d) Willoughb. Ornith.

The HEAD of the TOUCAN, so called by the Indians. From the noise he makes, Aracari. (b) (b) Piso. And Pica Brasiliensis, for the likeness of both their Tails. (c) (c) Will. Orn. In the Musæum Romanum, this and the Rhinoceros Avis, are confounded. They breed not only in Brasile, but also in Guajana, and other places. This Bill was sent from Peru. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia. That which is most remarkable of him, is, that his Bill is almost as big as his Body, which is not much bigger than that of a Black-Bird. The Bill and Head I shall describe more fully.

The LEG of a DODO. Called Cygnus Cucullatus, by Nierembergius; by Clusius, Gallus Gallinaceus Peregrinus; by Bontius called Dronte; who saith, That by some it is called (in Dutch) Dod-aers. Largely described in Mr. Willughby's Ornithol. out of Clusius and others. He is more especially distinguished from other Birds by the Membranous Hood on his Head, the greatness and strength of his Bill, the littleness of his Wings, his bunchy Tail, and the shortness of his Legs. Abating his Head and Legs, he seems to be much like an Ostrich; to which also he comes near, as to the bigness of his Body. He breeds in Mauris's Island. The Leg here preserved is cover'd with a reddish yellow Scale. Not much above four inches long; yet above five in thickness, or round about the Joynts: wherein, though it be inferior to that of an Ostrich or a Cassoary, yet joyned with its shortness, may render it of almost equal strength.

Two HEADS of the GROSSBEAK called Coccothraustes. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornith. There is a most curious Picture hereof in Dr. Charlton's Onomasticon Zoic. They breed in Germany and Italy: but rarely, and not except in Winter, seen in England. They will crack Cherry-stones, and Olive-stones too (which are as hard again) very easily; (a) (a) Willughb. Ornith. his Bill and Temporal Muscules are so strong.

The Huming-Bird is every where ill pictur'd: even in Mr. Willughby, for want of the Bird it self. But all those Birds, at least, whereof he had the sight, are most (a) Thevetus Gallus & Linschot. l. 2. p. 249. curiously and exactly represented. He is said to have a loud, or shrill and sweet Note, emulous of that of a Nightingale. (a) He moves his Wings swiftly and continually, whether flying, or sitting on a Flower. (b) (b) Lig. Hist. Barb. He feeds, by thrusting his Bill into a Flower, like a Bee. (c) For which purpose Joh. de Læt, describing this Bird, (whether out of (c) Ibid. Oviedus or Lerius is not plain) saith, That his Tongue is twice as long as his Bill. Which Clusius hath omitted; because he took his Description from the Picture only. Gulielmus Piso observeth also the same. And it is very likely to be so, as a Part more apt, by its length, and flexibility, to thrust and wind it self to the bottoms of the deepest, and most crooked Flowers: in which, and not the upper and open parts of Flowers, it is, that the Honey-Dew which these Birds, as well as Bees, do suck, is usually lodg'd.

His Feathers are set in Gold by the the Thrygians Imbroyderers and sold(d) Charlt. On. Zoic. at a great rate. (d) The Indians make of them very artificial Images. (e) (e) Will. Orn. They take them by mazing them with Sand shot at them out of a Gun. (f)

THe The HEAD of the JABIRU. The Bird is described by Marggravius, Piso, and Willoughby. He is bigger than a Swan. I will take leave to describe the Bill a little more fully.

The BALEARICK CRANE. He differs, as to his outward shape, but little from the European common: saving that on his Head he hath a Crown of thick Hairs or Bristles very full and spreading. See the Description and Picture of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia.

I once dissected this Bird, but found not the same kind of Windpipe (with curious flexures) as is described by Barthol. (b) (b) Hist. Cent. 4. and Mr. Willughby, and by them observed in the European common Crane. They are therefore so far two different Species.

The SEA-CURLEW. By the people of Brasile, called Guara. By Clusius and other Latin Authors, Numenius Indicus, and Arcuata Coccinea. Given by Dr. Walter Charlton. See the Description hereof in Willughby's Ornithologia. About as big as a Shoveler, long Leg'd, short Tail'd, with a Bill slender, long, and crooked like a Sithe. But that which is most remarkable, is the alteration of his colours, being at first black, then ash-colour'd; next white, after that scarlet, and last of all crimson, which grows the richer die, the longer he lives. (b) (b) Joh. de Læt lib. 15. c. 13. & Wil. Ornith.

The GREATEST LOON. Colymbus maximus sive Arcticus Clusii. Given by Mr. Houghton an Apothecary in London. Described by Mr. Willughby. (b) (b) Ornithologiæ, p. 259. This is as big as a Goose: of a dark colour, dapled with white Spots on the Neck, Back, and Wings; each Feather marked near the point with two Spots. They breed in Farr Island.

The FOOT of the LESSER LOON, called the DIDAPPER or DOBCHICK. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby. All the Loons breed in Mona, Farra, and other Scotish Islands.

The PELECANE. Onocrotalus, from the noise he makes like an Ass. See the Description hereof in Aldrovandus, Willughby, and others. I add, That the shortness of his Trunk or Body, in respect to the other Parts, is observable; not being a foot long: whereas from the end of his Bill to his Rump, he's near an Eln long: and to the end of his Toes, he's above a yard and half. I shall describe his Bill a little more particularly.

They are extraordinary fat. Out of their Fat the Scots make a most excellent Oil to be used in the Gout, and (b) Gesner out of H. B. and Turner. other Cases: Not inferior to that Oleum Comagenum, so much celebrated by Pliny. (b) The young Goslins are by them also accounted a great Dainty. (c)(c) Wil. Orn.

The Puffin, Penguin, and Guillemot; all want the Heel or hinder Toe. Have all black Backs, but their Bellies, which are much under water, are White. All lay but one Egg at a sitting: proper perhaps to other Birds of this kind. (a)(a) Willugh. Ornith.

The GREAT GREY GULL, or the Herring-Gull. Larus griseus maximus. Perspicuously described by Mr. Willughby. Who only omits to say, that the upper Beak is bended upwards, as in the Bill above described; and (which is observable) that the Edges of the nether are not sharp, as is usual, but broad or expanded inward (and almost contiguous) as in the Phænicopter. They (a) (a) Will. Orn. are very numerous near Gravesend.

The TROPICK BIRD. So called, because said never to be seen but between the Tropicks. Avis Tropicorum. Well described by Mr. Willughby. He only omits the Denticulation of the edges of his Bill, or those small oblique Incisions, which, from their inward respect, are plainly made for the better retention of the Prey. Besides some very short Feathers on his Tail, he hath two Quills above half a yard long.

Another all over WHITE, except the fore part of the Wings. Both given by the forementioned Person.

The EGG of an OSTRICH. 'Tis very smooth, and white; all over prict as it were with extream extreme small brown Specks. Almost of a Sphærical Figure. About half a foot, by its Axis, from end to end. Round about, by the breadth, sixteen inches, i. e. near five inches and ½ strait over. Both the ends of an equal Convexity. Sometimes so big, saith Mr. Willughby, as to weigh fifteen pounds. The Shell is of answerable thickness, in regard to its bigness, to that of other Birds Eggs. They are sometimes set in Silver, and used as Cups.

Of the Number of Eggs laid at one Breed, it is also worth the noting, That Land-Fowl, and of these especially, such as are Domestick, and whereof there is continually great destruction made, for the most part lay a considerable number of Eggs for one sitting. Whereas some Sea-Fowls, (as Mr. Willughby observes of the Penguin, and some others) lay but one. Because building upon the Rocks, where they are seldomer destroy'd, were they greater Breeders, there would not be room enough for the reception of the hundredth part of them.

The TREBLE NEST of an Indian Bird, made to hang down from the Bough of a Tree, with three Venters or Bellies, and three Necks all open one into another. See the Picture of such a like one in Willughby's Ornithologia.

Another sort of WILD-BEE, which breeds in the stocks of old Willows. Curious to observe. They first bore a Canale in the Stock, which, for more warmth, they furnish afterwards with Hangings, made of Rose-Leaves, so rowled up, as to be contiguous round about to the sides of the Canale. And to finish their Work, divide the whole in to several Rooms or Nests, with round pieces of the same leaves. Hereof see in the Philos. Trans. (a) (a) Num. 65. the Obser vations of Dr. Edm. King; whereto some others are added by Mr. Willughby, and explained by Figures.

A CACAW-NUT. Given by Francis Willughby Esq;. 'Tis five inches long; and about two, over; shaped like a Garden-Cucumer; but the Stalk-end a little slenderer. Now it is dry, angular with five wrinkled and black Ribs an inch broad. The spaces between, half as broad, smooth, and of a redish Bay: the blackness of the Ribs proceeding also from a fuller and deeper Red under the Skin; as in many other Fruits: or as Scarlet Blood makes blew Veins. Within the Rind are contained about fifteen or twenty Kernels, near as big as a Garden-Bean, but smaller at one end; somewhat like a little Birds Heart. Yet the shape, I suppose, in different Nuts, may have some variation.

The BONONIAN-STONE, Prepared and given by Fr. Willughby Esq;. 'Tis somewhat fissile, and may be here ranked. Now of a greyish colour, and in some places like the Rombick Lead-Spar. No Acid will touch it. Its quality of shining in the Dark, after its being exposed a little while to the Sun, is now lost. See the manner of its preparation in Wormius. Given in Powder, (b) (b) Mus. Wormian. or the infusion of it, after calcin'd, is a strong Emetick.

But next among other things, I had the good fortune to present Mr.Willoughby giving me the honour of two visits, with a Musk-Ant **See of two or three more Musk-Insects Num. 74. p. 2220. and Numb. 76. p. 2281. an Insect observed by me not many days before his first visit: And though I cannot send you the Insects themselves, as having parted with all I had, yet I will the Note, viz.

A Girle in Sheffield about eight months old was surprized with violent vomiting Fits, which held her for about a week, and made her so weak, that her Parents began to despair of her recovery. They at length sent for Mr. Fisher, who chanced amongst other things to say, Worm-wood was good for the Stomach. He going home to fetch things proper on that occasion, they in the mean time offer'd her some Wormwood-Ale, which she took so greedily, that she swallowed down a pint of it. Mr. Fisher at his return found her vomiting, and she vomited up in his presence three Hexadodes, of this bigness and shape; (See Fig. 2.) all very active and nimble. The Girle in a short time recovered, and was well. Mr. Fisher in the afternoon brought the Hexadodes to me; we killed one of them with trying Experiments upon it. I remembring, I had seen some very like them, which devoured the skins of such Birds as I kept dried for Mr. Willoughby, I gave either of the surviving Hexadodes the head of a shining Atricapella, which in about five weeks time they eat up, bones, feathers and all, except the extremities of the feathers and the beaks. I desiring to see, what (394) they would turn into, gave them a piece of Larus, but that, it seems, agreed not so well with them, for they died within two daies.

Now because elegant and accurate Figures do much illustrate and facilitate the understanding of Descriptions, in order to the Engraving such Figures for this Work, Mr. Willughby made a Collection of as many Pictures drawn in colours by the life as he could procure. First, He purchased of one Leonard Baltner, a Fisherman of Strasburgh, a Volume containing the Pictures of all the Water-fowl frequenting the Rhene near that City, as also all the Fish and Water-Insects found there, drawn with great curiosity and exactness by an excellent hand. The which Fowl, Fishes, and Insects the said Baltner had himself taken, described, and at his own proper costs and charges caused to be drawn. Which curiosity is much to be admired and commended in a Person of his Condition and Education. For my part, I must needs acknowledge that I have received much light and information from the Work of this poor man, and have been thereby inabled to clear many difficulties, and rectifie some mistakes in Gesner. Secondly, At Nurenberg in Germany he bought a large Volume of Pictures of Birds drawn in colours. Thirdly, He caused divers Species, as well seen in England as beyond the Seas, to be drawn by good Artists. Besides what he left, the deservedly famous Sir Thomas Brown, Professor of Physick in the City of Norwich, frankly communicated the Draughts of several rare Birds, with some brief notes and descriptions of them. Out of these, and the Printed Figures of Aldrovandus, and Pet. Olina, an Italian Author, we culled out those we thought most natural, and resembling the life, for the Gravers to imitate, adding also all but one or two of Marggravius's, and some out of Clusius his Exotics, Piso his Natural History of the West Indies, and Bontius his of the East.

MRMr. Willughby saw and described only a young one taken out of the Nest, who makes it equal in bigness to a tame Pigeon. Those which I saw dried in the Repository of the Royal Society, and in Tradescants Cabinet, seemed to me somewhat bigger. Its colour on the Head, Neck, Back, and whole upper side is dusky or black, on the Breast and Belly white. The Bill is an inch and half, or it may be two inches long, narrow, black, and for its figure something like to a Lap­wings Bill, the upper Chap being hooked at the end, like a Cormorants. Its base is co­vered with a naked skin, in which are the Nosthrils. From the Nosthrils on each side a furrow or groove is produced almost to the hook. The Head is blacker than the rest of the Back: The Wings long: The Tail anhand-breadth long, and black. The Feet underneath black; above, the outer half of each foot is black, the inner of a pale or whitish flesh-colour, so that the middle toe is partly white, partly black. It hath a small back-toe, and black Claws.