The Digital Ark: Early Modern Collections of Curiosities in England and Scotland, 1580-1700
Basil Besler (1561 - 1629)
German apothecary, botanist, and naturalist. Known for his florilegium, the Hortus Eystettensis (1613). His Fasciculus rariorum et aspectu dignorum varii generis (Nuremburg, 1616) includes illustrations of various creatures. Relevant locations: Lived at or near Nuremburg, BavariaLinked print sources: as Author (in assoc. with a ms or print source) - Fasciculus rariorum et aspectu dignorum varii generis.
as Author (in assoc. with a ms or print source) - Gazophylacium Rerum Naturalium.
References in Documents:
, King ofCHARLESthe FirstGreat ,BritaineFrance , andIreland , &c. , King ofCHARLESthe SecondEngland ,Scotland ,France , andIreland . , Emper. ofFerdinandthe thirdGermany &c. , &c.ElionoraEmpresse , King of theFerdinand. the fourthRomans , &c. , &c.ElleonoraQueen Dowagere ofSweade , &c.ChristinaQueen ofSwede John Philips Archbishop ofMentz and Prince Elector, &c. of theCharles LewisPalsgraveRhein and Prince Elector, &c.John George Prince Elector ofSaxony , &c.Maximilianus Henry Archbishop ofCollen and Prince Elector, &c.Christian Lewis Duke of , &c.LunemburgandBrunzwichFrederick Duke ofHolstein , &c. ofWilliamLandgraveHessen , Prince of, &c.Hersefeild , &c.GastonDuke ofOrleans .PhilipEarl ofPembrooke Monsieur Greatde BelievrePrresident President France .The Honorable Sr. , His Majesties Ambassadour to the Great Mogor inThomas RowIndia , and also Embassador to the Emperour of theTurks atConstantinople , and to the Emperour ofGermany and also to divers other Kings, Princes and Free States.Sr. General for theThomas Wardner , and Governour ofCaribeaIslandsSt. , and one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber toChristophersKing .Charlesthe firstSr. a friend to Ingenuity and Rarities.Francis PetersFrederick Shink Governour ofSelle , and Privy Councellour to the Duke ofBrunzwich .The Learned Resident for thePetrus CarisiusKing of , in the united Provinces.DenmarkSr. , Physitian toTheodore de MayerneQueen Mother .Heneretta MariaEsquire a lover of vertue and Ingenuity.CourtineMr. Treasurer toPoveyhis Royal Highnesse the Duke of .Yorke Dr. Physician, and Professor in theSaltzmanUniversity of .StrasburghDr. , Professor in theFausiusUniversity of .HidelbergDr. , Professor in Astronomy in theMoretusUniversity of .PragueDr. Physician in theCornelius van der LingonUniversity of .UtrechtDr. , Physician to the King ofHousewetelSweden , and Cheif Physician inHamburg .Dr Cheif Physician inBezlerNuramberg .Dr. Physician inBrownAusburg .Dr. , Physician in the Country ofDewitLief-land .Dr. , Physician inEastgatePoplar .Mr. Chaplain to theThornton .Righ Right Bedford Mr. , Clerk to theCornelius MiddlegestCompany of the Royal Adventurers of England Trading intoAfrica
A Catalogue of the Names of those Great Princes and persons of Quality whose Love of Vertue, Learning, and of the admirable workes ofGod in Natural Rarities has been shewed by their Bountifull
adding of something to the increase of the forementioned
Collection.
, King ofCHARLESthe FirstGreat Britain,France , andIreland , &c. , King ofCHARLESthe SecondEngland ,Scotland ,France , andIreland . , Emper. ofFerdinand. the thirdGermany , &c. , &c.ElionoraEmpress , King of theFerdinandthe fourthRomans , &c. &c.ElionoraQueen-Dowager ofSwede , &c.ChristianaQueen ofSwede ,John Philips Archbishop ofMentz , and Prince Elector, &c. of theCharles LewisPalsgraveRhein , and Prince Elector, &c.John George Prince Elector ofSaxony , &c.Maximilianus Henry Archbishop ofCollen , and Prince Elector, &c.Christian Lewis Duke ofLunemburgandBrunswick,Frederick Duke ofHolstein , &c. ofWilliamLandgraveHessen , Prince of, &c.Hersefield &c.GastonDuke ofOrleans ,PhilipEarl ofPembroke andMongomry .Monsieur Great President ofde BelieureFrance .The Honorable Sr. His Majesties Embassador to the Great Magor inThomas Row,India , to the Emperour of theTurks atConstantinople , and to the Emperour ofGermany , and also to divers other Kings, Princes and Free States.Sr. General for theThomas WardnerCaribeaIslandsSt. and one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber toChristophers,King .Charlesthe firstSr. one of the Burgesses of the Honorable house of Parliament, and a great Lover of ingenuity.Richard Everard,Sr. a great lover of Rarities.Francis Peters,The Learned Resident for thePetrus CarisiusKing of , in the united Provinces.DenmarkFrederick Shink Governour ofSelle , and Privy Councellour to the Duke ofLunemburg , &c.Sr. Physitian toTheodore de Mayerne.Qu. Mother Henreitta Maria. ; a friend to Ingenuity.Willian CourtineEsqMr. Treasurer toPoveyhis Royal Highnesse the Duke of Yorke .Dr. Physitian, and Professor in theSaltzmanUniversity of Strasburg.Dr. Physitian, and Professor in theFausiusUniversity of Hidelberg.Dr. Professor of Astronomy in theMoretus,University of .PragueDr. Physitian in theCornelius van der LingonUniversity of Vtrecht.Dr. Physitian to the King ofHousewetelSweden , and Chief Physitian inHamburg .Dr Chief Physitian inBezlerNuramburg .Dr. Physitian inBrownAusburg .Dr. Physitian in the Country ofDewitLief-land .Dr. Physitian inEastgatePoplar .Mr. Chaplain to theThorntonRight Honorable Earl of Bedford .Mr. Clerk to theCornelius Middlegest,Company of the Royal Adventurers of England Trading intoAfrica .
A Catalogue of the Names of those Great Princes and Persons of Quality, whose love of Virtue, Learning, and of the admirable Works ofGod in Natural Rarities has been
shewed by their Bountiful adding of something to the encrease of the
fore-mentioned Collection.
- A Catalogue of the Names of those great Princes and Persons, as a
remembrance of their love to Vertue, Learning, and wonderful Rarities of
Nature.
ofCharlesthe firstgreat Britain,France and andIreland , King, &c.Charlesthe second ofEngland ,Scotland ,France andIreland , King, &c. , Emperour ofFerdinandusthe thirdGermany , ofHungary King, Arch Duke ofAustria , &. Dutchess ofEllionoraEmpresse of the House ofGunsago,Mantua , &. , of theFerdinandusthe fourthRomanes , andBohemia , King, &. and of the Electoral House ofEllionoraQueenDowagerofSweeds ,Brandenburg. Gothes and Vandal Queen Regent, &.cChristenaof theSweeds ,John Philips Arch-Bishop ofMenz , Duke ofEast Chancellor ofFrance,Germany , and Prince Elector.Charles Lodowick , Palsgrave of theReyne , Prince Elector, and Duke ofBavere .John George , Prince Elector, Duke ofSaxony , and Markgrave ofMyson .Christian Duke ofLodowick,BrunswickandLunamburgh.Frederick of the Crown or Kingdom ofNorway , Duke ofSloyswick ,Holstene , &.cofWilliam LondsgraveHesson , Prince ofHearsfil’d , &c.Gaston Duke ofOrleance , Brother toLewisthe 13th.France , &c.Mounsieur de Belyever , high or great president ofFrance .The Honourable Sir his Majesties Ambassadour to the greatThomas Row,MagoreinIndia , and also Ambassadour for the Kings Majesty ofgreat to the Emperour of theBrittainTurks atConstantinople , and to the Emperour ofGermany , and also to divers other Kings, Princes and free States.Sir. General and Governour ofThomas Wardner,St. one of the Gentlemen of the privy Chamber toChristophers,King .Charlesthe firstFrederick Shink , privy Counsellor to the Duke ofBrunswick , &c.The Learned resident for thePetrus Carisius,King of in the united Provinces.DenmarkTheodor Demiron , Physitian toher Majesty Queen ofHenereta MariaEngland .Doctor Physitian, and professor in theSaltmanUniversity of Straisbrook.Doctor Physick professor in theFosious,University of and Physitian toHidleberg,his Highness the Prince Elector .Doctor chief Physitian inBeasler,Nurham-burgh .Doctor professor in Astronomy and Mathematicks in theMoretus,University of Prague.Doctor Physitian in the Country ofDewhit,Leife-land .Doctor Physitian inBrown,Augsburgh .Doctor Physitian in theCornelius Vander-lingen,University of Utricke.Doctor Physitian to theHousewette,King of and chief Physitian inSweeds ,Hamburgh .Doctor a good Physitian inEasgate,Popler byBlack-wall .Mr. Chaplain toThornton,the Right Honourable the Earl of Bedford .Mr. Clerk to theCornelius Middlegest,Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading intoAfrica .
(
a)
a) Fascicul.
Rariorum.
from the Land-
Tortoise, chiefly, in having a more rude,
and softer shell, and Feet rather like the Finns of a Fish, as
proper to swim with. As also in Bulk.
b)
man
shore, said to be big enough, for one sometimes to dine
fourscore men. (
b) In the
Indian-Sea
c)
c)
shells serve the Natives for Boats. In the Island
great, that they will creep along with five men upon their
d)
Læt
Backs. (
d)
curious one in
his eyes are drawn somewhat too little. Of the skin it may
be noted, that 'tis every where rough, as it were, with little
round blisters or knobs; on his Head and Back, greater;
on his Legs, Sides and Belly, lesser; of the bigness of Silk
worms Eggs. As also, that his hinder Feet are thicker than
the fore-Feet: and the Heels or hinder Toes as long again,
as the other; whereas in the fore-Feet, they are all of a
length. The shape of his hinder Feet is therefore the better
fitted to assist him in the climbing of Trees; the Heels be
ing like strong Leavers to hoist him up. And the
makeof
his Skin, for the changeableness of his Colours; which
seems to depend on the falling or swelling of the said
Knobs; whereby the light, receiving different Reflections,
produceth different Colours. Of his Colours, saith
liger
b)
b)
196. Sect. 4
so properly said, that they are chang'd, but only the several
Specieshighten'd or deepen'd. He hath a long Tail, as a
Lizard, but slenderer: which, (
c)
c)
lus
he laps round about the Boughs, to keep himself from fall
ing. His Feet also are all made where with to take fast hold.
He differs not
much from a Lizard; chiefly in his Bulk,
and the hardness of his Skin, which on his Back hath Scales
proportionably hard and thick. b)
l. 6. c. 1.
an
hundred feet long; as is affirmed both by
(b) and c) c)
is
a Tragical Relation of a very great one that devoured a
Virgin, Cap. 6.
JobLeviathan, and hath been commonly taken
to be the Whale; but
is tolerably well
described by most; and curiously figur'd
by
well as in
Lizard so called in
called Igvana. Curiously figur'd by
by
odd structure
of the hinder Foot. The inmost Toe is
joyned to the next, by a
Membrane, for the length of an
inch and ½. This to the
third, by a like Membrane for the
length of an inch. This
again to the fourth, for the length
of an inch and ½.
The fourth, almost loose from the last.
The Picture also,
commonly given,
fore-Leg equal to the hinder, which
is far longer and
thicker.
Uromastix, vel Cau
diverbera. Called also CORDILUS. In
diverbera
Musæum
of CROCODILUS TERRESTRIS. As also in
describ'd him, especially his Tail.
As also in the
Musæumof
a rude half draught, and without any Description, as well
as the former.
had seen one of them.
a)
a)
l. 5. c. 8
but a very bad one. Else-where I find it not. He hath also
described him, but very defectively, and with several
mistakes.
Curiously pictur'd by
Lizard; saving that
he hath a shorter Neck and Tail, short Legs, a flat and
broad Foot like a Hand, with very short Toes, and without
any Claws. The Powder hereof is said,
Potenter Venerem
stimulare.
stimulare
Acipenser.
Sturio, because one of the
greatest of edible Fishes; for
Stur, in the
Danish-Tongue,
signifies Great. (
a)
a)
mius
that of
his very long and sharp Snout, his little Mouth, to be seen
only when he lies on his back, and his thick and bony
Scales; which stand in Rows so, as to make the Fish al
most
Pentangular. The figure of most of the side Scales
Rhomboidal. It is affirmed by
a)
a)
Cibaria
of a
Sturgeonturn towards the Head; borrowing his
Error herein of
Cancer Molucensis. The best
figure hereof is given by
Eyes; yet not so clearly as could be wished. Not ill de
scribed by
the fore part, he makes the hinder: and
like; and saith, it is plain, from the position of the Legs;
With both whom I agree. And to what
also add, the position of the Eyes; for from
Description
part of the
Crab. Here are eight or nine of them; the entirest
and largest, given by
Murex Aculeatus. This, of all
Murex, most properly given it;
from the spiked Instrument used in War, so called. The
Spikes of this are round. Here are three of these Shells, one
of which is ¼ of a foot long. Well figur'd by
a)
a)
f. 5
And better by
Cochlea rugosa. Here are
two of these, whereof one is near ½ a foot long. Each of
the outer Rounds of the
Turbanis twice as big as the
next within it. One of these is curiously figur'd by
Nautilus lævis. This
sort is brown
on the Back, and black on the Belly. Curiously
figur'd both
them, whereof
one is near ¼ of a yard long.
of all the five Kinds known in Shops. Next to which is the
Citrine, also long. Then the
Belliricksand
Emblicks, but
both these are round. The
Black, the smallest,
and long. The Stone of the
Emblick Myrobalan, of a pecu
liar angular Figure. This, and the five
Myrobalansare all
figur'd in
Abavi Clusij. Of affinity with the
Fruit by
Guanabanus.
mistakingly, makes it the same. 'Tis well described and
figur'd by
a)
a)
c. 42
ling
Pomecitrine, and of answerable shape. The shell of a
good thickness, but not very hard; of a kind of dusky
green, and faced almost all over with a
velvet Down.
should seem, much more juycy, than in the
Calibash. With
in the Pulp is contained a great number of Seeds, or little
Stones, of the bigness, and with somewhat of the shape, of
senting it cut open, to shew the Seeds.
rounder
kind, there is a good Figure in
the Shell.
. 1Besler , Tab
likeness it hath to a little
Heart; but yet flattish, and near as
big as a
Garden-Bean. Described and figur'd by
to the flame of a
Candle, (
e)
e)
of divers colours. Anciently much used in Medicines, now
obsolete, as
Confectio Anacardina, &c. The Oil or Mellagi
nousSuccus
nous
betwixt the Rind and the Kernel is that which is
called(
called
f)
f)
Wormian
(given it by most) or of Honey, must be improper. It
is of a very Caustick and venimous Nature. Being mixed
g)
Tom. 1. 336
with
Lime, 'tis used for the marking of
Cottons(
g) through
out
India .
The
pickle the green Fruit, (
h)
h)
ab Horto
and eat
them as Olives. When perhaps they contain little or none
them as Olives
of that Caustick Oil.
Lebanon. Conus Cedri magnæ s.
Libani. Given by
scribed and figur'd by
a)
a)
c. 15
represented by far too narrow or not enough expanded:
in which
and ½ long, and two and ½ over; of an Oval Figure, saving
that the top is flat. Of this Tree it is affirmed by
Lussy
b)
b)
Peregrinat.
Hierosolym.
cap. 13
them grow) there are some so thick, that six or seven men
can hardly encompass one of them with their Arms
stretched out: which may be supposed above half as thick
again, as the thickest
Oakin
Conus Abietis maris
s. Piceæ Latinorum. Described by
s. Piceæ Latinorum
abundantly in
height (
c)
c)
Cone
almost Cylindrical, about eight inches long. To each
Scale underneath, two winged Seeds or little Kernels are
adjoyned. Curiously pictur'd by
on
hereof no where; nor the Figure, excepting in c)c)
by the Name of Fructus reticulato
corio. 'Tis almost three
inches long, an inch and
¾ broad, near an inch thick. At
one edge it is cut
through by the length; where, if you
try to spread the sides
open, it resists, from its great fibro
sity, like a
thick sturdy piece of tann'd Leather. Lined
within with a most
smooth and thin Membrane. The Ca
vity all over even,
or without any Sepiment: shewing it to
have been fill'd up with only one large Fruit.
hereof. Well described by b) b)
c. 46
riously figur'd. Here, upon one Stalk, hang about 15
Cods,
most of them three inches long, thick as a Goose-Quill,
fibrous, and of the colour
of Cloves; containing ten or
twelve blackish and longish
Seeds, each in a Cell by it
self; not half so big as the least
of
French-Beans, which
of the
Laburnum majus. Neither, according to the same
Author, hath it the tast of
black Pepper, but rather of the
Clove; viz. not much biting, yet very
Aromatick, especially
being well heated at a fire.
MUM,
figur'd by
others with the Name of the Middle Cardamum. The Plant
it self,
both Lesser, and Greater, described and figur'd by
a) a)
c. 36
it will. The Lesser grows
about a yard high, with a joynted
Stalk, like a Reed. But bears its Spikes, with the Flower
and Seed, near the Root. The Greater grows two yards
in
height, the Stalk not joynted, with a Spike of Flowers
at the
top, somewhat like to that of a Jacynth. Both
of
them plentiful in
Carcinites. It seems to be of
the undulated kind; whereof see the Description in
letius
Yet dissoluble with
Acids. There is one pretty like this in
b)
b)
Metallicum.
Pagurus lapideus.
And another in
Besler ,
Aldrovandus
Pseudocorona
Anguina.
Semipellucid Flint. Surrounded with five
double pointed
Rows, meeting not only on the top, but also at
the centre
of the Base or Belly. Conick Helmet,
by the name of Echinites: a great one, by that of Scolopendrites. And several
Specieshereof are also figur'd by
drovandus
a)
a)
tallicum.
Stones make any ebullition with
Acids.
Bucardia. So call'd from its
figure. Described and figur'd by
others, and out of them by
ridge along the middle, into two halfs. Each of them
having a prominent Knob, a little winding, somewhat
like a Navle: so that it may not be improperly called
Con
chites umbilicatus. Figur'd by
chites umbilicatus
Hysterapetra.
Turbinites Saxum. A sort
of
Gypsumof a dark colour, with the semblance of divers
kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein.
Dissoluble with
Spiritof
Nitre, but very slowly. There is
one like to this in
ALMOND; both of the same
big
ness, and shape, oval at one end, pointed at
the other, and
somewhat flat.
calls Petrified Almonds.
OLIVE-STONE; being more ob
Stones
somewhat like this, which he calls Petrify'd
Olives.
figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi Marini Impetriti. (
a)
a)
cap. 26
Tube,
with that of
Exuviæ Serpentis in Lapidem conversæ; which
is as bad. This is such an one, but more strait and smooth,
as thick as the upper end of a
Tobacco-Pipestalk. But with
a much greater bore.
Besler
Alcyonium Maris Rubri
Acids.
Besler
Globules
no bigger than
Poppy-seeds. See one of these in
and
Hammites
kind; but not the
Pisolythos, although accounted so by
Globules, it is observable with the help
of a Glass, That although they are so very small, yet are
they shell'd, or composed of little
Ballsone within another,
as the
Bezoar-Stone.
granulated: just like
Carvy Confets, and such like.
Petrify'd Anise
seeds, Fenil-seeds, &c.
seeds, Fenil-seeds, &c
flinty, and of a
shining brown, or the colour of Oriental
Bezoar, being polish'd. 'Tis about an inch
long, and near
½ an inch over. Batrachoides.