The Digital Ark: Early Modern Collections of Curiosities in England and Scotland, 1580-1700

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Basil Besler (1561 - 1629)

German apothecary, botanist, and naturalist. Known for his florilegium, the Hortus Eystettensis (1613). His Fasciculus rariorum et aspectu dignorum varii generis (Nuremburg, 1616) includes illustrations of various creatures. Relevant locations: Lived at or near Nuremburg, Bavaria
Linked print sources: as Author (in assoc. with a ms or print source) - Gazophylacium Rerum Naturalium.
References in Documents:
A Catalogue of Many Natural Rarities (Authorial, print 1664) A Catalogue of the Names of those Great Princes and persons of Quality whose Love of Vertue, Learning, and of the admirable workes of God in Natural Rarities has been shewed by their Bountifull adding of something to the increase of the forementioned Collection. CHARLES the First, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, &c. CHARLES the Second, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland. Ferdinand the third, Emper. of Germany &c. Elionora Empresse, &c. Ferdinand. the fourth, King of the Romans, &c. Elleonora Queen Dowagere of Sweade, &c. Christina Queen of Swede, &c. John Philips Archbishop of Mentz and Prince Elector, &c. Charles Lewis Palsgrave of the Rhein and Prince Elector, &c. John George Prince Elector of Saxony, &c. Maximilianus Henry Archbishop of Collen and Prince Elector, &c. Christian Lewis Duke of Lunemburg and Brunzwich, &c. Frederick Duke of Holstein, &c. William Landgrave of Hessen, Prince of Hersefeild, &c. Gaston Duke of Orleans, &c. Philip Earl of Pembrooke. Monsieur de Believre Great Prresident President of France. The Honorable Sr. Thomas Row, His Majesties Ambassadour to the Great Mogor in India, and also Embassador to the Emperour of the Turks at Constantinople, and to the Emperour of Germany and also to divers other Kings, Princes and Free States. Sr. Thomas Wardner General for the Caribea Islands, and Governour of St. Christophers, and one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber to King Charles the first. Sr. Francis Peters a friend to Ingenuity and Rarities. Frederick Shink Governour of Selle, and Privy Councellour to the Duke of Brunzwich. The Learned Petrus Carisius Resident for the King of Denmark, in the united Provinces. Sr. Theodore de Mayerne, Physitian to Queen Mother Heneretta Maria. Esquire Courtine a lover of vertue and Ingenuity. Mr. Povey Treasurer to his Royal Highnesse the Duke of Yorke. Dr. Saltzman Physician, and Professor in the University of Strasburgh. Dr. Fausius, Professor in the University of Hidelberg. Dr. Moretus, Professor in Astronomy in the University of Prague. Dr. Cornelius van der Lingon Physician in the University of Utrecht. Dr. Housewetel, Physician to the King of Sweden, and Cheif Physician in Hamburg. Dr Bezler Cheif Physician in Nuramberg. Dr. Brown Physician in Ausburg. Dr. Dewit, Physician in the Country of Lief-land. Dr. Eastgate, Physician in Poplar. Mr. Thornton Chaplain to the Righ Right Honorable Earl of Bedford. Mr. Cornelius Middlegest, Clerk to the Company of the Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa
A Catalogue of Many Natural Rarities (Authorial, print 1665) A Catalogue of the Names of those Great Princes and Persons of Quality, whose love of Virtue, Learning, and of the admirable Works of God in Natural Rarities has been shewed by their Bountiful adding of something to the encrease of the fore-mentioned Collection. CHARLES the First, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, &c. CHARLES the Second, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland. Ferdinand. the third, Emper. of Germany, &c. Elionora Empress, &c. Ferdinand the fourth, King of the Romans, &c. Elionora Queen-Dowager of Swede, &c. Christiana Queen of Swede, &c. John Philips Archbishop of Mentz, and Prince Elector, &c. Charles Lewis Palsgrave of the Rhein, and Prince Elector, &c. John George Prince Elector of Saxony, &c. Maximilianus Henry Archbishop of Collen, and Prince Elector, &c. Christian Lewis Duke of Lunemburg and Brunswick, &c. Frederick Duke of Holstein, &c. William Landgrave of Hessen, Prince of Hersefield, &c. Gaston Duke of Orleans, &c. Philip Earl of Pembroke and Mongomry. Monsieur de Belieure Great President of France. The Honorable Sr. Thomas Row, His Majesties Embassador to the Great Magor in India, to the Emperour of the Turks at Constantinople, and to the Emperour of Germany, and also to divers other Kings, Princes and Free States. Sr. Thomas Wardner General for the Caribea Islands, and Governour of St. Christophers, and one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber to King Charles the first. Sr. Richard Everard, one of the Burgesses of the Honorable house of Parliament, and a great Lover of ingenuity. Sr. Francis Peters, a great lover of Rarities. The Learned Petrus Carisius Resident for the King of Denmark, in the united Provinces. Frederick Shink Governour of Selle, and Privy Councellour to the Duke of Lunemburg, &c. Sr. Theodore de Mayerne. Physitian to Qu. Mother Henreitta Maria. Willian Courtine Esq; a friend to Ingenuity. Mr. Povey Treasurer to his Royal Highnesse the Duke of Yorke. Dr. Saltzman Physitian, and Professor in the University of Strasburg. Dr. Fausius Physitian, and Professor in the University of Hidelberg. Dr. Moretus, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Prague. Dr. Cornelius van der Lingon Physitian in the University of Vtrecht. Dr. Housewetel Physitian to the King of Sweden, and Chief Physitian in Hamburg. Dr Bezler Chief Physitian in Nuramburg. Dr. Brown Physitian in Ausburg. Dr. Dewit Physitian in the Country of Lief-land. Dr. Eastgate Physitian in Poplar. Mr. Thornton Chaplain to the Right Honorable Earl of Bedford. Mr. Cornelius Middlegest, Clerk to the Company of the Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa.
A Catalogue of Those Rarities Collected (Authorial, print 1669) A Catalogue of the Names of those great Princes and Persons, as a remembrance of their love to Vertue, Learning, and wonderful Rarities of Nature. Charles the first of great Britain, France and and Ireland, King, &c. Charles the second of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King, &c. Ferdinandus the third, Emperour of Germany, of Hungary King, Arch Duke of Austria, &. Ellionora Empresse of the House of Gunsago, Dutchess of Mantua, &. Ferdinandus the fourth, of the Romanes, and Bohemia, King, &. Ellionora Queen Dowager of Sweeds, and of the Electoral House of Brandenburg. Christena of the Sweeds, Gothes and Vandal Queen Regent, &.c John Philips Arch-Bishop of Menz, Duke of East France, Chancellor of Germany, and Prince Elector. Charles Lodowick, Palsgrave of the Reyne, Prince Elector, and Duke of Bavere. John George, Prince Elector, Duke of Saxony, and Markgrave of Myson. Christian Lodowick, Duke of Brunswick and Lunamburgh. Frederick of the Crown or Kingdom of Norway, Duke of Sloyswick, Holstene, &.c William Londsgrave of Hesson, Prince of Hearsfil’d, &c. Gaston Duke of Orleance, Brother to Lewis the 13th. of France, &c. Mounsieur de Belyever, high or great president of France. The Honourable Sir Thomas Row, his Majesties Ambassadour to the great Magore in India, and also Ambassadour for the Kings Majesty of great Brittain to the Emperour of the Turks at Constantinople, and to the Emperour of Germany, and also to divers other Kings, Princes and free States. Sir. Thomas Wardner, General and Governour of St. Christophers, one of the Gentlemen of the privy Chamber to King Charles the first. Frederick Shink, privy Counsellor to the Duke of Brunswick, &c. The Learned Petrus Carisius, resident for the King of Denmark in the united Provinces. Theodor Demiron, Physitian to her Majesty Henereta Maria Queen of England. Doctor Saltman Physitian, and professor in the University of Straisbrook. Doctor Fosious, Physick professor in the University of Hidleberg, and Physitian to his Highness the Prince Elector. Doctor Beasler, chief Physitian in Nurham-burgh. Doctor Moretus, professor in Astronomy and Mathematicks in the University of Prague. Doctor Dewhit, Physitian in the Country of Leife-land. Doctor Brown, Physitian in Augsburgh. Doctor Cornelius Vander-lingen, Physitian in the University of Utricke. Doctor Housewette, Physitian to the King of Sweeds, and chief Physitian in Hamburgh. Doctor Easgate, a good Physitian in Popler by Black-wall. Mr. Thornton, Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Earl of Bedford. Mr. Cornelius Middlegest, Clerk to the Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A SEA-TORTOISE. Curiously figur'd by Besler.(a) (a) Fascicul. Rariorum. Described by Aldrovandus and others. He differs from the Land-Tortoise, chiefly, in having a more rude, and softer shell, and Feet rather like the Finns of a Fish, as proper to swim with. As also in Bulk. (b) Mus. Roman.In the Brasilian shore, said to be big enough, for one sometimes to dine fourscore men. (b) In the Indian-Sea so big, (c) (c) Ibid. that the shells serve the Natives for Boats. In the Island Cuba so great, that they will creep along with five men upon their (d) Joh. de Læt. Backs. (d)
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The CHAMÆLEON. By Wormius well described. Johnston's Figure, especially as to the feet, very false. A most curious one in Calceolarius. As also in Besler, saving that his eyes are drawn somewhat too little. Of the skin it may be noted, that 'tis every where rough, as it were, with little round blisters or knobs; on his Head and Back, greater; on his Legs, Sides and Belly, lesser; of the bigness of Silkworms Eggs. As also, that his hinder Feet are thicker than the fore-Feet: and the Heels or hinder Toes as long again, as the other; whereas in the fore-Feet, they are all of a length. The shape of his hinder Feet is therefore the better fitted to assist him in the climbing of Trees; the Heels being like strong Leavers to hoist him up. And the make of his Skin, for the changeableness of his Colours; which seems to depend on the falling or swelling of the said Knobs; whereby the light, receiving different Reflections, produceth different Colours. Of his Colours, saith Scaliger, (b) (b) Exercit. 196. Sect. 4. from the Observation of Joh. Landius, it is not so properly said, that they are chang'd, but only the several Species highten'd or deepen'd. He hath a long Tail, as a Lizard, but slenderer: which, (c) (c) Panarolus. as he descends from a Tree, he laps round about the Boughs, to keep himself from falling. His Feet also are all made where with to take fast hold.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A CROCODILE, about two yards and ½ long. He differs not much from a Lizard; chiefly in his Bulk, and the hardness of his Skin, which on his Back hath Scales proportionably hard and thick. (b) Hist. Ind. l. 6. c. 1. In Paname there are some an hundred feet long; as is affirmed both by Joh. de Lopez, (b) and Joh. de Leri. (c) (c) Cap. 10.In the Musæum Romanum, there is a Tragical Relation of a very great one that devoured a Virgin, Cap. 6. The same Animal which in the Book of Job is called the Leviathan, and hath been commonly taken to be the Whale; but falsly falsely, as Bochart hath demonstrated. He is tolerably well described by most; and curiously figur'd by Besler. He breeds in divers places in both the Indies, as well as in Egypt.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The SENEMBI, a Lizard so called in Brasile. Also called Igvana. Curiously figur'd by Besler. Well describ'd by Marggrarius, and after him, Wormius. Saving as to the odd structure of the hinder Foot. The inmost Toe is joyned to the next, by a Membrane, for the length of an inch and ½. This to the third, by a like Membrane for the length of an inch. This again to the fourth, for the length of an inch and ½. The fourth, almost loose from the last. The Picture also, commonly given, falsly falsely represents the fore-Leg equal to the hinder, which is far longer and thicker.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The SWAPTAIL LIZARD. Uromastix, vel Caudiverbera. Called also CORDILUS. In Calceolarius's Musæum there is a curious Picture hereof, under the Name of CROCODILUS TERRESTRIS. As also in Besler. Gesner, from Thomas Erastus, hath very copiously describ'd him, especially his Tail.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The SCALY-LIZARD. He is well pictur'd in Besler. As also in the Musæum of Olearius. Aldrovandus gives only a rude half draught, and without any Description, as well as the former. Clusius only saith, He remembers that he had seen one of them. Bontius (a) (a) Hist. N. l. 5. c. 8. hath his Picture, but a very bad one. Else-where I find it not. He hath also described him, but very defectively, and with several mistakes.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The SCINK. Described by Wormius, and others. Curiously pictur'd by Besler. Like a Lizard; saving that he hath a shorter Neck and Tail, short Legs, a flat and broad Foot like a Hand, with very short Toes, and without any Claws. The Powder hereof is said, Potenter Venerem stimulare.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A STURGEON. Acipenser. Sturio, because one of the greatest of edible Fishes; for Stur, in the Danish-Tongue, signifies Great. (a) (a) Wormius. See Wormius his Description. Especially that of Salvianus, with his curious figure. The like in Besler. The parts by which he is best distinguished, are his very long and sharp Snout, his little Mouth, to be seen only when he lies on his back, and his thick and bony Scales; which stand in Rows so, as to make the Fish almost Pentangular. The figure of most of the side Scales is Rhomboidal. It is affirmed by Moufet, (a) (a) L. de Re Cibaria. That the Scales of a Sturgeon turn towards the Head; borrowing his Error herein of Pliny.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The MOLUCCA-CRAB. Cancer Molucensis. The best figure hereof is given by Besler, who alone shews the Eyes; yet not so clearly as could be wished. Not ill described by Joh. de Læt. That which Clusius makes to be the fore part, he makes the hinder: and Wormius doth the like; and saith, it is plain, from the position of the Legs; With both whom I agree. And to what Wormius saith, I also add, the position of the Eyes; for from Clusius's Description, it would follow, that they stood in the hinder part of the Crab. Here are eight or nine of them; the entirest and largest, given by Henry Whistler Esq;.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The SPIKED-WILK. Murex Aculeatus. This, of all the rest, hath the Name, Murex, most properly given it; from the spiked Instrument used in War, so called. The Spikes of this are round. Here are three of these Shells, one of which is ¼ of a foot long. Well figur'd by Olearius. (a)(a) Tab. 32. f. 5. And better by Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The WRINKLED-SNAIL. Cochlea rugosa. Here are two of these, whereof one is near ½ a foot long. Each of the outer Rounds of the Turban is twice as big as the next within it. One of these is curiously figur'd by Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The slick SAILER. Nautilus lævis. This sort is brown on the Back, and black on the Belly. Curiously figur'd both in Calceolarius's Musæum, and by Besler. Here are two of them, whereof one is near ¼ of a yard long.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) MYROBALANUS CHEBULA. The largest and longest of all the five Kinds known in Shops. Next to which is the Citrine, also long. Then the Belliricks and Emblicks, but both these are round. The Indian or Black, the smallest, and long. The Stone of the Emblick Myrobalan, of a peculiar angular Figure. This, and the five Myrobalans are all figur'd in Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The BAOBAB. Abavi Clusij. Of affinity with the Fruit by Scaliger called Guanabanus. Wormius, I think mistakingly, makes it the same. 'Tis well described and figur'd by Bauhinus. (a) (a) Lib. 1. c. 42. This is of the bigness of a midling Pomecitrine, and of answerable shape. The shell of a good thickness, but not very hard; of a kind of dusky green, and faced almost all over with a velvet Down. When fresh gather'd, 'tis fill'd with a soft Pulp, and as it should seem, much more juycy, than in the Calibash. Within the Pulp is contained a great number of Seeds, or little Stones, of the bigness, and with somewhat of the shape, of Indian Wheat. Besler hath a good Figure hereof, representing it cut open, to shew the Seeds.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A THIRD, about as long, but much slenderer. Of the rounder kind, there is a good Figure in Besler; as also of the Shell.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The ANACARDIUM. A fruit so called from some likeness it hath to a little Heart; but yet flattish, and near as big as a Garden-Bean. Described and figur'd by Garcias, Bauhinus, Wormius, Moscardi, Besler, and others. Being held to the flame of a Candle, (e) (e) Bauhinus. it spits Fire, or sparkling flashes of divers colours. Anciently much used in Medicines, now obsolete, as Confectio Anacardina, &c. The Oil or Mellaginous Succus betwixt the Rind and the Kernel is that which is called (f) (f) Mus. Wormian. Mel Anacardinum. Either the Name of Oil (given it by most) or of Honey, must be improper. It is of a very Caustick and venimous Nature. Being mixed (g) Bauh. Tom. 1. 336. with Lime, 'tis used for the marking of Cottons (g) throughout India. The Indians pickle the green Fruit, (h) (h) Garcias ab Horto. and eat them as Olives. When perhaps they contain little or none of that Caustick Oil.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A CONE of the CEDRE of Mount Lebanon. Conus Cedri magnæ s. Libani. Given by Abraham Hill Esq;. Described and figur'd by Bauhinus. (a) (a) Lib. 9. c. 15. Yet with the Scales represented by far too narrow or not enough expanded: in which Besler is more exact. 'Tis about three inches and ½ long, and two and ½ over; of an Oval Figure, saving that the top is flat. Of this Tree it is affirmed by Melchior Lussy, (b) (b) In suæ Peregrinat. Hierosolym. cap. 13. That upon the said Mount (on which he hath seen them grow) there are some so thick, that six or seven men can hardly encompass one of them with their Arms stretched out: which may be supposed above half as thick again, as the thickest Oak in England.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A CONE of the MALE-FIRR. Conus Abietis maris s. Piceæ Latinorum. Described by Bauhinus. It grows abundantly in Burgundy, and the Alps; sometimes in height (c) (c) Simlerus. above a hundred and thirty feet. The Cone almost Cylindrical, about eight inches long. To each Scale underneath, two winged Seeds or little Kernels are adjoyned. Curiously pictur'd by Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A short FIBROUS LOBE. I meet with the Description hereof no where; nor the Figure, excepting in Besler, (c)(c) Tab. 1. by the Name of Fructus reticulato corio. 'Tis almost three inches long, an inch and ¾ broad, near an inch thick. At one edge it is cut through by the length; where, if you try to spread the sides open, it resists, from its great fibrosity, like a thick sturdy piece of tann'd Leather. Lined within with a most smooth and thin Membrane. The Cavity all over even, or without any Sepiment: shewing it to have been fill'd up with only one large Fruit.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

ÆTHYOPIAN-PEPPER, or rather the Coded-Fruit hereof. Well described by Bauhinus. (b) (b) Lib. 15. c. 46. By Besler curiously figur'd. Here, upon one Stalk, hang about 15 Cods, most of them three inches long, thick as a Goose-Quill, fibrous, and of the colour of Cloves; containing ten or twelve blackish and longish Seeds, each in a Cell by it self; not half so big as the least of French-Beans, which Bauhinus affirmeth them to equal, but more like the Seed of the Laburnum majus. Neither, according to the same Author, hath it the tast of black Pepper, but rather of the Clove; viz. not much biting, yet very Aromatick, especially being well heated at a fire.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The COD and SEED of the true Greater CARDAMUM, figur'd by Besler, in Calceolarius's Musæum, and others with the Name of the Middle Cardamum. The Plant it self, both Lesser, and Greater, described and figur'd by Bontius; (a) (a) Hist. l. 6. c. 36. who glories himself the first that hath done it will. The Lesser grows about a yard high, with a joynted Stalk, like a Reed. But bears its Spikes, with the Flower and Seed, near the Root. The Greater grows two yards in height, the Stalk not joynted, with a Spike of Flowers at the top, somewhat like to that of a Jacynth. Both of them plentiful in Java.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A PETRIFY'D CRAB. Carcinites. It seems to be of the undulated kind; whereof see the Description in Rondeletius. 'Tis very hard and solid, and as heavy as a Pebble. Yet dissoluble with Acids. There is one pretty like this in Aldrovandus, (b) (b) Musæum Metallicum. under the Name of Pagurus lapideus. And another in Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) Besler, Aldrovandus
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

ANOTHER of the same shape, but not an inch long. Besler hath one like this, under the Name of Pseudocorona Anguina.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The SHARP CONICK HELMET-STONE. 'Tis a Semipellucid Flint. Surrounded with five double pointed Rows, meeting not only on the top, but also at the centre of the Base or Belly. Besler figures a small Conick Helmet, by the name of Echinites: a great one, by that of Scolopendrites. And several Species hereof are also figur'd by Aldrovandus. (a) (a) Mus. Metallicum. None of the flinty or other hard Helmet Stones make any ebullition with Acids.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The OXES HEART. Bucardia. So call'd from its figure. Described and figur'd by Ferranti Imperato, and others, and out of them by Wormius. 'Tis divided, by a ridge along the middle, into two halfs. Each of them having a prominent Knob, a little winding, somewhat like a Navle: so that it may not be improperly called Conchites umbilicatus. Figur'd by Besler with the name of Hysterapetra.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A piece of WHIRLY-ROCK. Turbinites Saxum. A sort of Gypsum of a dark colour, with the semblance of divers kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, but very slowly. There is one like to this in Besler.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A THIRD like an ALMOND; both of the same bigness, and shape, oval at one end, pointed at the other, and somewhat flat. Besler hath one or two like this, which he calls Petrified Almonds.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

A SIXTH, like an OLIVE-STONE; being more ob long and oval than the precedent. Besler two or three Stones somewhat like this, which he calls Petrify'd Olives.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The Great, White, FISTULAR Alcyonium. Imperatus figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi Marini Impetriti. (a) (a) Lib. 24: cap. 26. And Besler a single crooked Tube, with that of Exuviæ Serpentis in Lapidem conversæ; which is as bad. This is such an one, but more strait and smooth, as thick as the upper end of a Tobacco-Pipe stalk. But with a much greater bore.

Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) Besler Alcyonium Maris Rubri
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) The MECONITES. A Cluster of other like Globules no bigger than Poppy-seeds. See one of these in Boetius and Besler. These two last, are properly of the Hammites kind; but not the Pisolythos, although accounted so by Boetius. Of these Globules, it is observable with the help of a Glass, That although they are so very small, yet are they shell'd, or composed of little Balls one within another, as the Bezoar-Stone.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685) A Parcel of SMALL ones; white, round, and as it were granulated: just like Carvy Confets, and such like. Besler figures several of these under the Name of Petrify'd Aniseseeds, Fenil-seeds, &c.
Grew, Musaeum Regalis (1685)

The Long SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. This also is flinty, and of a shining brown, or the colour of Oriental Bezoar, being polish'd. 'Tis about an inch long, and near ½ an inch over. Besler figures this, with the Name of Batrachoides.