The Digital Ark: Early Modern Collections of Curiosities in England and Scotland, 1580-1700

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Mercury / Hermes ( - )

The messenger of the gods, Hermes is a patron of tricksters, herdsmen, orators and travellers and acts as a guide and intermediary. He is the god of trade, technology and invention. Dictionary of National Biography entry: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606413.001.0001/acref-9780198606413-e-3038?rskey=so6HTr&result=1&q=hermes Other biography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes Relationships: Mercury / Hermes was a father of Faunus / Pan (-)
Mercury / Hermes was a son of Jupiter / Zeus (-)

Hecate / Trivia (-) was a associate or acquaintance (general) of Mercury / Hermes
Jupiter / Zeus (-) was a father of Mercury / Hermes
Priapus (-) was a son of Mercury / Hermes
References in Documents:
MS Book of Benefactors (MacGregor, ed.)

Charles King MA, once a Student of Christ Church, gave the Museum three gems, two oriental jaspers, octagonal in shape, with the image of a water carrier; and one chalcedony with four skillfully carved figures of Mars, Mercury, Ceres and Cupid. Ibid, nos. 154, 519.

Consolidated catalogue of 1695: The Book of the Vice-Chancellor (MacGregor, ed.) 276 Numisma impressũcapite Mercurij. Ar. sp Coin impressed with the head of Mercury.
Consolidated catalogue of 1695: The Book of the Vice-Chancellor (MacGregor, ed.) 3 Joannes Dominicus Comes Monteregius &c. Belgij et Burgundiæ Gubernator. 1675. in obverso. Cedemari Neptune vagis Mons Regius undis Imperat, et domitas Flandria læta stupet. Flandria sedens ad urbem munitam, Mercurio opus cum Caduceo dirigente, et Victoriâ (super omnia) rem tubis proclamante. Stan. Joannes Dominicus, Count of Montréal and Governor of Belgium and Burgundy, 1675. On the reverse, Flanders seated in a defended city, Mercury directing things with his caduceus and Victory, above, proclaiming the event with trumpets.
MS Book of the dean of Christ Church (MacGregor, ed.) 540 Cama, in qua figura Mercurij dextra crumenam, sinistra caduceum gestantis, Rubicello cælata, auro inclusa. 498 Cameo, in which the figure of Mercury, carrying a purse in his right hand and a caduceus in his left, is carved in ruby and mounted in gold. MacGregor 1983, no. 150.
Bargrave's catalogue: Rara, Antiqua, et Numismata Bargraviana (Canterbury Cathedral Lit MS E 16a)

(7). Item, a maymed Mercury, with one arm and one legg; ancient, dugg out of his temple.

Bargrave's catalogue: Rara, Antiqua, et Numismata Bargraviana (Canterbury Cathedral Lit MS E 16a)

(45, 46). Item, two cylinders, with their wooden boxes,—the one of steel, which is most usual in England; the other of foyled isinglass, which I met with often in High Germany, from whence I brought this. The isinglass having a foyle of quicksilver and pewter put behind it, like a lookingglass, will afterward easily bend to the cylindrical piece of wood that you would fasten it to, and rendereth an excellent lustre, better than the steel. There are several uses of them in opticks. I used them with some several pictures, which are artificially painted like the greatest confusion of irregular lines and lineaments that may be. But, a cylinder being placed upon the square fitted for its pedestal, all the reflections of that seemingly confused work meet in the cylinder, and make a well-shaped, very handsome picture, in its due points and proportions. As to one of these cylinders belongeth, from the confusion on the plain, in the cylinder, an emperor on horseback on a white horse (which I brought from Rome, but they may be had in England).

The other, that I out of curiosity used to imploy, was in a very pretty experiment that I learned at Nurimberg and Augsberg, in High Germany, in making, by reflection of the sun’s beam, as fair a rainbow as ever was seen in the sky, to be seen in a dark room—the darker the better—which I have done hundreth of times before many of quality, who have taken delight to see it. It is best done where there are close wooden shuts to the windows. It is done thus: the room being made very dark, there must be left only an auger hole, where the sunbeam may come clearly in through the shut,—the kesment being taken away, or a pannel of glass broken for the purpose, that the sun may be clear. Then lay to that hole a common prism or triangular artificial crystal, that casteth all kind of colours; the sun, without it, casteth through the hole a round spot of light, either upon the next wall, or on the floor; then that triangular crystal, being put to the hole, turneth that sunbeam into a round spot of divers glorious colours; then put a couple of small nails for the prism to rest upon, and keep that glorious spot; which done, take a cylinder, and hold it about a foot distance from the coloured spot, full in the sunbeam, or at what distance you find most convenient, and that will cast the reflections of that spot all round about the dark room, on the seeling and walls, in as perfectly various colours as ever you saw the rainbow. Upon which there happened a pretty passage to me once, which happened at Utrecht, which was this: there lived one Myn Here Johnson,[*] Cornelius Jansen “in 1636 and the next following years resided with Sir Arnold Braems, a Flemish merchant at Bridge [Place], near Canterbury.” (Dallaway’s note in Walpole’s Anecdotes of Painting in England, ii. 10, Lond. 1828.) His portrait of Dean Bargrave is in the Deanery at Canterbury, and was lent for the National Portrait Exhibition of 1866. an extraordinary eminent painter, of my former acquaintance in England. I showed him this artificial rainbow; he asked me how long I could keep it; I told him that I could keep it 2 or 3 hours: “Then," saith he, “I will send for my pallat of coulors, and draw it, for I have binn after endeavouring to draw one in the fields, but it vanished before I could finish it.” Upon which I laughed. He asked me why I laughed; I told him that he should see anon why I laughed, but assured him that I could keep the rainbow 2 or 3 hours; upon which he sent a servant for his pallat of coulors, and, being come, he tempered them to his purpose in the light. Then I darkened the room, but he could not see to paint, at which I laughed again, and I told him his error, which was, that he could not see to paint in the dark, and that I could not keep the rainbow in the light, at which he laughed also heartily, and he missed his design.

Item, a picture in a frame, of confused work; but a cylinder being placed on the square for its pedestal, there you shall see an emperor on horseback, and, if you moove your head up and down, the horse will seem to trott.

Bargrave's catalogue: Rara, Antiqua, et Numismata Bargraviana (Canterbury Cathedral Lit MS E 16a) [*] Cornelius Jansen “in 1636 and the next following years resided with Sir Arnold Braems, a Flemish merchant at Bridge [Place], near Canterbury.” (Dallaway’s note in Walpole’s Anecdotes of Painting in England, ii. 10, Lond. 1828.) His portrait of Dean Bargrave is in the Deanery at Canterbury, and was lent for the National Portrait Exhibition of 1866.
Gentle Traveller (Curatorial catalogue) (d) Dancing lar (household god). H: 8.2 cms. a maymed Mercury, with one arm and one legg; ancient, dugg out of his temple. Right lower arm and left leg missing. B7.
18th-c coin catalogue (Canterbury Cathedral Lit MS E 16d)
No. 10 Head of Mercury, his Caduceus behind his left Shoulder and thô though it is a little worn, I take his Head to have the Petasus or winged Bonnet, of which I think the Wings are very plain, if it be carefully looked at masked
[two circles angled upward]
Rev: The Prow of the ship
[two circles angled upward]
at the bottom I think ROMA mint mark above MFABRI NI pw gr 2 : 10 Bargave
Objects mentioned in correspondence

The coyne which you shew me hath on the obverse the head of Marcus Plætorius Cestianus, with a dagger behinde his head; on the reverse it hath a Caduceus or Mercuries wande, with this inscription: M. PLAETORJ CEST. EX. s. c., the j in Plætorius and s. c. on the reverse are scarce visible, or the dagger on the obverse. It is thus to be read; Marcus Plætorius Cestianus ex Senatus Consulto. This Marcus Plætorius, or, as some will have it, Lætorius, was a remarkable man of the ancient Plætorian family, who derive themselves from the Sabines, which family was of the faction of the commons of Rome, as may be gathered from their being chosen ædiles and tribunes of the people. He was contemporary with Crassus, Pompey, Brutus, and was designed prætor together with Cicero, in the 686 yeare after the foundation of Rome, three yeares before Catilines conspiracy, and eighty-five yeares before the birth of our Saviour. He had been an ædile before that, as I know by a coyne which I have with an ædiles chair on the reverse, and this inscription: M. Plætorius ÆD. CVR. EX. S. C., on the obverse his head, with this inscription: Cestianus. He is mentioned by Varro in his fifth booke De Lingua Latina, and by Livy, lib. 30. He preferred a law de jure dicendo, taken notice of by Censorinus De die natali, cap. 19. He is spoken of by Cicero in his oration pro Marco Fonteio, whom this M. Plætorius accused, and in another, pro A. Cluentio; but this coyne was stamped upon his being chosen to dedicate the temple of Mercury, no small honour, and for which both the consuls at that time sued, Claudius and Servilius, but carried it from them both by the election of the people, although he were at that time onely a centurion, as is to be seen in Valerius Maximus, lib. 9. cap. 3. 9 This letter is but a fragment. It is acrompanied by a pen drawing of the coin.

Inventarie of the Gabions, in M. George his Cabinet (1638) The Inventarie of the Gabions, in M. George his Cabinet. OFf uncouth formes, and wondrous shapes, Like Peacoks, and like Indian apes, Like Leopards, and beasts spoted, Of clubs curiously knoted, Of wondrous workmanships, and rare, Like Eagles flying in the air, Like Centaurs, Maremaids in the Seas, Like Dolphins, and like honie bees, Some carv'd in timber, some in stone, Of the wonder of Albion; Which this close cabine doth include; Some portends ill, some presage good: What sprite Dædalian hath forth brought them, Yee Gods assist, I thinke yee wrought them, Your influences did conspire This comelie cabine to attire. Neptune gave first his awfull trident, And Pan the hornes gave of a bident, Triton his trumpet of a buckie[*]DOST: The shell of a whelk or other mollusc, Propin'd[*]to offer, as a gift to him, was large and luckie: Mars gave the glistring sword and dagger, Wherewith some time he wont to swagger, Cyclopean armour of Achilles, Fair Venus purtrayed by Apelles, The valiant Hectors weightie spear, Wherewith he fought the Trojan war, The fatall sword and seven fold shield Of Ajax, who could never yeeld: Yea more the great Herculean club Brusde Hydra in the Lernè dub[*]Scots: to consign, condemn. Hote Vulcan with his crooked heele Bestow'd on him a tempred steele, Cyclophes were the brethren Allans, Who swore they swet more then ten gallons In framing it upon their forge, And tempring it for Master George: But Æsculapius taught the lesson How he should us'd in goodly fashion, And bad extinguis't in his ale, When that he thought it pure and stale[*]Scots: chiefly of ale: having stood for a time and become clear, free from lees, ready for drinking With a pugill[*]measurement: a large pinch of polypodium[*]extract of the fern genus: And Ceres brought a manufodium[*]Parkinson: a nonce formation, perhaps macaronic (manu, ‘by hand’ + fodium, ‘food’? ‘dug up’?); bread is conventionally the gift of Ceres (Ovid, Met. 11.145, 13.639): And will'd him tost it at his fire And of such bread never to tyre; Then Podalirius did conclude That for his melt was soverainge good. Gold hair'd Apollo did bestow His mightie-sounding silver bow, With musick instruments great store, His harp, his cithar[*] OED: Any of various plucked stringed instruments similar in form to, or believed to have derived from, the cithara (citing Adamson), and mandore[*] OED: A large early form of mandolin (citing Adamson), His peircing arrowes and his quiver: But Cupid shot him through the liver And set him all up in à flame, To follow à Peneïan Dame: But being once repudiat Did lurk within this Cabinet, And there with many a sigh and groane, Fierce Cupids wrong he did bemoane, But this deep passion to rebet Venus bestow'd her Amulet, The firie flame for to beare downe, Cold lactuce and pupuleum; And thenceforth will'd the poplar tree To him should consecrated be. With twentie thousand pretious things, Mercurius gave his staffe and wings: And more this Cabine to decore, Of curious staffs he gave fourescore, Of clubs and cudgels contortized: Some plaine worke, others crispe and frized, Like Satyrs, dragons, flying fowles, Like fishes, serpents, cats, and owles, Like winged-horses, strange Chimaeraes, Like Unicorns and fierce Pantheraes, So livelike that a man would doubt, If art or nature brought them out. The monstrous branched great hart-horne, Which on Acteon's front was borne: On which doth hing his velvet knapsca[*]Scots: A kind of close-fitting metal defensive headpiece, a metal skull-cap, commonly worn under a bonnet or other fabric covering (DSL). Parkinson: Writing to his father-in-law Andrew Simson, James Carmichael recalled how, in 1560, as schoolmaster of Perth, Simson led the forces of reform ‘with the reade knapska’ (Wodrow Misc., pages 441–2, qtd in Durkan, 132).. A scimitare cut like an haksaw[*]i.e. hacksaw. OED: A saw with a narrow fine-toothed blade set in a frame, used esp. for cutting metal, citing Adamson, Great bukies[*]DOST: The shell of a whelk or other mollusc, partans[*]DOST: crab, toes of lapstares, Oster shells, ensignes for tapsters, Gadie[*]Gaudy beeds and crystall glasses, Stones, and ornaments for lasses, Garlands made of summer flowres, Propin'd him by his paramoürs, With many other pretious thing, Which all upon its branches hing: So that it doth excell but scorne The wealthie Amalthean horne[*]Amalthea ("tender goddess"), nursed and nurtured Zeus. In some versions she suckled him in the form of a female goat, and in others, she is a nymph who gives Zeus milk from a goat. In both cases, Zeus broke off one of the goat horns, which became the cornucopia, or horn of plenty (Leeming, The Oxford Companion to World Mythology). . This Cabine containes what you wish, No place his ornaments doth misse, For there is such varietie, Looking breeds no sacietie. In one nooke stands Loquhabrian axes[*]DOST: Lochaber-ax(e), n. A variety of long-handled battle-axe, described as having a single elongated blade, appar. originating in the Highland district of Lochaber. , And in another nooke the glaxe[*]glaxe OED, glaik, n., sense 3, ‘A child’s toy or puzzle’, citing W. Gregor’s note on Dunbar’s use of glaiks (65.497): ‘I have seen a toy called ‘the glaykis’ which was composed of several pieces of notched wood fitted into each other in such a manner that they can be separated only in one way.’ is. Heere lyes a book they call the dennet, There lyes the head of old Brown Kennet,[*]A Kennet is a small hunting dog (DOST). Possibly the name of a “defunct” hunting dog, whose head was preserved in some way. Here lyes a turkasse[*]Turkis. Scots: a pair of smith's pincers, and a hammer, There lyes a Greek and Latine Grammer, Heere hings an auncient mantua bannet[*]i.e. bonnet. OED: A hat or cap of a kind traditionally worn by men and boys; esp. a soft, round, brimless cap resembling a beret; a tam-o'-shanter. Now chiefly Scottish., There hings a Robin and a Iannet,[*]DOST cited Adamson but can provide no definition Upon a cord that's strangular A buffet stoole[*]OED: A low stool; a footstool. Now only Scottish and northern dialect. In the 15th cent. described as a three-legged stool sexangular: A foole muting in his owne hand;[*] lines 105-108. Parkinson: The earthy image is dispelled with an allusion to Proverbs 27.22; raising and suppressing interest in bodily functions is characteristic of ‘M. George’, as in the outcomes of his account of a horn-blowing competition, XXI.61–76. Soft, soft my Muse, sound not this sand, What ever matter come athorter[*]Athwart, Touch not I pray the iron morter. His cougs,[*]A wooden vessel made of hooped staves (DOSL) his dishes, and his caps[*]A wooden bowl or dish (DOST)., A Totum,[*]Parkinson: a four-sided disk with a letter transcribed on each side: T totum, A aufer, D depone and N nihil. The disk was spun like a top, the player’s fortune being decided by the letter uppermost when the disk fell’ (DOST). and some bairnes taps[*]A child's spinning-top (DOST, citing Adamson); A gadareilie,[*]Parkinson: not in DOST or OED. Related to gaud, ‘a plaything, toy … a gewgaw’ (OED, gaud, n.2, sense 2)? Or DOST, gade, n1, sense 3, ‘A bar of wood’? See DOST, (rele,) reil(l, n., sense 1b, ‘A reel on to which cord or rope may be wound up in a controlled manner …’; or sense 2, ‘A whirling or turning motion; an action that communicates such motion; a roll or stagger.’ and a whisle, A trumpe, an Abercome mussell,[*]Could be either a mussel or a muzzle (both senses in the DOST) His hats, his hoods, his bels, his bones, His allay bowles, and curling stones, The sacred games to celebrat, Which to the Gods are consecrat. And more, this cabine to adorne, Diana gave her hunting horne, And that there should be no defect, God Momus gift did not inlake[*]inlaik, v. to be deficient; to come or run short; to be wanting or missing (DOST): Only * * *,[*]Parkinson: possibly Eris, giver of the golden apple of discord that led to the Judgement of Paris and hence the Trojan War was to blame Who would bestow nothing for shame; This Cabine was so cram'd with store She could not enter at the doore. This prettie want for to supplie A privie parlour,[*]An apartment in a monastery set aside for conversation (DOST) stands neere by In which there is in order plac't Phœbus with the nine Muses grac't, In compasse, siting like a crown. This is the place of great renown: Heere all good learning is inschrynd, And all grave wisedome is confin'd, Clio with stories ancient times, Melpomené with Tragick lines, Wanton Thalia's comedies, Euterpe's sweetest harmonies, Terpsichore's heart-moving cithar, Lovely Erato's numbring meeter, Caliope's heroick songs, Vranias heavenly motions; Polymnia in various musick Paints all with flowres of Rhetorick, Amidst sits Phœbus laureat, Crown'd with the whole Pierian State. Here's Galene and Hippocrates, Divine Plato and Socrates, Th' Arabian skill and exccellence, The Greek and Romane eloquence, With manie worthie worke and storie Within this place inaccessorie. These models, in this Cabine plac'd, Are with the world's whole wonders grac'd: What curious art or nature framd, What monster hath beene taught or tamd, What Polycletus in his time, What Archimedes rich ingine, Who taught the Art of menadrie[*]The sub-discipline of mechanics pertaining to machines that leverage force, such as cranes and pulleys. See Jessica Wolfe, Humanism, Machinery, and Renaissance Literature (CUP, 2004), p. 59. The Syracusan synedrie. What Gods or mortals did forth bring It in this cabinet doth hing, Whose famous relicts are all flowr'd, And all with precious pouldar stowr'd: And richly deckt with curious hingers, Wrought by Arachne's nimble fingers. This is his store-house and his treasure, This is his Paradise of pleasure, This is the Arcenall of Gods, Of all the world this is the oddes: This is the place Apollo chuses, This is the residence of Muses: And to conclude all this in one, This is the Romaine Pantheon.
Thoresby, Musaeum Thoresbyanum (1713)

There are none of the Adder-beads to be met with in Ireland, that Country having no Snakes; but here is an Amulet from thence every whit as efficacious; it is near an Inch long, and of the Colour of Amber. To these may be added an Ancient Ring, which I suppose belonged to the famous Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, having his Device upon his Signet, viz. a Bear with a ragged Staff; for which see his Monument in Sir W. Dugdale's Hist. of that County: The Motto is anang apta, an agreeable Fate or Destiny, which may perhaps relate to his Martial Disposition and Victories in France: It is composed of Links of Iron or Steel very odly twisted with the Brass, on each Side of the Signet (which is of a third Metal, viz. Copper gilded) is a glassy Ruby. The Samothracians, who were noted of old for these Practices had Stars of Iron in their Rings of Gold. On one Side of the said Inscription is the old Character for Jesus; and on the other, Christ, with a Cross by each. There was a vast Variety of Rings or Amulets, which in the dark Days of Popery were eagerly sought after by poor deluded People, with different Saints upon them; but the Name of Jesus was a standing Charm, not only upon them, but even amongst the Turks, as appears by Dr. Smith's Letter, Registered in the Phil. Trans. N° 155. A Silver Talisman from the Lord Fairfax's Curiosities, on one Side is an unintelligible Character, upon the other in modern Letters L H with ☿ and . Another with a Globe and Cross upon one Side, and an Anchor of Hope on the other, with crooked Lines and Figures round; the former is engraved, this stamped as Money, both have a Hole punched to hang about the Neck. A third (sent me by Robert Plompton, of Plompton, Esq;) hath the Area fill'd with Planetary Characters, and this Inscription round, In Deo confido, revertentur Inimici mei retrorsum: Upon the other Side are Jupiter and Venus embracing each other, inscribed, A pavore inimici Custodi vitam meam oh tu Jehova, with ♃ and ♀ in Conjunction in ♓. The Effects formerly attributed to these Figures were altogether miraculous; the Spark, for whom this was erected, expected, by Virtue thereof, to obtain both Honour and Beauty; that with Mercury was for Success in Merchandizing and Gaming. These are engraved upon Silver; those used of old for the Preservation of Cities were Statuary Telesms made under a certain Configuration of the Heavens, the most propitious that could be for the Time and Place. The Blind and the Lame hated by David's Soul, 2 Sam. 5. 8. are by some Learned Interpreters taken for these Images. And the brazen-Serpent, which Moses (the Talisman, as those who write in Defence of the Practice, affect to call him) made in the Wilderness is said to be the first Occasion, not given, but taken, of all these Telesmatical Practices, (Gregory's Notes upon the Scripture, p. 41.) I shall conclude this Matter with a Charm, sent me by Capt. Furness, who saw it taken out of the Pocket of an Irish Soldier, who was slain in a Skirmish, notwithstanding the Protection he promis'd himself from this Billet of the three Kings of Cologn, which is thus inscribed, Sancti tres Reges, Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar Orate pro nobis nunc & in hora mortis nostræ. ""Ces Billets ont touch‚ "aux trois testes des Saints Rois a Colonge ils sont pour les Voyageurs "contre les malheurs des chemins, maux de Teste mal caduque, fievres, sorcellerie toute sorte de malefice & morte subite." To this Charm may be added another Sort of a Cheat, one Walter Freazer pretending that his Tongue was cut off by the Turks, had imposed upon most Parts of England, during his four Years Vagrancy, begging with the Account of his miserable Case writ upon his Breast, many Justices and Physicians had attempted the Discovery of the Imposture, but in Vain till Mr. John Morris of Leedes, by his assimiliating Temper (which he inherited from his Grand-Father Colonel Morris, who surprized Pontfract Castle for K. Charles I.) discovered the Cheat; and that the said Youth had learnt beyond Sea the Trick of drawing his Tongue so far into his Throat, that it appeared like a Stump only: Hereupon the said Freazer was sent first to the House of Correction, and the begging Billet deposited here by the said Mr. Morris, who was also famous for Pantomimian or Antick-Dancing, which Archbishop Usher tells us was first used at Rome, An. I P. 4579.

Musaeum Tradescantianum (1656) Jupiter, Io and Mercury wrought in Tent-stitch.