The Digital Ark: Early Modern Collections of Curiosities in England and Scotland, 1580-1700

John Bargrave's Diary of his Travels to France, 1645
Brent Nelson general editor
Canterbury Canterbury Cathedral Archives CCA-U11 8 A part of my journal France. anno 1645. John Bargrave. The first part Kristin Foresttranscription and markup, fols. 5-24 Chloe Peterstranscription and markup, fols. 25-44 Lydian Saunderstranscription and markup, fols. 45-64 Jack Hasetranscription and markup, fols. 65-84 Marissa Suettatranscription and markup, fols. 85-104 Benjamin Kmiechtranscription and markup, fols. 105-124 Morgan Reschnytranscription and markup, fols. 125-144 Brent Nelsontranscription and markup, fols. 145-155 paper 79 leaves very rustic original home-made leather binding with faded hand-written title on the front A small octavo of ten gatherings of eight leaves each, except the first, which is missing the first leaf. Original home-made binding with very rustic leather cover. Bargrave's numbering begins at folio 15, which is the 14th extant leaf (the first missing). Many of these numbers are missing or difficult to read owing to wear, dog-ears, and loss of the top corners othe the pages. There is wear around the side edges as well, resulting in some loss of content. Some pages have catchwords, but others have what appear to be catchwords at the bottom right corner of the page but are in fact part of the continuous text. The diary is dated 23 May to 21 February 1646 and begins on folio XX, after a few pages of preliminary material, including a few directions regarding travel and addresses for directing mail. There are several little drawing throughout, presumably by Bargrave, many of them coloured. c.1645
Direction of my Letters to Mr Skinner at.
A Monsieur
Monsieur Daniel Skinner iunior chez Sr Ed-
uard Bertin rue Snt Martin proche le
pourcelet d'or. A Paris.
Port. 4 sols. Direction of my letters to Dr Cos.Cosin by Mr Cooly
A Monsieur
Monsieur Cooly Secrettaire ordinaire de
Monseigneur le Comte de Ge mie
Anglois estant de present a couuare
A Paris.
Port 4 sols. Direction of letters to mee
A Monsr
A Monsr Bar: Angl:
de Monsr    mar-
chand    
A   
A Monsieur
Monsieur Bargraue gentil homme Anglois
demeurant au logis de Monsr Taupis
rue des Iuifs proche les grandes
escoles A Bourges. Direction of letters to Monsr Bechard Merchant at
Orleans
A Monsieur
Monsieur Peire Bechard Marchand demeurant
deuant le Marché de Snt Paul
A Orleans Seuerall Orders of Fryers The Dominican. in black.
Jacobine. in white.
Cordelier. in gray.
Augustine. in black.
Minorite. in heare color.
CapuchionCapuchin. in heare color.
Carmelite. in white.
Carthusians. in gray.
Ambrosian. in white linnen.
Beneditine. in black.
Jesuite in a broade hat, in blak, no band, a high collar.
Piere Orators in blak. a hat, a little band.
Recolects like Capuchions. in cloggs.

1 For the generall history of France reade
Serres. forFor the moderne times D'Aubigni:
Pierre Matthieu: and Du Pleix.
2 For the Politicall and Martiall gouernment,
reade Du Haillan: de la Noire: Bodin: and
the Cabanet.
23 For Sundayes., Peter du Moulin, hath many fine
pieces, and likewise Du Plesis, and Allencour.

The life of a Traueller should be spent
either in Reading
Meditation
Discourse		 by wch he doth conuerse wth ye Deade
Himselfe
Liuing

The traueller must not make cōparisoncomparison, especially
(wch most are subiect vnto) concerning, and preferring
their owne country in euery thing: but hee
must yeld a morigetation to, and cōmendation of
the places he cōmeth vnto.

Courtesie and a is the chiefest congnisance of a gent-
leman, wch ioyned wth discretion may trauaile wth owtt
a passeport: and he is the cheapest friend wch is gayned
on by courtesie.

If his apparell be fashionable it matters not how
plaine it be; it being a ridiculous vanity to go
gaudy amongst strangers, it is as if one shold
light a candle to the Sunn.
Bargraue. [Bargrave coat of arms]
Litera scripta manet, sed manant
lubrica verba.
Vita Peregrinans Iter est—sacra pagina monstrat.
Nunc verè Vitam, nam Peregrinor, Ago.
Oculorum obseruationes nil prosunt, nisi etiam
ab externo obiecto mens non nihil attrahit, quo
internam ditaret amimam.

It was the saying of a greate Emperour,
That he had rather goe fifty miles to heare
a wise man, than fiue to see a fayre City.
 May 23 sti vet. June 2 sti. no. 1645. John Bargraue

On the day and yeare aboue written, (I (being May 23,
Fryday
Gouernor to 2 young gentle-men, viz MrMr.
Alexander Chapman, and MrMr. John Richards,
hauing likewise wthwith mee a Companion of theirs
MrMr. John Raymond my nephew) tooke Sea
at Douer abowt 8 at night in the packet
boate, haueing some Germans, English and
Scots aboard wthwith vs, by reason of a Scottish
Leard that came ouer, wee had a Conuey wthwith
vs by the Admiralls appoyntment, caled the
Speedy=-post: a smale vessell of some 10 per
of Owrdnance, wchwhich we lost before morning, the
wind being Easterly. Abowt 2 in the morning
wee came to an anker at Sharlees poynt, a
league or more from Cales; and about 7 in
the morning wee wayed anker and went in
to the Harbor, and so on shore at Cales, \\\
where hauing first our portmantles opened
and searched, wee were had to the Maiors
howse whoe being not within, we went and Cales
tooke up our Inn Au Lion D'argent. On Sa-
turday I saw the Duke of Orleans, Generall
to the ffFrench army, consisting of neere vpon
40000 men (as there I was told) he was then going
owt to the army not being aboue 8 leagues
off: many of his souldiers were in the towne
neere vpon 100 waggons of amunition as ma-
ny mules laden, wthwith seuerall troopes of horse
and galantry, and yet I found the towne very quiet. This
This day being Whitsonday eaue, we went
to the great Church where was a solemne
[  ] Pente-
coste. procession and good musick. On the Sunday
morning wee went thither againe, and on
the after noone wee went to see, the first
the Nunnerie and its chappell, then the Mo-
nasterie of the Franciscan Fryers. One of
them (wchwhich cold speake English but no Latine)
treated vs courteously, and wnwhen wee were in, he
first locked the doore after vs, and then he
shewed vs the library, hall, chappel, conclaue
and dormitories, wchwhich are hard places to sleepe on wthwith-
owt any bedding, but only a bedsted wthwith girts and
canuess. thayThay goe wthwith haire next to theire skinn, and
bare footed except on the soale. theThe whole place
was darke and meane except a hansom walke
in the garden, theire whole number he saide
was but 17 but that there was 30000 of that
order in the Christian world. Then wee went to another Conuent caled
the minorites, vulgarly minums wchwhich is an
Order of another StSaint ffFrancis ie. StSaint Francis
de Pole. Wee being in the Chappell, One
of the order (an auncient man) being sweeping
of it, came to mee and spake french, but
I answered him in Latine, (hauing not as yet
the french Language) he replyed in Latine that
I was welcome. Then I demaunded whether
it was not lawfull for vs to see theire Col-
ledge, then he locked the dore and Carryed
vs through a vestry into the Cloisters, and
so all ouer the howse, in theire Conclaue
there he told mee that once a weeke at the
leaste, euery one of the (being but 14) were bound
bound to come priuately and before a
picture there of StSt. Fran: de Pole to con-
fess theire sinns, and aske pardon. The other orderorders are bound to touch no mony,
nor eate any thing but what is giuen them,
and thay them selues begg abowt and theire
habitation meane. This last order Hath some
indowment, (but smale as he told mee) may take
as much mony as you will giue, Eate plentifully
but yet only of the fish, and theire habitation
hath some beauty and theire lodgings are
good and easie. He of the Capuchion order
spake somewhat disgracefully of this other
order, saying thay were weake, and not \\\
strengthned to endure enough for Christs
sake: at his beds feete stood a picture which
I taking it to be StSt. Francis, he told me no
but that is was a brother which was beatified
some 60 yeares agoe, and he esteemed him as
his peculiar sainct. The minorite I spake wthwith was a scholler,
and a preist, speaking very ready Latine,
he saide thay eate no flesh, nor eggs, nor butter,
but hauing but smale meanes thay might take
mony, so I gaue him that kept the dore 8 sous
for wchwhich he was very thankefull: he told me that
StSt. Francis de Pole liued but abowt 100 yeares
since and so vp and told mee of many miracles that
hee did, all wchwhich are in new pictures in the hall.
This man spake something disgracefully of the
other order, saying thay were not learned but
ignorant men, and did many things in-
diferentely through theire ignoraunce. On On Munday abowt 2 of the clocke wee [  ] sti vet.
tooke horse (paying 4 pistols and an halfe
each man to the messenger for to goe to Paris)
and abowt 7 at night wee came to Boulongue Boulongue.
some 8 leagues frōfrom Cales, where wee lodged
A L'escueécu (or french crowne of mony) wee went
in to it ouer 2 draw bridges and a faling gate
each of them haueing a court of guard at
them. we walked to the Rauen which is broad
but drye at the ebb: a shipp of 300 tunn may
come in to it. The towne standeth at the bot-
tome of a hill, wtith a park on the hill there are diuerse monaste-
ries and a greate church and castle which
wee had not time to see. About 4 next morning we tooke horse and 27.
Montrule.
abowt 10 we came to Montrauile some 9 leagues
frōfrom Bolounge, wchwhich is a good faire towne standing
on the topp of a high hill, there being a greate
mersh and a smale riuer at the bottome of
it. this towne is likewise fortefied and guarded,
we went into 3 seurllseuerall Churches,: In the first
there was a Capuchion preaching, in an other
I put monies into a box ouer wchwhich was written
Indulgence Pleneire, and into another wchwhich
was suꝑscribedsuperscribed Truncke La Charitie. In the
afternoone (it being Whitson—tewsday) there was
Reliques a solemne procession, 6 smale wodden things
like churches adornd wthwith paint and gold being
carryed on mens sholders, many crosses and
flaggs going before, wthwith scuie poore
musick, both voices and other. Abowt 2
in the after noone wee tooke horse and
and abowt 8 at night wee came to Abauille Abauille.
(ie. the Abbots village, as Montrule is the
village on the mount) where we lodged Au
vert de Bois (or the greene wood). This is a fairer
towne then any of the other, but not so strong
as either of them (as I conceiue) the other townes
are built most all of stone, this of timber like
our English townes. Till wee came to Mon-
trule the country is mostly champion and
barren, mountaines and Forrests (some times)
afterwards it is more plentifull and a lit-
tle abowt the townes inclosed. Abauill hath
6 greate churches in it, the streets are large
3 market places, au Atillerie garden, whose
suꝑperscription on the dore is Jardin Dede Har-
quebuzers 28. The next day being very wet we staide there
vntill eleuen of the Clock (wee met a troope
of horse in this towne and one troope before on
the way, going for the armie, who examined
the messenger and let vs goe peaceably) abowt
noone wee tooke horse, it rayning soundly, and we
Plu=pont=amien. came through a smale towne cald Plu=pont=-
amien some 3 miles frōom Abauille wchich hath a fort
and a smale Castle wthith a Court of guarde. there
wee went ouer 3 poore wodden bridges ouer
the riuer La Soame, and came abowt 8 at night
to a smale country village cald Bois, where
wee lay that night Au Douphin D'or. From thence we went abowt 8 in the morning 29.
andand
came to Bouais abowt 2 in the after noone Bouais
Au limage StSt. Christopher. there wee dined, and
then walked into the Cathedrall, wchwhich is not large
but neate. there being the whole historie of our
sauior the most exquisitely cut in MosaickReleaue
worke that euer I saw or cann see. This
towne is faire and large wthwith 3 draw bridges and
clapp gates. I met 2 fryers abegging wthwith linnen
wallets ouer theire sholders. I asked thēthem whether
thay cold speake Latine, but thay answered
mee in French. So I cold not talke wthwith them.
Heare the Germans our Companions and I had a greate
difference. So farr that thay thretned to
be my death before I came to Paris, One
saying as farr as I cold vnderstand Sacrament, Ich doe Àat Hunsfoot
[  ]sleigen an weyg Parees, caling mee skellū
and hunsfoot, often, which I not bearing
returnd them Rogue and Raskall; Thay
were 8 Germans, but onely one of them
was the cause, and maintainer of the quar-
rell, the other being more temperate and
discreet, excepting some times in passion.
This one wchwhich was so violent (thay all spake
latine other wise wee had not vnderstood one ano-
ther.) Dutch, French, Latine, and English striuing
who shold haue the better of it.) he told mee
that he was a noble mans sonn In Germanie
and that being lately in England (this and
3 more of them came in the boate with vs
frōfrom Douer) onely as a traueler to see it,
and the Maior (Consul Londinensis was his
word) of London and other officers had used
himhim
basely, hauing taken frōfrom him (omnes euis [ ]
catholicas) his bookes, beads, crosses, and the
like, but now thay had mee there thay
wold make mee know that I was not in En-
gland often saying Quid faciemus cūcum illo,
vpon wchwhich I [           ] told thēthem
that thay shold know thay were not in Ger-
many, and that I had hands and a weapon
as well as he wchwhich was so violent; and be-
cause he had threatned to be my death on
the way to Paris, I desird him to goe single
wthwith mee and end the quarrell there. Wchwhich
his companions perceiving, thay tooke him frōfrom
his violence, and desiring to know my affec-
tions in the difference that was betweene
the King and his subiects, I told them
my I was of no party, but by my Oathes
I was bound to be obedient to my Souereign
and all the iourny after thay were my very
good freinds, and Tres humble Seruiturs
but I had an ey to the shauers pistolles.
TilliaAfter dinner we tooke horse and came abowt
9 at night to Tillia some 13 leagues frōfrom Paris
a smale Country village we lodgd Au Croix
blanchblanche. wee saw neurneuer a vineyard vntil wee
came to Bauois, but there abowt thousands
of acres are planted wthwith vines. Frōfrom that towne
30.
Beaumont. we tooke horse abowt 4 in the morning and
came to Beaumont abowt 11 Au grosse
teste (or Sarasans heade) where wee dined This is
This is no very greate towne, but hath a very
faire riuer that runneth by it, ouer wchhich we went vp
on a stone bridge: Abowt 2 wee tooke horse, and
coming neerer Paris wee finde abundance
of vineyards and a very plentifull Country.
wee stayd abowt 4 howres at Beaumont wchhich
being the last stage, the custome is after dinner
to haue a plate for a gathering for the mes-
sengers man, to whome wee did contribut
each man one liuer. (1s-6d) Then wee came
to StSt. Denis. StSt. Denis where the custome is that those
which were neuer at Paris before shold pay all
that the Companie caleth for, via moderet
manner, wchhich cost vs but 8 [  ][  ]sols a man. [  ]
(ie. 8 pence) Abowt 5 at night wee came to
Paris. Paris, alighted Au Croix de Fert Rue Sntt.
Martin (at the Iron Cross in Stt. Martins streete)
but (being directed by young Mrr. Skinner) went to
the signe Au Ville Du Venice in the Foburgh
of Stt. Germins, where the first man I met
wthith was Mrr. James Newman, whoe saluted
mee by my name: he was then lately come
frōom Rome and the other parts of Italie. 31. On Saturday the last of May I had an oppor-
tunety to talke aboue an howre wthith
the Marquess of Newcastle, and after that
wthith the Earle of Yarmouth and the Lord German
whoe for the memorie of my vncle the
Deane of Canterburie vsed me exceeding
courteously. Mrr. Cooly of Trin Coll Camb.
was the secretarie to the Lord,: June 11
sti no.Being now at Paris I thought it
to loose 10 dayes and alter the stile
in my accoumpt of dayes. On Sunday I went to SrSir Richard Browns
lodgings whoe was Agent for his Maiesty
of England, where wee had read the En-
glish liturgie, and an English sermon by
MrMaster Crowder, chaplaine to the LdLord Germie
Earle of Yarmouth, wchwhich being ended, wee
receiued the sacrament in the forme ap-
pointed by the Church of England.
On this day I mett wthwith DrDoctor Cosins att
the Loouer (or Court) whoe is Master
of the same Coll: whereof I am a memberfellow.
viz StSaint Pet Coll Cantabrig. 12On Munday the 12 of June I went to visit
SrSir Thomas Stanly and his Lady, and
in the after noone walked to the Palade
The place for the courts of Justice, like
Westminster hall, and allsoe a faire Ex-
change: 'tis paued wthwith black and white
marble and you ascend som 30 steps vp
to it. This day the King of France and the Queene
regent his mother, went went in triumph
to Nostra Dame, the greate church, to \\
sing Te Deum for the taking Du Roses
in Catalonia, wch is a great hauen, laying
to the medeterranian sea. On On tewsday and wthith sossillry andI walked to Nostra Dame S.14
the cheife Cathedrall in France, wchhich is but
Smale (two or 3 such might almost stand in
Pauls at London) but it is adornd with hang-
ings and pictures, and sculptures where of
the most stately and magnificent is the
story of Stt. Christopher at the entrance
of the Church. There is a doble row of pil-
lars at each sid of the nauis or body of the
church, but the windowes are of white
glass, yett wroth in a hansome fashion. There is hard by the Church an hospitall
cal'd La Charitè where I sayw sick of al
sorts, wounded, lame &t many hundreths; the
beds standing in rowes very extraordinarily
neately and clenlylyclenly kept by Nunns wchhich
attend them. Next to Nostra Dame the churchochurch of Stt.
Eustachius is the fairest, and then the Jesuites
church newly built. 15 On Thursday being Corpus Xti day there
was a greate procession, the streetes being hanged
euery where, and the consecrated bred carryed
wthith pomp vnder a cannepy, one perfuming
the way before it. In the afternoone Srir Thomas Stanley and
his sonn caryed vs to see the Pallade Royall
the Arsenall (or towre) the Magasine or
[  ] wchhich are things of no greate noate, but
the cheifest place worth the seing was the garden
garden and howse of Luxenberg, be-
longing to the Duke of Orleans, the state-
ly walke and spouts of waterworks are
very pleasant. 16. 17.
18. The rest of the weeke wee spent in seing the
English Nunnerie, (whether I ledd the Lady
Standly to Church and there left her and her
daughter) and other places of the City, as the
Loouer, the seuerall bridges, the Twilieries,
some Colleges &t. The Sorbon, Jesuists. &t 19. On Sunday we had an English sermon at
Srir R: Brownes logings, preached by Drr.
Bishop of Derry in Ireland. On Munday 20 of June I agreed wthith the \\\ 20.
Bourges Messenger for 9 crownes (ie. 27 liur)
a man to go for Bourges. So abowt 12 at noone
we tooke horse Au cersufe (the hart) I know tStt. Jacqus
not in wthat streete) and wee came that night
Estampes. about 10 of the clock to Estampes some 10
leagues frōom Paris, hauing gon through Esper-
nones abowt 5 in the afternoone. This is a
very very long, but no large towne, wald,
21. but not guarded. Abowt 5 in the morning
Artenay. wee tooke horse and came to dinner to Artenay
Au sigrie (the swan) and abowt 5 at night wee
Orleans. came to Orleans on the riuer Loire, where
wee lodged Au Barrelet (the barrel) where
immediately came in to our roome 5 or 6
seuerall trades⹀men, loden vnder theire cloaks
wthith gloues, stockins, braceletts, sweete powder, kniues
kniues, wascoats, and such like things, so that
the roome was full of people, and a tumul-
tuous noise, so that one must looke abowt one
for the baggage, cloakes, swords &t or theiry are
lost; then came a noise of Musick and at
supper time were very hardly disswaded frōom
playing, vntill I made as If I wold rise
from supper if thay playd, vpon wchhich
the Host of the howse saide the English-
men were good for nothing but to take
Tobacco, and was very surrly to vs, so that
wee cold not gett him to send a messenger
for to speake wthith any English gentleman to
come and vnto vs or shew vs to them.
thay are vulgarly cald Les guelpes d'Orleans
ie. the waspes of Orleans. A French gentle-
man wchhich accompanied vs on the way, and spake
latine told mee That Orleans was a braue
towne, but the people in it were of a Clow-
nish, cross disposition. I went into the College of Jesuites, which
is the Vniuersity: where is writt ouer seuerall
doores in golden letters; Thusthus. Prima classis,
Seconda Classis, 3a Classis, 4a Classis.
Logica. And ouer the greate dore in the mid-
dle, Theologia Moralis: Phisica. Ouer
the Owtmost gate ther is a printed paper,
wherein is contayned wthat bookes euery
Classis learned for that yeare 1645, from grammer
grammer to Aristotle. As I was rea-
ding of it there came one to me in preists
habit, I asked him in Latine whether I might
see the library and Chappel: he answered
mee that he cold not speake Latine, and
so I left him. It is a neate new built
College: The towne is Large and hath the
Conuenience of the riuer Loyre running
iust wthith owt the walls, wchhich is deuided by
a little Iland wchhich hath howses on it, and
so it hath 2 good faire bridges, the first
frōom the City to the Iland, and then from
the Iland to the other side of the water.
The Germans haue many priuileges here,
amongst wchhich one is that thay may take wthat
booke thay please owt of the library to theire
chambers, giuing in theire hand for it, wchhich
the English (thay tell mee) once had, but
are now excluded because that some
English carryed away the bookes with a lye
them. All the high way from Paris to Orleans is paued allmost as fairely euery wher as Cheapeside in London. On wedsonday 8 mor: wee tooke horse and 22
came to dinner to a little country village
at 3 wee tooke horse againe and abowt 67 Peerfret.
wee came to Peerefret a smale village. abowtAbowt 8 morn wee tooke horse and dining by 23.
the way at a little country towne, we came
from thence to Bourgess abowt fiue
it being thursday. weWe lay the first night Au Hercules
Au Hercules Sauuage, or the wild man the Messengers Inn where
wee payd 50 sols (ie. pence) a man for our supper,
and 25 sols for next day at dinner. And then we went to our lodging Bour-
ges (Au logis
de Monsieur Taupin rue des Juifs proctie
les grandes escoles) at one MrMaster Taupins
howse in the Jewes streete neere the greate
Schooles, whoe teacheth on the Lute and to
— Daunce. this yeyeare 13 June sti vet. 23 sti. nouo
and the Eue to StSt. Johns day vulgarly cald
Midsomer day. June.
29. sti no. On the thisFryday after being StSt. Peters day
there came two Jesuites to my lodging
(I haueing binn to see theire Coll: before)
Father Spreell or Sprowd a Scottish man and Father
Cearew an English man. theThe Scoth man
fell presantly vpon the argument of in-
fallibility and frōfrom thence the visibility
and certainty of the true church, and the
vncertainty of the Protestants that had
(as he said) only the priuate spirit for theire
guide. I returnd him these 4 grownds
for Christianity wchwhich I conceiued the Church
of England relyed on viz. 1. The Sripture
it selfe, or the matter of it. 2 the testimonie
of the Churches tradition. 3 the assistance
of gods grace, or spirit. 4 reason, by way of
counsell and disputation: that wee tooke
neither of these single, for our grounds,
all of them ioyned together: hee seemed to
approoue of my assertion and then he told
me there was a young gentleman that
kept his philosophie act that after noone
for his degree of Master in arts, and he in-
uited vs to it. soSo wee all went, and so
soone as wee came in, were placed in the
formost seats, had the Theses giuen vs
in printed sheets of paper, and abowt
an howre wee stayed at the disputation
wchhich was performed very well and learned-
ly, but mixt wthith somewthat too much heate
of words, and interpositions of the French
Haruesttongue. Haruest was now halfe ended. On this day (it haueing binn a long time
before very dry wether) six poore people
barefooted brought from a country village
some 3 leagues frōom Bourges, the statue
of Stt. [  ] Andand placed it in the greate
church here, for to be prayed tofor for to send
rayne,. theThe next day there was a very
lusty shewre wchhich was much to the StsSaint's Honor,
but shee fayled on that day shee was remooued, wchhich
shee seldom or neur doth as thay say: theire ends
being obtained the statue is againe remooued to its
place. The Chorus or Quire is indifferent good here, hauing
good musick, the Serpent being an excellent basse
wchhich is an instrument I had not seene before, it is
wrethed two and againe like a snake, it being very
smale at one end and bigg at the other. Go-
uern-
ment. The City is gouerned by a Maior, wchhich is cald
Le Maire de la ville, whose powre reacheth all
ouer the City: he is (or shold be) chosen by yeyeare
Citisons, but now the Duke or Prince of Condee
who is the Prorex or Deputy for the whole
Prouince of the Bituriges, nominateth the
man, and the City dareth not but choose
him. The Maiors name what my being at
Bourges was Monsrieur Heurtault, a Coun-
cellor, at law rekon'd an able vnderstanding
man. Vnder the Maior there are 4-Ediles or \\\
Sheriffs wchhich they call the 4 Escheuins: these
haue theire seuerall wards, according to the
4 Cheife gates of he City. La Port de Bourbon:
La Porte de Snte Priue(uate): La Port de Staint Sulpice, and La Porte de
Pont d'AuOron (wchhich goeth owt to the bridge ouer the riuer Auron)
One hath not any thing to doe in the others
ward, but the Maior hath powre in them all:
Two of the these escheuins are chosen a new
euery yeare, and two continue for 2 yeares,
and so 2 more new the next yeare, and then the
last two that were chosen before continue
for another yeare. These all are chosen by the les Trante Deux
that is by the Thirty two, wchhich are so many
of the Common Councell and haue no other name
but the 32: and thay are chosen by all the Citisens. (In July wee had very often at meales
a sort of Cherries, wchhich the French call
Griottes, the iuice stayneth any linnen
it thoucheth, and I pressing one of them, writ
this with the liquor as it came from the
fruite, and then eate the berry, wchhich is not estee-
med so much as other cherries amongst them,
it being of a sharper taste, as the name doth
signifie (Cerasam acidam) quasi aigrettes,
that is eagar cherries.) In all the choise of Officers the Prince of
Condee cann doe wtith he pleaseth in this City
(for all that I cold learne). Euery Eschiuin hath vnder him his Decemuire
(as thay were expressed to mee in Latine) wchhich thay terme
Les Desiniers, wchhich are a kinde of Seriauts who
vpon any tumult or other business, goe about the
City with holdberts, wearing greene coates
wthith redd and yellow lace. If any business of a high nature happen in
this City the Captaine of the Gross Towre
is to haue Cognisance of it, whoe hath not
the Authority but the powre to Command
the whole City, he being prouided wthith victuals
and armes sufficient (as thay say) for 7 yeares.
one Mounsieur Grasset was captaine when I li-
ued there. Comence-
ment of
Mrsasters of
Arts. JulyJuly the 21 stilo nouo. weeWee were in-
uited to the Cōommitiæ or Commencement
of the Masters of Arts, kept at the Coll-
ege of the Jesuites in the newe Hall (being then in buil-
ding). betweeneBetweene 3 and 4 in the after noone
the gentlemen and strangers being conueni-
ently placed in the midst of the Hall be-
low, at the one end was a scaffald for
the musick, at the other end a lower
scaffold wthith seates for the cōommencers.
In the midst before the strangers, chains
for the Heads of the vniuersity. The
ChanRector came in in the first place then
(an Ancient man) the Chancellor, after
him the Doctors in theire scarletts accor-
ding to theire seuerall faculties diffe-
ring little frōom Cambridge order of
gownes,. Onely the Chancellor was
in purple wthith close sleeues, the other
scarlett wthith wide sleeues faced with
blak veluet or plush: then came in
the heads of Abbats of the seuerall mo-
nasteries, whereof I was told that some
of them were Drsoctors in Theologie. The
roome being full (wchhich being but small
was soone done) and euery man in his
place. The Musicke (wchhich was a Harp-
sicon, a Harpe, le Serpente, vialls and
voices) thay played one solem lesson,. Then
one of the Commencers Made an Ora-
tion, applying him selfe to the Chan-
cellor,:. After him another spoke wchhich ap-
plyed him selfe wholy to the Rector
(wchhich was a Droctor of Phisick a young man) whoe
sat aboue the Chancellor,. The Oration
ended, Thethe musick plaide another les-
son, Thethen the Chancellor made a short
speach to the Commencers, wchhich donne
TheThe first youth that spake descended and
came and kneeled before the Chancellor
where (hauing first taken his Oath to
the keeping of the statutes of the Church
and vniuersity) he was admitted Master
of Arts, wthith these Ceremonies. The Chan-
cellor first gaue him a booke (wchhich was
a rich bound quarto and one of the Jesuits
told me that it was a part of Aristotle,), but his au-
thority I finde is not Ipse dixit wthith them)
the booke being shut: then he tooke it owt
of his hand and returned it open: Then
he vntyed his (which doth intimate that
now he vnderstood philosophie plainely)
Then he vnloosed his girdle wchhich was
bound abowt him (as all the young ones
haue aboue theire gownes) and gaue it him
into his hand. (wchhich intimateth that now he
was not bound as before, but was free
and at libertie). Then he putt on his square
capp. (wchhich intimated he might now be
couered before those to whome before
he stood bare). Then making a Cross
he Admitted him in Nomine Patris
filij &t. All wchhich forme differeth but
little frōom that of Cambridge, that
of the girdle being excepted. Then were redd some seuerall statutes
at the end of euery one the Commen-
cers (standing bare headed) answered
wthith a lowde voice Iuramus. thenThen he
whoe was first admitted Carryed the
booke (wchhich I tooke to be the same owt of
wchhich the statutes were redd, but the Scotch
Jesuite told mee it was the Gospell) to
euery one of his fellowes, whoe all along
as he went each man kissed his right hand
and then touched the booke with it.
Then all of them (which were 35 and
Answered Adsum to theire names at
theire first entrance) thay descended or-
derly and were Admitted after the same
manner wthwith the former: Their habit was
a square capp, and a blake cassock buttond
downe before, to the grownd only there was one which
being of the order of the Carmes had a
white cassock. Thay being all admitted
went to theire places, and being now vn-
girt theire cassocks hung loose, and thay
satt downe and put on theire capps. Then
Every one in his order readd tooke that fore
named rich bound booke, and seemed to
reade in it some short problematicall
sentence or Thesis, naming the chapter
and text and booke frō whence he had it,
but I percieved thay had the sentence by
hart, and some cited Tullie in one place
some the same Author in another,:. Others
cited Seneca for the Author of his position,
Some Aristotle. As if all philosophers were
bound vp in that one booke. Every man
made a short, very short speach vpon his sen-
tence, not sillogisticall, yet mostly concluding
wth an Ergo, and then ghis Word or
sentence; Thethe sentences and speeches on
them were tending to mirth, and sometimes
jeering one another. As one of them being
a greate youth and setting next to one
of smale growth had by his Word. Maximū
est melius minimo: and then in his speach
he abused the lesser one. The lesser one
speaking in the next place had his Word
Quo minor eo melior, and in his
speach he abused the greater one next
to him. A Third that had a long nose
seemed to read his Word owt of the
booke, Thus, Nasus simus est nasus
ingeniosus (or to that purpose) Cicero, lib
sic, chap sic. And his speech was the Com-
mendation of a Roman nose. Mulier
barbata est verē Mulier, was anothers,
Asinus bipes non est monstrum, was
a fith's, and soe the rest (except some more
serious). Each man hauing donn All this
was not much vnlike the Priorums
in Cambridge, where euery one makes
iests (of the taking the degree of bachelor
of arts) vpon such a subject as is giuen
him. butBut this at Burges is better, ciuiler
and not so rudely carryed as that at Cam-
bridge. Each man hauing take his course the
Musick plaide (as it did at each 10th mans
speach before) and in that time the
Regent Jesuite (wchwhich at Camb: is caled the
father), or rather at Eaton or Westminster
the scholemaster) he ordereth that white
gloues wthwith a smale blake ribon on the topp,
shold be giuen abowt, to the gouernors,
strangers, and gentlemen, of which wee
had each of vs a payre giuen. thayThay were
carryed abowt by 2 young youths in
faire sliuer large basons. The gloues being distributed, the mu-
sick ceased and then there were seue-
rall Orations. The Two first, SToto God
and Heauen for bringing them to to
this knowledge in philosophy. The 3d
Toto the Blessed Virgin. The 4 Toto
the Rector and Chancellor. The 5th
to the Diuines,:: the 6 to the Lawyers
and Phisitians, the 7th to the Mayor
and the Towne. theThe 8th Toto the Schoole
master or Regent Jesuite (or head lecturer as at Cambrige), whoe tooke
off the youth in the midst of his speach
Crying owt aloud Parce laudes Parce
laudes. (I did not well vnderstand whe-whether
it were good latine) Parce in quā laudes,
nam laudes meæ sunt laudes tuæ. Then
Another made an oration to the whole com-
pany, and so clapping hands the solēnity Ended. Procession,and
Te Deum; for
the taking of
Le Mot. The 22 of July, The bells of the Ca-
thedrall runge, and the Master of our
howse sent his boy vp to vs, to know whether wee
wold not goe and see the solemnety in the Church
So we went. The Order of it was thus – In the
first place went the Minors and theire Prior
frō the Quire done to the west end, then turning
to the right hand they went rownd the Church.
18 Caputians following them: and after them
Cordiliers 10., then 14 Dominicans., 13 Augustinians.,
followed them: then 20 Benedictines., then 4
Ambrosians: Each society had their rich crosse
of sliuersiluer wthwith the fix, except the Capuchions wchwhich
was a playne large wodden crosse wthwith the instru-
ments of the Passion. The Abbot or prior went
the laste of each company. After all these went
the Canons. Regular and Irregular in their sur-
plices (wchwhich differ somewtsomewhat frō ours, being short and la-
ced at the bottom having sleeves laced to the
grownd). thoseThose wthwith the Choristers sang the Te De-
um to the Organ. Then went 4 greate flaggs
vpon Crosses of siluer, wchwhich were for 4 of the
Parishes, then went the Mayor and all the
Officers, and after them the people. allAll wchwhich he was
for the thanks giuing for the Dukes taking
of Le Mot a strong towne in Artois neere Flanders. On the next day wee went vp to the topp of Vp the
steeple.
yethe steeple, and rownd about the vppar part of
StSaint Stephens (or the Cathe) frō whence toI tooke
the prospect of the City as I haue figured it in
the next page which standeth vpon the side of an [Map of city or castle grounds with places labeled. A river to the south and a building to the east, as well as the trees outside the city/castle also drawn.]
A. StSaint Steuen the Cathedrall
B. the grosse towre.
C. The grand escole for the ciuil and canon law and phisic
D. Port Bourbon.
E. Port Sti Priccati.
F. Port Sti Sulpitij
G. Port D' Oron.
H. the riuer Aret
I. The riuer Oron.
K. StSaint Chapel. and yethe Pallade
L. StSaint Augustmbros monast and port.
M. The market place.
N. Les Arens.
O. A conuent of
cordeleers.
P. Augustinians.
Q. La Charity.
R. StSaint Clars mon
S. Nuns.
T. Benedictines.
V. Capuchions.
W. The fountain
X. The mall
Y. StSaint Fignio
font. The armes of
Bourges. 3. muttons
in a feild vert. chochet d'or
ingraild gules. vid p. 70. of an hill looking Northward so thus the view
of it is very faire and pleasant as one com-
meth to it frō Orleans or Isodunum, but
as one commeth frō Neuers or Dane-le-Roy (wchwhich
stand sowthward of it) there is no prospect of it. Cathe-
drall.
The Cathedrall church (cald StSaint Stephens) stan-
deth hadrd by the Bourbon gate, at the very
top of the hill all the cheife part of the City
declining frō it West and Nor=West. The famous Gross towre standeth uest beyond the Grosse
tower
Cathedrall full south, wchwhich hath constant cen-
tinells and watch euery night to examine any
that pass that way. It is thick and gross, ha-
uing diuerse smale ones besid it. The vulgars
nick name for it is – Le Pot de beurre or the
butter pott, the reason of it as the French
tell me is, that abowt 7 score yeare since
one of the steeples of the Cathedrall fell
downe in part, and the King then Reigning
imposed on the City to rebuild it, and tow-
ards the Charge to take such a tax owt of
euery pott and pownde of butter which
came to towne, wchwhich tax was payd in att
this gross towre, benigbeing not much vnlike
theire little butter pots in forme, and from
thence gott that familiar by=name it now hath.
In the time of this tax the people eate much
oyle, so that little butter being spent, the tax
came to little or nothing and so it was left off
and the steeple being somwtsomewhat repaird standeth
vnfinished untill this day. The howses are most of them faire and built
strong wthwith a firme stoane. When I was on the steeple (wchwhich is ( not coue-
red with lead, or tiles, or shingle or the like)
or slate) but is on the owt side on the topp
firme stone and some a dosen handsom
stepps for to goe vp to a faire standing
place: at one of the corners there is
a pinacle wchwhich wthwith in hath a bell for a
clock, and on the owt side on the topp
standeth a large Pelicann doble gildd
wchwhich is the wether-cock. I clim'd vp to
it (wchwhich one may doe prety salfely) and
turnd it rownde many times with
my hand, and then on the in side of
the pinacle and stēeple I writt wthwith
a black led penn Noli altū sapere
adding my name, though I tooke not
the literall councell. I was not then so high, but anon I
was as lowe, Forfor when wee were come
downe, wee went to Thethe Sepulcher,
a church vnderneath the quire of the
Cathedrall, going thorough a darke vault
to it. thereThere standeth a large frame of
wood and boards wchwhich will hold some hun-
dreths of candlestapers, wchwhich is vsed at the Sepulture
funeralls. Within a little darke chapell
wee were shewed the Sepulture, wchwhich is
is indeede Death drawne to the Life
by the acte of a most dexterous hand. There
is StSaint Mat. 27.57 &t. Mat. 15.43. Lu. 24.50. Joħ. 19.38
very exquisitely expressed in statue worke
(Religione intuentibus incutit). heHe that shewd
it, was all the while on his knees before it,
but answered to the questions propounded,.
heHe saide it was all of marble, but the
proporsions being gilded, rich, and coulord
I cold not discerne well, but to the touch
it seemed to be stoane. I was much ta-
ken wthwith the aptness of the place, and the
fullness of the representation. In the body of the Church are hung vp [Three flags drawn in the margin.]
the Coulors wchwhich Lodouico 3 tooke frō the
Hugonots wchwhich Rebeld against him anō. 1628.
thay are so tattered that one cannot well reade
the motto, but I picted owt one to bee this.
Ou vaincre ou mourir. 1628 Another Thus,
A VIVRCA Mourir pour Dieu Seruir. 1628
That is, first Eithereither to ouercom or to dye.
theThe 2d Toto liue or to die for the seruice of
God. A third was ROHan. 1628.
At the entrance in at the North Dore stan-
deth the Virgins picture wthwith the childe
in her armes, hauing this Distichon
subscribed.
Virginis intactæ cū veneris ante figurā
PrærTEundo caue nasileatur Auel.
There is about 22 steps frō the ground vp to this
dore. 14 The South Doore iust against it is eauen
with the grownd. vponVpon thisone leafe of this
Dore (wchwhich seemeth to be very antient) thes words
are wraught in Owt-worke, in an Old Carec-
ter. Thus RAE PRECCE SE
EFFW REGNALDV
C TS E FA S B I C
TBRBVS
Which I reade thus. Orate pro defunctis, et
factoribus Ecclesiæ. Reginaldus Boicelliæ.
The spelling and Latine I cold not make
good, but so I find it written; only the words
are there in three columnes wchwhich I haue scribled
in two. Within the Church round abowt are many little cha-
pells.
little Chappels, open to the vew, being parted
only with grates, some of them are neately fur-
nished wthwith Alters, others of thē are empty and
lye rudely. Aboue one Alter stands the picture,
of Ioseph and Marie holding 2 branches of
roses in theire hand, looking vp to the pic-
ture of a childe in a cloude aboue theire
heads, vnder theire feete is this Tetrasich. Hic senior generat, Sterilis parit, integra virgo, 1 Surgit vt ex spinis fulget oborta rosa: 2 Quid in concepta rerum mutabitur Ordo 3 Virgine, si virgo sit paritura Deū.4 The laste Pentameter of another is (thay were
to many to write all). Da mihi Virgo manū, Da mihi Christe pedes.1 This alter was lately sett vp by the Deane of
the Church, whole picture in his surplise is there, as
praying before the virgins picture. In a chappel Iust against the North dore of
the Quire there is an auncient stone wchwhich hath
many verses written on it, in the wall, of wchwhich
I onely Obserued the last and a parte of the
Title wchwhich was Epitaphiū Petri Trous-
selli Archieps. Then the conclusion –
Det tibi pro meretis cælica Regna Deus.
In all the Churches that as yett I came into
(wchwhich were not few) in France I obserue there is
few or noe toumbs, grauestones, memo-
riall inscriptions or the like, wchwhich made mee
the more obserue these. The two toumbs thay cheifely shewe here, (and The toumbs.
that's all th in the Church) are, the first of
Francois Dede la Grange, not many yeares
since Chancellor of Fra: and Generall to
all theire forces. hisHis figure is cutt in a gowne
he kneeling before a little seate or deske,;; the
stone is white marble wchwhich standeth in the
Chapell Dede Notre Dame D'Anges, StSaint Joseph,
at the west end, and the North side. The
years is 1617. The Other is towards the
East end. The inscription is long, and beginneth
thus. Hault et Buissant Seigneur Mes-
sire Claude Dede la Chatre Baron De et.
1611. Ouer his halfe statue hangeth his owne
sword, speare, beauer, spurs, and gauntletts. 15
In the Chapell Desdes stations Dede StSaint Louye
et StSaint Firmin, on the north side against
the Chorus or Quire, hangeth a very neate
pendant Cristall candlestick for twelue
lights. The owt side of the west=end is very
stately and Magnificent, hauing one large
doore in the midst Ouer which semicirque
is wonderfully sett forth the Day of Iudge-
ment in statue worke, but much de-
faced by the Ciuill wars, but Yet I fancied
one part of it to be more glorious by its
intended ruine; For the story represen-
ting the rysing frō the graues, the figures
being mutulated, and depriued of seuerall
limbs, Thisthis sman seemeth to looke for
his arme that he hath lost; that, for his
legg, a third for his hand, and a forth
for his heade: some for one part some for
another. On each side of this large folding
Doore are 2 lesser Entrances wchwhich leade
into 4 Ilesaisles of the Church. When I was aboue I went (foole-hardely)
on the owt side of the church vntoo the
greate Picture in the midst, wehich is of yethe
4 Euangelists and Simon baiulator Crucis,
the way to it is in euen stoane, some 2 foote
(or less) broade, hauing neither battelment nor
vaile to defende one frō the precipis: my
trembling pace backuards, discouered to mee
my folly. This picture is seene a farr off Northward. The pesantry of this place, and all the
places I as yet came too, are cloathed in Can-
uas or such like course linnen, and thay ei-
ther goe barefoute (as in somer) or in shoes
of wood made in this forme [drawing of a shoe]Sabots.
or wod-
den shoes.
wchwhich thay call Sabots, othat is, souliers de bois,
or woodden shoes: By reason of the noise these
shoes make as the people goe in the streetes, the
French have a prouerb:— That when one spea-
keth a lowd–or to the purpose–thay will
sometimes say—Je vous entend.—vous
auez des sabots,:. That is I vnderstand you,
or I heare you–you haue wodden shoues:
that is, now you speake owt, or, now you
speake to the purpose. [Three chains, with the first chain holding a bone.] In the midst of the cloister before StSaint
Chapell hangeth the thigh boane of a
IyGyant, in a chaine, wthwith two other chaines
wherein hdid hang the ioynts of his fin-
ger, and another of his arme, but thay are
gonn now. This place hath binn fairely adornd
wthwith statues wchwhich are now defaced, and puld downe.
It is the entrance into the Palade, or hall
ofwthwithin wchwhich is the Courts for Iustice, at one side
and in to the Chapell at the other side — 16 On the 30 (sti no) of July we went to StSaint
Chapell StSaint Cha-
pell.to see the place and antiquities wchwhich
are esteemed the rarest and richest in all
ffranceFrance except StSaint Dennis: Withowt the
Chappell is one broade, but short, walke or
Cloister of a high pitch, where there standeth
a monstrous large Hart or stagg, cut
owt in wood, wchwhich is the proportion (according
to all dimentions) of a Hart that one of
the Dukes of Bituriges kild some 4 leages
off frō the city, about. About the neck hangeth the
king of Frances armes. Le temps viendra Is writ in the south dore. [These words written within a box.] In the owt ward chappel hangeth a vast can-
delstick of brasse, in the forme of a crowne, wchwhich
will hold some 6 score large tapers, wchwhich being once
lighted, (as thay told me) melted the leds of the
windowes, wchwhich are very faire. The Rarities with-
in the vestryes were these. [Images of the rarities, which are labeled with the list below. These images include a vase, a cross, a crown, and images of bodies.] A. Some of yethe wood of yethe true
cross richly adorned.
B. a thorne of the crowne
of Christ.
C. The box where yethe innocents ly.
D. the chalice.
E. the couer.
F. 2 water pots of 2
whole seueral stones.
G. a bason of Saphir
H. The innocents carka-
ses, and linens.
I. Drawers for the Woode The Mystagogus (or he that shewed these Antiqui-
ties) was an old man in a cassock and girdle, the. The french
boy that was wthwith vs told vs he was a priest, and there-
fore seemed to wonder wnwhen the old man told mee he
cold speake no latine: but ther were 2 vnder offi-
cers whereof one cold speake iust enough to name
the things to vs. There was a greate tapor ligh-
ted (about 3 in the afternoone) and sett into the
vestery, then the Old man poored water
owt of a greate siluer pott in the owtward ves-
try and washed his hands, then so soone as hee
opened the dores where the reliques were hee
kneeled downe and spake something priuatly
to him selfe wchwhich donn he shewed vs those things
deliniated in the former page. The Cross was abowt the lenght of my arme Crux.
couered wthwith gold and very rich stones: thorow
some Cristalls the wood was seene wchwhich thay saide
was soome of the same cross that Christ was
crusified on: At the 4 owt ends of the crosse
where the faces and brests of the 4 monarches,
being 4 greate stones of a flesh coulor, whose
naturall veines wthwithowt the art of paynting suite
to the thing represented. The basis is all pure gold. Spina. The next thing was an extraordinary rich
crowne of beaten gold, sett wthwith faire large pre-
cious stones. I asked whether that were the
crowne of the Prorex or Duke of Burges.
hHe saide noe, but that the crowne was onely
for the honour of one of the thornes which
had crowned our sauiour, wchwhich was now there
in this crowne,:; and then in the middle crystall
flower-de-luis thay poynted to the thorne, wchwhich is seene
thorough the cristall, the other cristalls being cleere. 17
(So that Iodoicus Sinierus is owt in his
itinerarium Galliæ, who so caleth this the
crowne of the Dukes of Burges whereas it is onely
for the thornes sake.) Then in a coffer of wood wchwhich is all ouer guilded Bimati.
there lyeth the seuerall limbs (as thay say) of
3 of the Bimati or Innocents wchwhich Herod kild
when he thought to haue killed XtChrist. theThe box being
opened I wold have touched thē but the Mystago-
gus wold not suffer mee (although I had the cross
and the crowne in my hand) but bad one of his vn-
der officers take out one part of them wchwhich seemeth
to bee like leather, not stiff but flexible, being
doubled againe to put into the coffer. One is all-
most whole in the proportions, but thinn like vnto
parchment. Chalice. Then wee saw a challice of beaten gold, pelle-
ted with iewels, the couer was of a large pel-
luced or transparent stone, besett full of other
stones of infinite vallue. Vasa.There is allso seuerall little water potts, of that
forme I haue figured thē in the former page, which
are so many seuerall precious stones, and of o-
ther materialls wchwhich I knew not. Together wthwith
a large bason of one Saphire stoane. Frō hence wee went into another vestery Vestes.
where the robes lay: where there are some thirty
seuerall rich imbrothered worked — Fronts
and Palls for the Altar, wthwith extreamly rich
Coap's especially one of gold, pearle, and other
stones together wtwhat other furniture sutable.
These riches were all almost giuen by theire founder
John Duke of Bituris, whoe lyeth buried, [  ] writt on
the wall.
entumed before the Altar: abowt wchwhich is a writing
that hath the date of 1416 to be the yeare of his death.
Me Dur cōstruric Bitturic Eltyrdotxui
Et Ꝑjul attendens año Ꝑsente Sæuit. On the 1 of August (sti no) wee went to see a Turli.
howse of the Archbishops cald Turli, [  ]
abowt a league (ie. 2 miles) frō Burges: the
French gaue it larger cōmendacōns then I
conceiue it deserueth. The howse is a square
of Ancient building, hauing at each cor-
ner a round turret, and wthwithout it a moate
ouer wchwhich you enter wthwith on a draw bridge.
It is something like, (but nothing so large as)
Leeds castle in kent. The walkes in the
garden are very hansomely contriued
betweene hedges and trees of Beech in
a very vniforme variety. Ouer the Dore
Spaning into the garden Ouer the moate
vpon a black stone is this Inscription. Cross. Deo Auspice
And: Fremyot Patriarck Archiep9 Bituc:
Aquitan: Prim Regis Concil9 Commodo,
Oblectamento, Munimento Ciuiū, Hospitū,
Dominorū, Hortos Instruxit, Aquas direxit,
muros circumduxit, Totam Domū Instau-
rauit, Auxit, Ornauit. 1619. On the roofe of the Chappel (wchwhich is smale and lay
rudely) At the entrance in to the howse, and
in the windowes, are the Armes of the Archi-
piscopacy wchwhich is 3 wax candles rowles Or, in a feild
Cules, a cross staffe Or. [coat of arms] asAs wee came
home, I thought wee shold haue buried
Mr Chapman, who fell violently sicke, his face
pale and his eyes sett in his heade, but (grace Dieu) he recouerd. 18 August 3 the bells (wchwhich are very greate
ones) of StSaint Stephens went betimes in the mor-
ning, and allmost all day long, wthwith solemne
seruice, this being a holy day peculiar to
this City in honor of StSaint Stephen.
[Image of the celebration infront of a castle, with people surrounding the celebration, cannons firing and fireworks]. Les Arens After supper there met 4 or 5 thousand
people at the market place caled Les Arens
where (partly for the honor of the day, partly
for the taking of Mardick neere Duinkirc)
there was a –feu Du ioy– or bon fire in that
manner as it is described in the former page.
On the topp of a high post (full of peggs to
hang fagots on it) there was a neate forme
of a castle, made of smale osyers, with
redd flaggs on the pinacles, and beset with
fire works: The Maior and the 4 Echeuins
come wthwith fife, drum, and trumpet, and goe
round abowt it 3 times, and then the
Maior hath a torch giuen him, with wchwhich
he setteth fyer to the straw beneath,
wchwhich donn the Ordnance plaide, and wnwhen
the fire gott vp to the topp (wchwhich was quic-
ly donn) the castle burnt and tumbled downe,
and the fireworkes thay flew vpward: Then
the gross towre discharged herits ordnancs,
and other fireworkes came frō the gar-
den of the Cordeliers wchwhich is hard at
hand, or frō the city wall wchwhich is not
farr of: The Solemnety performed the
Officers returnd as thay entred, And
So did wee. In this place the auncient Romans
had an Amphitheater, Of wchwhich there is now no token
but the name: and the Cōmon peoples talke of it. 19 Aug. 4 There was yethe Prior of StSaint Vrsine buried A prior
buried.
in the body of StSaint Stephens church: The alter was
clothed wthwith blacke weluet wthwith a white satin cross
in the midst,:. theThe coaps were sutable with
skulls and boanes worked wthwith the needle which
suite is for all funeralls. All that had alliance
to him had a wax light in theire hands and
4 greate tapers standing by the coffin couered
wthwith a blak veluet and a white satin cross. allAll the kin-
dred first and then the Chanons sprinked wa-
ter on the coffin, and afterwards on the
graue, the priest (mass being first saide)
putt in the first durt him selfe, and then
the laborers doe the rest while the canon sang
an Anthē or a Requiem. And so wee parted. 3 Nuns
made.On The 6 of Aug. there were 3 that entred in to
the Nunnerie La Charity, or Pooure Dudu Dieu,
vn Hostile Dudu Dieu. weeWee went to see the ceremony. vid.pa.
44.
whenWhen wee came wee found the Chappel abowt
halfe full, One preist in a faire coape sit-
ting before the Altar or Table, and another
in a surplice in another chaire, a speaking or
preaching vnto the 3 that were to enter the or-
der, who kneeled before the Alter. Two of thē
were in white, the one satin the other taffety:
the third was in a blake silke petticoate and wast-
coate, All in theire hares and ribands. The ser-
mon ended, he that preached rose frō his chaire and
went owt then the other preist begann with
an Oremus, some prayers ended, he rose, and
and sitting in the chaire Asked the deuoted
some questions,:: whether thay were not forced to this or had made promise of mariage: whether that were resolu'd
to leaue the world,:: whether thay were de-
sirous of being wedded to XtChrist. &t. To whome Je no point
constraint:
Je ne fait
de veu:
mais par
inspiration
On Jesu XtChrist.
&t.
One answered (in a pittifull voice) that thay
did earnestly desire it, and beseeched him to
make them so happy as to accomplish the
business (the french I vnderstood not well, but
I conceiued it to this effect). Then hee came
anand vnpined and puld off theire handker-
cheifes frō theire necks wthwith these words
Exue veterē hominē cū omnibus ac-
tionibus eius,:: he speaking first to one, then
to the second, and the same to the third;
Then the 2 matrons (or old Nunns) that \\\
kneeled on each side of them vnpined theire
heads, and then rose and went owt of yethe
Chappel: In the meane time the preist wthwith
some crosses and prayers, sett apart a little
basket of theire habits, and thay being re-
turned were all in blake except on
theire heads wchwhich was white: then the preist
tooke the basket and gaue to each of them
a good large linnen vaile, saying thus
to euery one of thē. Accipe velamen Sa-
crum pudicitiæ et reuerentiæ, serua hoc
immaculatū in nomine patris, Filij et
Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Then he 20 [This page has been ripped from the notebook. As a result, only some very few letters and words near the far left margin of the page are visible.] [This page has been ripped from the notebook. As a result, only the some very few letters and words near the far right margin of the page are visible.] 21 A faire
at Bourg On the 10 of August (Eti no) it being St Laurence A faire
at Bourg
his holy day, there was a smale faire at Bour-
ges, kept in St Priuat's streete. theThe cheife ma-
terialls were hoops of all cises and boords for
tubs and other such things as belong to the
prouiding for the vintage: withowt the
gate in the Foubourgh were a few cattle.
Ouer the Doore of the Church neerest the
faire was put vp an Inscription in greate
letters wch was—Indulgence pleniere.
theThe Church was throngd wth people going
too and frō for all that forenoone, many
poore of all sorts laying and begging at
the doore. I went in amongst the rest, and
found the people all on theire knees, one preist
preist at mass, and another reading of
the Indulgence as I tooke it to bee.
That day there was a good lusty red berded Pilgrim.
fellow in the streets in a pilgrims habit,
the people flocked abowt him, and because
he cold speake no french thay mocked him
and abused him. heHe saide hee was an Ita-
lian, that he hadd 30000 liures ꝑper annum
in his owne country, and for saken all for
Christs sake: and therefore bore theire flowts
cheirefully,:. heHe spake latine very well, and
saide he cold speake 6 languages, by reason of
the crowd I cold not come to speake to him,
neither indeed was it salfe for mee. thayThey told him
he was no catholich, he answered that the warrs wch
the french had euery where, shewd yt they were none. August 12. The greate bels of St Steuen (or the CatheCathedral) Sta Clara
12. Aug
rang abowt 9 of the clocke. I went to the Church
and there I found a cordeliere in the pulpet
a preaching. whenWhen he had donn thay went a
solemne procession through the streets, carry-
ing a very faire cross vpon two of theire shol-
ders, wch thay say is made of some of our Sauiors
cross, it is couered wth gold and siluer the wood
being sēene thorough cristals, the people fell
all vpon theire knees in the streets all along
as it went by them. I went along wth them.
At the Nunnery of Sta Clara thay all turnd
in, and I wth them, when wee came into
the chappell, wee were all besprinkled with
water by one that stood for that purpose, then
thay sang a parte of the letany before the
altar, the chorus often cōming in with–
Ora Pro Nobis, Ora Pro Nobis.,
whilst that the preists that bore the crosse
were adorning the cross with a cross of flowrs
and nosegaies wch the nuns had prouided. Just
by mee was the grate thorough wch I saw 7
or 8 Nuns in a gray habit, and a kinde of
a long french hood of the same cōming to
the middle of the back ouer a hood of the
same and a white vaile. whenWhen the cross was
furnished wth the flowres we all went bake
againe to the cathedrall in order as wee
did before. Euery Munke after his order,
each order having a cross carryed before them. 22
Then the Canons. thenThen the Cross: with 5
greate torches hauing the Kings and the Cities
arms on them. Then the Mayor and Escheuins
and anon the throng of people. After this
manner.
[Fig: two people carry a raised platform, on top of which sits a large cross. These figures are surrounded by other people who belong to the mentioned throng of people, four of whom carry torches.]
Processio.
Crux Sancta
Ex ligno veræ crucis;
iam ptraurato
Wee being returned to the Cathedrall the cross as it was
adorned wth flowres and a set of beads was sett vpon the high alter and all the
orders and company went away. butBut diuerse poore people
went and kneeled before the alter and when the preists had
taken off the cross of flowres, they gaue the preists theire chap-
lets or beads, to touch the cross (it being made of the
same cross our saviour suffered on as thay say) wch thay did,
and so returned thē againe. wWch donn, the ceremony ended,
I returned home. The Nuns at the howse of St Clare had this kinde
of habit on the backside theire coulor being gray.
the grates kept mee from the full sight of
theire formost dress, but 2 of them with \\\
noasgaies in theire hadhand passed by mee in this forme. [Fig: Bargrave's depiction as referred to above is imposed in the centre of this paragraph interrupting each line.] On this day I met in the streets a fellow wth St Bar-
bara. ye
coblers
Holy day. a Shoo-
makers shredding knife in his hand, he had on him
a loose sattin coate of greene and redd hauing
the figure of a shee saint wraught in satine Estitch
on the brest and on the back very ritchly
in his other hand he had a good faire siluer
staff or mace wth an image of the same saint (as
I conceiued) on the topp of it: he went lepping
and skipping abowt hauing before him two
fiddlers, a base and a trebble viall. I asked
wt it meant, and was told that it was the
Eaue to St Bab or St Barbara wch was the
Coblers holy-day. andAnd all the coblers in towne
put bowes at theire doore. August the 15 was kept as a very grate holy Assump-
tion
15 Aug
day. thereThere being a most mia greate proces-
sion, and as before the cross was carryed, and
kneeled to, so now the Image of the virgin:
the singing men and canons singing before
it., but this was only in the church, and not
in the streetes. The day following was kept holy for the St Roche
16 Aug.
honour of St Roche, wh is the St that thay
pray to to be deliuered frō the plague, wch
cutt off 10000 in Bourges Ano 1637. thereThere
dying 200 in a night, as Dr Ferranne My
phisician told mee. This whole month Iak Rayment had a I. Raym
recouerd
violent feauor, being very neere death
but God's holy name be praysed by the praysed
be god.
helpe of Dr Feran the phisition, and Mon/r
Ralliard the Apothecary, he recouered. 23 On the 17 of August was the first ripe
grapes
17 Aug.
day that wee eate ripe grapes both white
and redd, and likewise peaches, whose trees
grow in greate plenty among the vinyards
in the open fields. Mellons were ripe about tenn dayes soonermellons
the price is according to the bigness and
goodness. Aug. theThe 21. The Arch Bishop of Paris comming frō The Bish:
of Paris.
came to
Burges.
the Bourbon waters, came thorough Bourges
he went to see the Cathedrall and St Chapel
the sepulture, and reliques &t. heHe was a
crooked old man, very gallant., being in a
violet coulor waterd tabies breches and
cloake: his doblet and cloake-facing of
redd taffety: a white-russet boote and
a paire of bootehose tops wth a very large
boanelace, his spurrs guilded and large:
As our knights of the garter weare theire
George on theire cloaks and abowt theire
necks: in the same manner had hee a
rich cross on a blew ribbon and on his
cloake a cross wth a doue on it wraught
all in siluer wth the needle. After this fashion
but very large., wch whichwch is a badge of the \\\
order of knights of the Holy Ghost:p. 33.
There attended on him a gentlman vsher,
6 seruing men, 2 chapleins, 4 pages, 6
lacquies, a coach with 6 horses, and a litter
with 2 greate mules, and a horseman that ledd it,.
theThe Euesque or Bishop went away in the litter.\\\. [Fig: There is a sketch of the cross which the author is describing in the lower middle of this page. The cross has a dove in the middle and a fleur-de-lis at each right angle where the cross intersects] Le Rasin. Seurll Sorts of grapes in France
[Fig: Lattice with bunches of grapes and grape leaves in the top right quarter of the page]
De la vigane. the greatest.
De la gouche. whit large thin clod.
Du more: red thin clusters.
Du Souinan. smale white thick clo.
Du Musquade. large white.
Du Pinel. redd close bunches.
Du Verdin. to make vergise. At the east end of the Cathedrall there is a little
chappell wth the fayrest picture of all, in it, wch was
giuen by the present Deane.
There the virgin, or baby in cloathes, had pre-
sented to her by some deuoute person, Grapes
offered to
the virgin
the first bunch of ripe redd grapes wch was
pinned to her apron and there continued
vntill thay rotted and staynd (O the hey-
nous crime) and staynd my ladies apron. On the 19 Septem. thereThere blew a trumpeter The pro-
uosts pro-
clamation
for Vintage a-
bowt the City of Bourges and at seuerall places
proclaimed liberty for to beginn the Vintage
wch it is not lawfull for any to doe vntill
the Prouost (a cheife officer for such pur-
poses) haue begunn and proclaime this li-
berty. 24 August the 24 thay keepe St Bartholmewes St Bar-
tholmew.
Aug. 24.
feasts. On that day there was a smale faire at
Bourges. The cheife materialls where of were Tubbs
and hoopes and other necessaries for the vintage. The day following was the feast of St Lowes St Lodouicus
Aug. 25.
king of France the 5th of that name (as I was
told). On the 28 of August the Augustine friers St August.
28. Aug.
went on procession, it being theire holy day
for St August: but not commanded or kept
by the church but only for that order.
At this time there was a greate dright for
want of Raine so that the vintage was ex-
treamely feared to be spoyled. Therfore on
the 28 of Aug the Mn Sr Mondon my french St Vrsins
bones in
procession
for rayne
Master came an howre later to meee then
his time appoynted, and he told mee the reason
was because he went in the procession for
Rayne, wch was performed by carrying the
Corps, or rather the bones, (as thay fable)
of St Vrsine in pomp abowt the city, in
a coffin: singing before them, and Inuocating
that Saint for rayne: He said that St Vrsin
was the first Bishop of Burges and liued
in the primatiue times, immediatly after
Christ, and that thay had very often re-
ceiued rayne by inuocating of him in
this manner. I told him twas much the body of
St Vrsin shold keepe to long; he answered that he thought
it was only his bones in the coffin, and that tradition
had so deliuered it to thē: On the 28 of Aug. I went to visit Father I visited
the Je-
suits.
28 Aug.
Carew the English, and Father Sproud the
Scottish Jesuite, Young Mr Rickad Sr
Peter Rickads sonn of Kent in England be-
ing my companion: thay had vs vp into
the library (wch is the topp of theire high
building) there wee fell vpon seuerall
points. Thay saide those of the church of
England were Jouinians because thay
not onely preferd marriage before vir-
ginety, but allsoe abhord virginety and
the vowing of it; Then Father Sproud
tooke downe a peece of St Hierom and
turn'd to his first booke against Iouiniā
where he shewed me St Hieroms words
wch onely amounted to this, that he pre-
ferred virginety before wedlocke, to
if it cold be faithfully kept: I told
him that St Paule saide so too, and
so did I too: But I cold finde no-
where either in St Paule or Antiqui-
ty that made for the vowing of vir-
ginety, because it is the guift of
god and not in the powre of Man:
Hee wold not beleeue that wee were
only against the vow but allso against
virginety it selfe, especially in preists,
vppon wch I cited him the 32 Article of
our Church, wch is that a Preist 25
Or any other Christian may or may not
not marry as they shall iudge it best to serue
serue to godliness. Then wee fell vppon transubstantiation,
Then to the vse of reliques and Images,
Then to Inuocation of saintes, &t,
Vpon which thay tooke downe Gwalteri
Chronologiā, And owt of that booke thay
wold maintaine all theire tenets, commen-
ding the booke exceedingly, and saying yt
it neuer was nor cold be answered by
the Protestants. I answered, that a booke
of that nature, it being a chronologie
ought well to be examined before it be
credited, and to examine such a booke
wold require a greate deale of time, and
therefore Gwalters authority preuailed
nothing wth mee more then the Autho-
rity of Functius the Cronologer did
wth them, whoe denieth, and Indeauo-
reth to Prooue by the course of time,
that St Peter neuer was at Rome
And then how shold the Pope be his suc-
sessor. The greate bell then rang to a procession
wch caused me to aske them whether that
bell did not call thē, and so wee might
be some hindrance to thē, thay said no,
thay were not tyed to goe to processions,
and indeed I neuer saw thē or the Pere
Orators at any Procession: I had a desire to
see the procession and so tooke my leaue. Thay
are exceeding courtious. On the 29 thay went another procession for Proces
for raine
29 Au.
raine, carrying abowt the Image of some
other saint. The Jesu-
its pre-
sent.
30 Aug On the 30 of Aug. The 2 Jesuites came to
visit vs and brought wth thē, the one
a glass of vigan raisons or grapes pre-
serued, the other a class of preserued cher-
ries wch thay gaue mee for my nephew
Mr John Rayment who had binn sick of a
violent feauor for 3 weeks, and at that
time kept his bed. Our dispute was this
time abowt the hauing of the scripture
in the vulgar tongue cōmon to all, thay
denied the fitness, and instanced the
warrs of England at that present to haue
sprang frō thence: and againe that one
in London kild his father and Mother
vpon those words of the Gospel
I came not to send peace on earth but
the sword, to setThe father shall bee against
the sonn, and the sonn against the father.
I answered that one mans or 10 or 100
or 1000 mens abuse did not take away the
lawfull vse of a thing and that St Paule
writ to all the Romans, Corinthians,
Ephesians &t and not to the learned onely
and againe wee finde that heresies did
not 26 not Spring from hence (as thay saide) onely
but allsoe frō the learned: as the workes
of learned Heretiques doe shew.
Thay exceeding courteously spake to Iak
praysing God for his hopes of recouery, and
desiring him to make good vse of gods
blessing on him &t. And so tooke theire
leaues. The Jesuites caps haue but 3 corners (In France) Why the
Jesuites
of France
haue one
flatt corner
of theire caps.
wch stick up, the fourth being flatt downe: I
was told thay wold take it ill if I shold aske
the reason, because that H 4th put that
vpon them as a marke and token of theire
being traitors he being stabd twice by
thayre contriuance, and that thay were suppo-
sed to be more freinds to the house of
Austria and the Spaniard then to the Fren.
But a youth that went to Sckoole at theire
Coll at Burges, Jaques Segree, the Madās
Sonn where I pentioned, told mee that
if thay be asked the question, theire answere
is,–That Ignatius Liola theire founder
and St had once a conflict with the De-
uill, and when the Diuell cold not preuaile
by perswations, hee came to blowes, and
wth one stroke beate inwards the one corner
of St Ignatius his capp, vpon which thay
allsoe weare one horne or corner not on the
owte side but in the Inne side of theire capps. On Sunday the 27 of August there was a very Few de
ioy. for
a victory
in Germa-
ny
greate Few de Ioy for a victory obtaynd
by the French in Germany against the
emperor and duke of Bauaria, in wch bat-
taile Dr Ferran my phisician told mee
the French lost 3000 the Emperor 6000
men. theThe manrmanner of the Feu de ioy was
like the former pa. 18. but frō this
bonfire there went a line to a thing
bilt like a castle vpon a wodden frame
or stage, vpon wch stoode the figure of
a German wth a glass of doble beere
in one hand, and a pipe of tobacco in
the other, the fireworks (wch were ve-
ry strange and admirable) lighted his
pipe and then blew him vp and the
castle abowt his eares, the figures
of the Sunn and moone running
rownd abowt him in fire, and many
hundreds of fireworks flyghing vs in
to the ayre some giuing a report like
a cannon. The same day for the same cause there
was a procession. A mounte
bank on
Sunday in
a Church
yard. And, being Sunday, there was a Moun-
tebank or Charleton as thay terme him
that acted abundance idle, foolish, Im
modest and ridicolus tricks on his stage, in
St Peters Church yarde. 27 Abowt the 20 of August there were two A Deuell
gentlemen that fought a Duell abowt
a quarter of league frō St Priuie's gate
Monsieur [  ] killed Monsr [  ]
his hart being quite runn thorough. Dr Fe-
ran (our Phisition) was acquainted wth them
both, and he saide that he saw the corps
opened, and that he going to visit the
Father of the gentleman that was de
slaine, he fownd him weeping, and
the cheife cause he saide was not
so much for the loss of his sonn, but
for the disgrace that wold follow it
by reason that sentence was past, yt
after his body had binn buryed cer-
taine daies, it shold be againe taken
vp, and being first dragd thorough
the streets, the head to be cutt off by
the publique hangman, according to
the stricktness of the law against du-
ells, and so his estate confiscat: It was
was not donn as sentence was passed, \\\
frends and mony gatt it off. If it be a
man of inferior degree that is kild in
a duell, then the corps is to be digd vp
and hang'd at the cōmon gallas. Monsr
[  ] that kild this gentleman made
an escape, his wife then in chilbedchildbed, and had 4 child. On the 10 of Septem. Wee went to see Septem.
Jacques
Ecoeurs
howse.
Jacques Ecoeurs howse, wch is very fa-
mous for the building, and the founders
sake, he being (abowt 200 years since)
at the first a poore beggerboy, was after-
wards High treasurer of France, and
Extreamely welthy: so that at Bourges
(the place of his birth) thay say hee
had a familiar spirit at his cōmande,
and that he requird of the king to
suffer him to couer his howse wth [  ]
wch arare peeces of mony of a sols and a
halfe value (ie. 3 halfe pence English)
some cald thē le gross de Jacques Ecoeur.
he built another greate howse at
Mompellier, and diuerse other places
wch are possest by him that is treasu-
rer of France, those howses going a-
long wth that office. This is a good faire howse, but nobody
liguing in it, thers nothing but bare
wals. thayThay say it is hanted by sprits. [Fig: There are two small coloured drawings of women's shoes between the previous line and the next]
The Damosells or Gentlewomens shoes The fashion
of shoes.
and slippers in France are of this fashion
and for the most part thay goe all the forenoone
in slippers. andAnd the Madams or Misresses all 28
all the day long within doores, espetially
when thay are abowte theire good houswifrey. On the 10 of this month. The Jesuits sent Henricus
A Tragedie.
by a seruant 4 little books to mee (for each
of vs one) and Inuited vs to the Tragedy
wch was acted the next day in the Arch-
bishops Hall: The 2 Scotch Jesuits came
and fetched vs, and prouided the best
places for vs, next to Monsr
who was then treasurer of St Chapell, and
brother to the Lord that was at the char-
ges of the tragedie, and guifts that were
giuen to the best deseruing boyes
and Iust behinde vs sat the Mayor, and
the Rector of the Coll: and Chancellor.
The Ar-
gument
of the
Tragedie. The Tragedie was the History of Hen-
ry 3d Emperor. who being deposed by
force and the policy of his sonn, had his
Crowne, sceptor, robes &t violently ta-
ken from him, and his sonn crowned
in his place. Which donn he came to so
greate misery, that at Spira he beg-
ged foode of the Bishop, and wold haue
binn made one of the qQuire, because hee
was learned and cold sing: but thay
refused to receiue him, although he
him selfe was founder of that place:
vpon wch he sighting saide - You
- You that shold bee my freinds at the
least haue som pitty towards mee, for
the hand of the Lord is vpon mee.
His greife at the lenghtlength kild him, and
he was so hated of all men that his
body lay 5 yeares in a by place of
that chappell wch he had built at
Spira, before it was buryed.
He being a very wicked man had
this iudgement falen on him.
books sent
vs. The bookes wch were sent vs were the
argument of the tragedy, and the ab-
breuiated somme euery Act, com-
posed in very good latine, together wth
the Actors names. It was performed Exceeding well
(if not ouer acted) and not any stopp
or hesitation. Before the Trag: begann Father Sprowd Thomas
A Kempis
lent mee a Thomas A Kempis for to
reade in, Commending the Author (as
well he might in part) and booke vnto
mee. At my first turnigturning there was a
leafe turnd downe and the picture
of St Pauls Conuersion in a loose
paper, aboue it was printed–Conuersio Sti
[Fig: A small sketch of a wreath in the bottom left margin of the page] Pauli, 29
Pauli. andAnd vnderneath it was printed
this Sancta Conuersio, confundit
inimicū,:: ædificat praximum
glorificat Deum.
Isiodor.
Orate pro omnibus existentibus
in peccato mortali.
Vpon this (he sitting next to mee) wee had
some discourse suiting to the historie.
Then he wished mee to reade in the 4th
booke where were many things to conuert
mee to the opinion of Transubstantiation
aAnd in that discourse he said one greate
argument to him was, the holiness of the
liues, and greateness of miracles that
haue binn donn by men of that Reli-
gion wch he now professed. Naming St
Xeuerius that Turned the Japonians
to embrace Christianity &t. But for
vs wee cold shew no liues of any Pro-
testant sett forth to the glory of god
and the confirming of the truth of our
Religion. but as for themselues he thought XtsChrist's
Corporiall presence was the cause of theire
blessed liues and greate miracles.
My answere was that we had many which
liued most piously, but wee were not vaine
glorious in writing theire liues,:: and as
for miracles, I cold not be certaine of the
truth. It being no consequent that thay
shold be true because thay were in print.
Lastly that if Christs corporeall presence
shold be the cause of shome mens Sanc-
tity and miracles –Qua talis– all that
receiue in that Church, of that opinion,
shold be holy, and allso shold worke mi-
racles: both wch Father Sprowd and I
knew to be false. Whilst he was
taking my answer off, The Tragedy
begann and broake off our discource.
He argued so lowde that wee had ma-
ny eyes and eares vpon vs. Mr Brockman my Noble freinde and Mr Brok-
man sick.
countryman being taken with a fitt of
an ague was faine to goe owt of the Hall
iust before the tragedy began; Mr Ricot
left Bour-
ges.
This day Mr [  ] Richot an English gentleman left Bourges
and tooke his iourny for Angiers. The Tragedy being ended There Solemnis
præmiorum
distributio.
was a very prety Pastorall to the
Honor of him whoe was at the charges
of him who g the tragedy and bookes
which were giuen to the best schollers. [Sketch of laurel wreath]
which pastorall was all French (the Laurea
Corona
Tragedy being before in Latin) 30 The Pastorall ended. There was some 20
or 30 very faire bownd bookes, some
folio's, some. 8°. 4°. broth owt on a
table. Then He that Personated the
Emperor in his glory, and ritch clothes
(wch thay had frō Paris) Re'dd ouer the
names of the best deseruing boyes
and caling them on after another in
order, thay (in vew of all the people)
went vp a lather to the stage, and
there wth the sownd of Drum and
Trumpets were first crowned wth
bayes, and then according to his merit,
had one of those bookes giuen him.
some boyes had 2 some 3 bookes and
three crownes, of 3 seuerall times, as
thay prooued to be best both in
Latine and greeke, in Poetry or
Prose, in each seuerall classis of wch
there is 5. theThe vppermost being coun-
=tedted the first. This is an excellent way
to encourage boyes, and stirr them
vp to emulation: And thus thay doe in
all the Jesuits Coll: both in Italie and
France, as Father Sprowd told mee. There are
Electors chosen, who take a solemne oath to
giue the rewards to the best deseruing boyes. The boyes that are of the Rethorique The boyes
breake vp
at the time
of vintage
schoole or Classis did now breake vp,
and the other schooles follow abowt
a weeke after, being frō schoole in
the vintage time, and so for a month
haue leave to be absent. The 14 SepterSeptember. As I was in my chãber I
heard a little smale bell tinkel in the
streete, vpon wch I rann downe. but cō-
ming neere the gate the little boy of the
howse being there cryed A genou A
genou (ie. kneele kneele) vpon which
I stayd till the boy had kneeled and
rose vp againe, then I looking owt of
the gate saw a preist in his surplice
and pall wth a little kinde of box in his
hand, he was alone by him selfe, onely
a little poore boy tinkled that bell be-
fore him, and all that mett him knee-
led downe before him: I asked our
boy the reason, and wt that was in his
hand, he answer'd (~Il est nostre Seig-
neur dans sa main. O mon Dieu Monsr
il a nostre Sauueur là) Tis our Lord that
he hath in his hand. O god Sr he hath our
Sauiour there. I asked whether he did 31
did see him, he saide no; he was couered.
The business was as the boy told mee that
the preistpriest had binn giuing the sacrament
and extreame vnction to some body
that was like to dye.
[Fig: Priest depicted large in center surounded by many small people] The people as he iust passed by them cros-
sed them selues, amongst wch were some poore
begger boyes looking for wt thay cold finde
in the gutter, but thay left theire worke
and did theire reuerence. Septem.ber 16. Father Sprowd the Scoth man came Father
Sprowd
remooued
frō Bourges
to La Flesh
to giue mee congé, being (as he told mee) to
leaue this Coll: at Bourges, and to goe to the
Coll: at La Flesche wch is in Aniou some
10 leagues frō Angeiers, the stateliest
Coll of Jesuites (as he saide) of all France
where those that write against the protes-
tant, and other works, are resident for
the most part. hisHis sickliness heare was
the cause of his remooue: Wee fell into
an earnest discource how one shold know
the true Catholique Church. We both
Concluded wth the Scripture—by theire fruits
Obiect.yee shall know them. –wch drew him to en-
ter vpon the argument of sanctity (which
path he had before often trodd) fro taking
his rise frō the article of the creed—
The Holy Catholique Church. For to
prooue the sanctity of the Roman Cch
he went into his old roade, of the liues of
the Saincts written since the separation
and amongst thē in cheife, the life of Ste
Xeuerius who turned the IaponiansJaponians: And
that on the contrarie we cold not shew
any such liues or examples of piety as
thay cold; nor such miracles donn by
Resp.holy men. To wch I answered that Cō-
parisons were vsually said to be odious,
especially in the riping vp of mens liues,
and that not onely of the liuing but allso
of the dead. 2ly That wee were not
so vaineglorious as to write mens liues
3ly that I had no grownds for the cer-
tainty of the truth of wt was written
in the liues of theire Sts. 4ly that I had
much grownde for the falshood of ma-
ny things in thē: 5ly that if I must
credit the authors, that then I must be
bownd to credit either to some or
to all: whereas I had readd the 32
liues of some in Iohannes de vola-
gine (an Author in folio) wch to mee were
very Ridiculous: vpon wch I mistamed
in the story of a partridge that be-
ing persued by a hauke cryed owt
Sancte Thoma(meaning Thomas of
Backet) misereri mei. vpon wch the par
=tridge escaped and the hawke fell downe
deade: and diuerse such like I cold
instance in. He was a little angry
at my word ridiculous, repeating it
often, and said that it was not ridicui-
lous for Balaams ass to speake, and ob.
why shold the other, and that therefore
such an act qua talis being feceable
was not ridiculous. I answered that Resp.
if he cold shew me gods word for one
as I cold shew him for the other, then I
wold credit it, because I must submitt
my reason to gods word; otherwise it
did not follow that because god cann
doe such things therefore I am to be-
leeue he did doe it them, onely because I finde
it so printed: for then it wold allso
follow that the Doue did truly speake
to Mahomet, and that a bull did
once prophecie, because that I finde it
printed in the Turkish Alcaronn. Then Father Carew pulling him by the cloake
hee smil'd and protested he wandred
how wee fell into that discourse, and that
he came onely to visit mee and katake his
leaue of mee, and did not thinke of spea-
king one word of Religion when he came
from his College. wWch donn he gaue mee
conge. The next morning he being to goe My Ob.
a way I went to the Coll: to returne
his visit and bid him adeue. whereWhere in
the Hall wee arguing of seuerall things
I brought him to say that he was abhis confes-
tion.
Merit.-
solutely against Meritt ex condigno,
euen in a Iustified man. That a man
though Iustified–yet wn he had donn all
that he cold he was an vnprofitable ser-
uant. wWch seemed to me to be against that
of the Councell of Trent. Si quis dixerit
iustificati hominis opera bona non verè
mereri vitã æternã, Anathema sit. Sess.
VI. Ca. XVI Can. XXXII. Anon I had occasion to to cite Aquinas, My Ob.
where he saith Quod eadē reuerentia ex-
hibeatur imageai Christi, et ipsi Christo:
cum ergo Christus adoretur adoratione la-
triæd, consequens est, quod eius Imago Sit
adoratione Latriæ adoranda. Par. 3. qu est;
25. ar. 3. andAnd so Cabera on that place. 33
He answered that those differences in His an.
the schooles were only put by the way of
controuersie and not positiuely, and that
there were some schoolemen of another
opinion. And that such like things might
be written on both sides vntill the Church
had determined one way. Againe it might
be said for Thomas Aquinas and his follow-
ers that the Latria wch they ment was
but Latria transiens. I replyed
that I had neuer herd of Latria my Repl.
transiens–before, and that therefore
I cold not be of that Church vntill
thay had determined that and such like
controuersies: and 2ly that I knew yt
God was a Iealous God; and that there-
fore I cold not venture his displeasure
on so nise a distinction as Latria trans-
iens; but as for this I was sure, that where
there is no images there god is not at
all iealous, and so no danger of that
sinn of Idolatry. In the afternoone Father Browne (anFather Browne-
other Scotch Jesuite) and father Carew came
to mee, and brought wth thē an English
gentleman that attended on the Prince the Prince
of Condie
came to Bur.
Mr Lāborne
of Condie, whoe came to Bourges that
day: he said his name was Mr Lamborne
a Westmorland man; whoe told mee how
his Lord the Prince of Condie had heard the
state of England stoode at that time, of
wch I had not heard a word 10 weeks be-
fore. On Sunday 17 Septēember the Prince went to chase a
stagg, wch being kild, at the euening we I
went wth Mr Lamborne to see the Prince,
and first met him in the Cathedrall, Here
being a Te Deũ at that time for the
taking some fort neere St Omers: hse
was an ancient old man of 70 yeares,
and being trobled wth the gout he was
carryed in a red veluet chaire between
2 men in the manner of a Sedan. His
habit being a plaine gray cloath. On
his cloake was the badge of the Knights
of the holy ghost (of wch pa: 23) and some
30 of his inferior seruants had redd coats
wth the white cross on them. Frō the
Church he was carryed to see the moun-
tebanck, where in the open streete he sat
looking on theire foolery halfe an howre:
frō thence he went Owt at the Bour-
bon gate, to the greene before the Ca-
puchians Conuent, where there was
made a mash of brama, bread, and 34
the blood of the stagg: then the
Prince blew his horne first, and after
the trumpets blew, and abowt 30 cou-
ple of greate, swifte English hownds came
in last to theire pray, the whole stagg
bingbeing giuen them in seuerall fashions,
the trumpets and the Prince blowing
seuerall tunes (I know not theire hunters
termes) at theire onsett on the seuerall
parcells. It was now rutting time, so yt
the flesh was not good venison, yett
2 or 3 of the old Capuchions cōming
owt of the Conuent, The Prince was
very merry wth them, and gaue them
a part of the stagg. TThe custom
of such a triumph is, that if any
come thither wth theire gloues on, thay
are forfited to the Huntsman, wch
a French madā told me off as shee
met mee, wch saued my gloues.
Frō this triumph the Prince went
to a Cabaret (or Tauerne) which
ioyned to our lodging, where hee
supt. I went to Returne Monseuir
Lamborne his visit, at the Princes
Lodgings, where amongst other discourse
I asked him two Questions. The first The first was–what so many Pesants (or
Countery men) did there in the Court
(there being many) wth Papers and wax
and Parch=man in theire hands. He an-
swered that the Prince was receiuing
in his Rents, and a letting forth some
lands. Which thing he allwaies did
his owne selfe, or at least wold
be present at the doing of it: By wch
way he was growne one of the richest
subiects in the world; his estate being
at the least Douze Cent Mille pistols
tous les anns (per ann.) 1200000, that is,
Twelue hundreth thousand pistols by
the yeare –a pistoll is about 15 shillings
English). more ouer he said that euery
yeare he purchased something. My other Question was – why hee was
in so little a howse. – his answer was
because it was salfest being so neere
the Gross towre. for by reason hee
was so neere to the Royall blood, that
if the King that now is (being abowt [  ]
yeares of age) and his brother shold
die. theThe Duke of Orleance wold bee
King. whoWho hauing no male children
if he die this Prince wold be king, so
that being so greate a Prince there 35
might rise seditious frō the people, or
emulations frō gr the greater ones, wch
may endanger him and therefore hee
is allwaies in or neere a place of strength
The Benedictines presente him thus [Fig: Ornate Arms of the Prince of Condé] Regiæ Stirpis
Henrico Borbonio Condæo
Protoprincipi Serenissimo. Ausa est tibi se sistere, tuam postulare
gratiam Philosophia nostra (Serenissime
Princeps)
vt cui tota debetur, ei totā sesereferret. Ortum
dedit Biturigū tellus, quæ tao dedita est, de-
uota obsequio. Nata optimo in solo potuit
excrescere, et statū assequi perfectū. Quis
vero locum hunc adeo florescentē effecit,
nisi quia tu te illi, tuum Serenissimum
Ducem Filium decus et ornamentū de-
disti⸮ dicamne ideo aussam esse, an debuisse,
vt tibi se cōmitteret, tuo se muniret
præsidio, cuius, quod esse posset, singulari
obtinuerat beneficio⸮ Et certè nemini se-
curiùs se crederet scientiarũ Princeps, quā
Principi potentissimo: nemini liberius sa-
pientias, quam sapientissimo Duci, qui cum
in se non posset ipsi firmare immortale
patrocinium, in suis firmauit æternũ.
Augustissimos igitur tui nominis titulos
non sibi temerè Philosophia nostra propo-
suit ( Cle[  ]issime Princeps) q uos de-
bitæ gratitudinis necessitate venerari
nunquam satis poterit, et venerando
nunquam magis illustrari. Habet tuo
ex merito, quòd tua sit. Habet tua ex
dignitate, quòd tua semper esse velit.
Habetur enim in te quicquid coli, quicquid
veneratione dignum haberi potest. Regia
in te Maiestas inprimis honoratur, quæ
te sui Protoprincipem sanguinis ag
noscit. In te Regentis Augustissimæ Re-
ginæ regimen extollitur, quæ regia suæ
moderationis á te consilia mutuatur. In 36 In te debita patriæ pietas impenditur,
quē patriæ parentem, sicut dudū tota Gallia
nuncupauit, sic augustiori præconio nunc etiam
inimicus terror affirmat: dum tuum pro pa-
tricà propugnantem Ludouicū Ducem inuictis-
simum insolito pauore pertimescit. In te colendo
maximus Religioni cultus exhibetur, qui Reli-
gionis hostium expugnator, Catholicæ veritalis
Armandum propugnatorem Relignioni dedisti,
vt quod in castris per Ludouicū patria; hoc in
templis per Armandum Ecclesia tuū semper
haberet æquali pietate presidiū. Quid si re-
ferre voluero priuata etiam de nobis merita, quo-
rum est, vt nemo nescit, ea multitudo, eas mag-
nitudo, vt aut nos nihil humanos, aut certè
in hoc tuæ Celsitidini anathema maximè
propensos Philosophia reperiat. Beneficiorum
redordatio gratitudinis vices expetit; aliam ve-
rò nobis omnem tenuitas adimit testificandi
rationem. Adsis igitur (Serenissime Princeps)
et hæc nostra vota beneuolo suscipe animo max-
ima nostri semper in te famulatus fura mo-
numenta. Celsitudini Tuæ addictissimi Monachi
Benedictini Bituricenses. Conclusiones ex vniuersa Philosophia Ex Logica.
Logica non est ars,
sed scientia merē
practica.
Vniuersale est verè
genus ad 5 ꝑdicabilis.
Eiis est Sūmū genus
ōnuī verū creatarū
et increatarū.
Relatio non est for-
vis medatis. &t. Ex Ethi: est Physi:
Ethica est scien-
tia practica.
BonūBonum est quod ōiaomnia
appetunt.
Finis est vnicus.
Homo liber est,
non bruta.
3a sunt principia
generationis.
Materia est inge-
nerabilis et &t. Ex Physi: particul
Idē corpus potest
esse in locii diuer-
sis simul.
Plura corpora possunt
esse in eodem loca
simul.
Astra non mouentrur
a forma, sed ab in
telligentiis.
Elementa 4 non sunt
actu in mixto. &t. Ex anima et Metap.
Anima rationalis
non est diuisibilis,
vt aliæ sunt aniā
Lac, semen, adeps,
sanguis et alis hum-
mores non animantur.
Vnitas, vertas, boni-
tas, sunt entis pro
pritates, non alia.
Differentia singid: est
princip: indiuiduatiem
&. Biturigibus ex typo-
graphia Iohan: Christo. In Monasterio Beneoich: Sti Sulpi-
tij Bituricensis. die 17 Sept.September 1645. A prima
ad vesperas This is the manner of Printing their Theses the-
ses, having either the armes of him to whome
thay didicate them, or some other Emblem.
The Prince was at the disputation, and vsed
an argument or two against the Respondent The Nunns
of the
Anuntia-
tion. On this day being the 17 Septē.mber I went to
4 or 5 of the couents and Nunneries. In
the chapel The Nuns of the Anunciation
there standgethe a little box full of Reliques
being couered wth a smale lattice, and vn-
der it a bglass, thorow wch I saw little
smale broken things, wth thay were I cannot
tell, but there was writt vpon there
as followeth. Som hard, some plaiēly to
be readd. Above, ouer the reliques hang
the picture of theire foundres, writt abowt Beata Ioanna Fundatrix Ord. B. Mariæ.
De sacræ monte Caluarie. De sanguine Sti Pauli Reliquæ.
De Sto Sepulthro. De Sti Laurentij. De osstbo Sti Blasij
De St Herosme euesque de. De scapula wencres:
=lai regis Bohemiæ la haire de la bien heureux Ieanne de Fran
Beata Ioanna, Regina Franciæ, filia Ludouici XI:
regis Francorū: soror Caroli VIII. vxor Ludouici XII
&t. Oratio Beata Ioanna libiorū stemmate celsa,Oratio. ete-
nim Regis filia, omnis virtutis Area, Tu
semper placuisti sponso Jesu Christo. et 37 et eius matrem in exemplum habuisti: fac
vt tuis meritis in eorum beneplacitis iugit ex
maneamus—verset—Ora pro nobis Beata
Ioanna. —Resp.—Et nunc et in hora mortis.
Amen. This prayer to their St hora(for wch
as yet I know no authority in holy writt) hang
vp in a table in another place of the owtward
chappell. ouer a little descent or vault in
which there is a toumb of St Ioanna, tawardtoward
wch many poore country people prayed whils
whilst I was there, creeping vnder a low
built gallery to get to the tomb.
[Fig: Open courtyard with three vessels on each side, four armed men standing in sets of two, and a blue feature in the centre. Above, three arms labeled "Saint", "Firmins", and "Fountaine" from left to right. In the middle, the following text:] La Fountein Dede St Fermin A este cōstruicte DV
temps Dede Nobles hommes Louis Foucalt President et
Maire Claude Bourdalou, Piere Paulin Claude Le
Begue Iehan Eauure Escheuine Dede la Ville Dede
Bourge En L'an 1615. There is a short treatise in French concer-
ning these waters of St Fermin before
described; printed at Bourges by Fran-
çois Coppin, libraire de Monseigneur
le Prince. 1631. Intitled
De La fowntaine Minerall de la Ville
de Bourges, de merueilleuses proprietez
de l'eau d'icelle, et de la maniere
d'en vser. Then it begins thus. Quelquefois on nomme cette Fontaine, La
fontaine de Sainct Firmin, et peut estre
par ce que la plus part des infirmes ont
recours aux intercessions de ce Sainct pour
le recourement de leur santé: Quelque-
fois la fontaine de fer, au subiect que le
minerall plus sensible et le quel y pa-
roist plus, est le fer. &t That is—
Sometimes thay call this fountaine, The
fountaine of St Firmin, and it may bee
so because a greate part of the infirme
are recouered by the intercession of that
Sainct for the restoring of theire health:
Sometimes it is caled the Iron fountaine
because the minerall frō whence it comes
is for the most part Iron. Experience telleth mee that the tast is
sulphurius and minerall, Euery morning
in the somer time there is abandaneabandance
of people of all sorts that drink of this 38
fountaine. It is cheifely good for those
that are trobled of the stonne: There setts
an old woman wtha pott and 30 or 40 glas-
ses and filleth to those that com. andAnd
by reason that it is purgatiue, at the
end of a walke set with elme trees there
is a conuenient howse for both sexes. On Michael-mas day Mr Sacrū
cæsaris
vulgo
Sanserr.
fo. 64. Ia: Brock-
man of Kent in England and Mr
Wll. Iohnson of Midlesex or Suffolke,
my very worthy freinds went away
from Bourges, Mr Chapman and
I bare them company v̄nto Sanserr 10 leagues
or 20 miles
frō Bourges.
fo. 62.
an ancient City, in the Romans time
caled Sacrū Cæsaris, but at this time
it is a sad spectacle of Ruine; The wals,
castle, churches, howses are fired, de-
faced, blowne vp, and couered in theire
owne dust, One wold wonder to see
the ruines, especially of the castle and
walles toward the riuer of Loyre
wch runneth at the bottom of that \\\
steeped rownde hill vpon wch the City
is seated. There is yet a Continuation
of howses torne and rent, wch make vp
a streete or two,:: and in the midst there
is a good hansom market place,:. and
There is allso a peece of a steeple and a
remnant of a Castle, wch a farr off make a
fayre shew, but being neere thē one may
feare thay wold fall on ones heade. There is
likewise a poore peece of a Monestery of the
Augustinians, wch wee going to see, The father
that shewed vs the Garden told vs that it
was at that time 22 yeares since the Prince
of Condie (now liuing) caused that City to
be so Ruined—a Cause D'Heretiques—by
reason that the Hugonots in the Ciuil warr
hellheld owt the seige so stowtly that the
histories admire it, saying that thay eate
mans flesh a long time before thay were
betrayed. It is seated thus.
[Fig: Coloured town on a hill in a valley. To left, "St Thibault." labled. To right, "Sanser." labled above, and "The Loyre." below, a compass rose.] Wee lighted off our horses Au Lion D'ome, Iust by Set not
your horses
in the stable
vntill
you haue
agreed
for your
treaty.
the market place, where me not agreeing for our
treaty that night, we went to take our horses
and began to some other place, but the Hostess
cōmanded the gates to be shut and wold not
let vs haue our horses except we payd 5 sols
(or 5 pence) a peece for entring the stable, so wee Vid. p.62. 39
left our horses there and walked downe
the hill to St. Thibault wch is neere vpon a
mille frō Sanserr at the bottome of the hill vpon
the riuer Loyre, a smale village where one may
take boate to goe either vp or downe ye
riuer, (few goe vp, many goe downe from
ghence.) neere this village is another somwhat
bigger then this caled St[  ]. At Msr
PLe Pearles howse neere the water side wee
were well treated for one Cart d'escue (ie. Taillage
for the
passage
of Goats
on the
Loire
18d) a man. but our horses cost vs as much
and much a doe gett thē vnder 25 sols (ie
5 pence) more. At the Loire side there stan-
deth a wodden piller wth the KingsPrince of Condes armes
on it, and being cutt halfe hollow there is
cutt in brass what euery boate is to paye there
as it passeth by. Ingraued. Droict de pe-
age qui se pēage au port de Sainct Tibault
C'est Assauoir.
Pour chacune bateau chargè de ble
au vin—deux sols. &t. [Fig: Pillar, as described above with arms and Inscription. Below, a river with three boats on it labled "Le Loyre".] This place of Sanser is eminent for the goodness At Sanser
is spoken
bad french.
of the wine thorough owt all France. In lang-
guage they differ much frō those of Bourges, Spea-
king very bad french, as I perceiued in that one
word pager (to paye) and so it is writt in the brass
where as the word is payer. At this time I cold
not understand thē so well as I cold other French men
vpon a hill some 5 milles frō Sanserr
and 15 milles frō Bourge one may see
both Cities very plainely: in the midd
way betweene them wee dined both go-
ing and cōming at a little village ca-
led Cinque Sols (or 5 pence in English)
au Moulet (or spurr rouel) where wee met
wth an English man, one [  ] which
looked to the Princes English hownds that
were then there, and had newly killed
a very vast Cerfe or stagg: he told vs
the name of this petty place and that the
french vse to say, a man may goe frō Bourges
to Sanserr wthowt mony and yet eate and
drinke by the way if he please, for he is
sure to finde Cinque Sols (that is 5) by
the way. Neere vnto St Steuens (the Cathedrall) in The greate
Scholes.
Bourges standeth (Les grand escholes) the
Scholes where the law Ciuil and Canon
law are reade cheifly, and the Phisick
Scholes ioyne to them: In the Law
Scholes there is Constant Lectures eue-
ry fore=-noone except some 6 weekes vacation
abowt the vintage time, that is in Septē-
ber and October, where in both these schols
and the Jesuites, and the monesteries haue
theire vacation. I was many times at
the lectures of law, The auditors are
seldome aboue 20 or 30, and those young 40
younge gentlemen that comes in theire
cloakes wth a noate booke vnder theire armes
and euery one writketh as the Lecturer
dictates, who speaketh very Leasurably
and repeateth often, so that thay wrote
all that he saith when he explayneth:
when I liued there–1645. 1.Dr Mercerius readd the Coade betweene
8 and 9 in the morning.
2.Dr Merillus read the Digest betweene
9 and 10. He is an eminent man tho-
rowgh owttho-
rowghowt Christendom for a lawyer,
and had bin reader here 30 yeares.
3.Dr Chunney read the Canon law betwene
10 and 11. The Schooles are not vnlike to those of
Diuinity or law in Cambrige, but thay
are wider and higher pitched. At
the vpper end are writ the names of
the famous men which were professors
here. thus. [fig.:man standing at a podium lecturing to people seated at tables below, and lists of names are found on either side]
Andreas Alciatus.
Equinarius Baro.
Fran: Duarenus.
Fran: Balduinus.
Nicol: Bouquerius.
Ludo, Russardus.
Hugo Donellus.
Fra: Hotomanus.
Antonius Contius.
Jacobûs Cuiacius.
Johan Mercerius.
Fran: Raguellus.
Egid: Hortensius.
Joan: Renoardus.
Anton: Bengeus.
Jacobus Mercerius.
Joænnis Filius.
Fran: Bræus.
Fran: Pinsonius.
The vniuersity of Bourges, wth
the Plaquard set vp on the
greate schole doore at
the begin=ning of
the tearme 7. Nouē. Aimes [fig.:plaque with a hand holding a book with three fleur de lis]
Quod Felix
Faustum Sit
Die Martis Septima Nouembris Aperientur
S cholæScholæ. V.I. Hora nona.
Et Deinceps Antecessores Se Se adSead Munera sua
reuocabunt.
Hora Dicima
Edmundus Merillus expositurus est Tit. digest, de
re iudicata.
Hora Nona
Joannes Mercerius Peges ex libris Julii Pauli
Decretorū sen Imperialium Sententiarū in-
cognitionibus prolatarū, per vniuersū opus digest
spersas explicabit.
Hora prima pomeridiana
Jacobus Chenu. tit. de rescript. apud Gregoriū.
Hora Secunda.
Natalis Riuiere expositurus est libros quatuor Jnsti-
tutionum Impeuialiū. Vid p. 51. 41 [fig.:wine making machine]
pour St Clare.
The wine
presse of
St Steuens
the Cathedrall
at Bourges.
sǝɯɹɐƆ One day we walked vnto A pretty L'Asene.
country howse wch the Jesuites haue, abowt
a mile frō Bourges caled L'Asenay. The
howse is not bigg, but ther is a very faire
Orchard wth a large wall abowt it,
inclosing fish ponds, a moate, ab and
a stately walke. Father [  ] the
Pere Prince of Condies Nephew came to the
the dore and lett vs in. andAnd afterwards hee
Prince of
Conidies
nephew. Sent Father Browne (a the Scotch man) to vs
to walke abowt wth vs. The Jesuits speake
much in a bragging way that thay haue
so greate a man as the Prince of Condies
nephew, one of theire Society. Euery
tewseday the Jesuites goe to dine at
this howse for theire recreation: and in
the vacation (as now it was) being also
the time of vintage) many of them con
tinuecon-
tinue there
Lapiciuna. On the 10 Octob. weeWee walked to the
Carrier ofsr stone quarry, abowt a
mile and halfe frō Bourges, tawards
Dune–le–koy. There are many vast \\\
vaults cutt vnder grownde, very darke,
we walked thorow one abowt the length
of a stones throw: in another we went
vnder a vineyard, and came out another
way. amongst these caues wee putt vp a
vast hare, an old fox, a turtle doue, an
owle, and a long snake, wch wee killed. 42 It is the Coustome in France for gentlemen
to giue either theire armes or name, or both, to
the seuerall Masters of excersice. Which Monseiur
Mondon my FMaster of the language desiring of
mee, hee left a handsome booke wth mee wherein
were diuerse coates and names, in wch I writt as followeth
Natura omnibus sat
linguæ dedit, haud
linguarū satis.
Le langues ne seruent
et ne prositent en rien
sans interpreteux
Aux Corin: c.XIV
par tout.
[fig.:possibly a coat of arms]
Jo: Bargraue
Octob. X.

Feare God.
Cantianus
Anglus.
An° CD.DCXIVM.D.CXIV

Honour ye King.
Si linguis honū loquar et Angelorum,
charitatem autem non habeam, factus
sum æs resonans, aut cymbalum tiniens.
St Paul: ad Cortin. cap.XIII.
Hanc paginam propriâr delineatã manu, Donō
Mondon, amico suo Digniss: lubens Dicat, dedi-
cat— Johan: Bargraue. Mr Chapman writt thus.
Cedant arma togæ, concedat Laurea Linguæ.Cicero.

Habet hoc optimum in se generosus animus,
quod concitatur ad honesta. Seneca. Epist. 30.

Pour vne marque de l'affection que
Ie porte a Monsieur Mondon mon
Maistre de langue I'ay escrit ce pe-
tit mot. A Bourges XI Octob. 1645.


My Lord Gherard (who had liued in the
same howse where wee liued) writt thus

Pour tesmoigner a Monsieur Mondon mon
Maistre de langue, cōme Ie suis et seray
memoratife de la fidelle Instruction, Ie
luy ay laisse mes armes icy a Costé, et
mon nom. a Bourges 10 Decer. 1643.
Ben Gherard. Anglois.
víncre ou mourir.
Philip Gherard Anglois.
je mourray pour mon amy:
George Gherard Angls. These were 2 young gentlemen, bro-
thers to my Lord. 43
One Mr Parker who had likewise
liued in the same howse writt thus— A Dieu Complaire, A tout seruir: 1 Iamais mal faire, C'est mon desir.2 L'oeil et l'honneur craignent la touche.
Vir docte, O quantos tibi Gallia debet honores,
Quã merito linguæ diceris esse parens.
Vale et salue, a tibi æterno deuoto A Bourges le.
10 Septē. 1644.
George Parker Anglois.
Feare God and
Keepe his Coandements.
These 4 were the only English men that
had written. all the rest (wch were many)
were Almans. wherofWherof one thus.
Amicũ proba,
Probatum ama,
Amatum conserua.
A 2d thus—Sic viue statim
ac moriturus
stude nunquam
A 3d thus. Miserecordiã, nolo, inuidiam, amo.
A 4th thus. Ce petit traict de plume vous rendra tel-
moignage de l'affection que I'ay vouée a
vos merites, en vous remerciant de vostre
tresfidele institution, pour recōpence de la-
quelle je me signaleray a Iamais—vostre
tres affectionné amy et seruite. Abowt the midst of August wee had A very
cold sea
sonsea-
son in
August.
so very a cold season, that I did much
wonder that winter shold beginn so soone
in the midst of France, but thay told
mee wee shold haue as yet another æs-
ticula or little sommer, otherwise their
vines wold be in danger. All the vin-
tage wch was in (as for the most part it is)
in Septē. wasWas temperat faire weather. A very
hot season
in Octob
But abowt the midst of October isit was
so violently hot, and the sunne many
dayes together so cleere that I cold not much hay
made.
well indure the heate of it. At this time
thay cutt and made greate store of
hay, and dryed it as well as wee in
England cann doe at Midsom: This
was the third crop of hay that some
closes abowt Burges had yealded that
yeare. Quo ua-
dis Domi-
ne. Father Sprowd and I hauing onone day some
discourse abowt Peters being at Rome,
I vrging that Functius denyeth it
in his Cronologie: he amongst other proofs
told mee that hee him selfe had binn
at Rome, had had much discourse wth
the Pope, and that concerning this
business, amongst wch this interueined
that some a league frō Roome there
is a Church Caled to this very day 44
day—Quo vadis Church– re-
ceiuing it's name frō this occasion.
viz. that when StPeter was at Rome
he once feared the persecution and so
determined to fligh frō it, But at this
place where this Church standeth, Our
sauior appeared vnto him, to whome
St Peter saide—Quo vadis Domine,
to which Christ answered—Eo Romã
iterum crucifigi—vpon which Peter
returned back to Rome saying—mallē
memetipsũ quã te iterum crucifigi—
and so went back and was crucified
at Rome, where his body now is, and
afterwards a church was built vpon
this place in memory of this action. On the 18 of Octob. being St Lukes day wee A Nun
of the or-
der of St
Clare.
wnt to see a Nunn entred into the con-
uent of St Clare, She was a gentlewo-
mans daughter afof Orleans, the ceremo-
nies differed not much frō that wch wee
saw before (of which vid pa. 20) Only
thus, at the Couent gate shee was mett
first by two young girles dressed ritchly
with skarfes, ribond, iewels and the
like. hauing wings put on them like to
angels, thay presented her a nosgay
and with that inuited her into the Couent
there her mother (a Madomaselle) being by
by her, the voteresse kneeled downe
and asked her leaue, and her blessing,
then the mother tooke her by the hand
and ledd her into the chappel, where
an old fryer in his surplussurplice mett her and
hauing sprinkled some water on her
and saying a few prayers, he went wth
her to the gate, where he asked her
questions whether or not her friends did constrein
her to it, whether he she had not promi-
sed marriage, Or wt it was that mooud
her to enter the couent: to whome shee
answer'd,—je ne suis poynt constreint:
Ie ne fai du vou: mais par inspirati-
on du Jesu Christ &t. That donn, shee
kissed her mother and tooke her leaue
of her: then the Preist ledd her into
the chappell, where shee first heard a
mass, then a sermon or oration, then
lay as if she had binn deade, and being
fetched a liue againe, shee went owt of
the chappell, and all the nuns mett her
with lighted tapers in theire hands, and
singing Te Deum, and so ledd her into
theire priuat chapell, wch is aboue, and par-
ted frō the other with Iron grates (as all
the rest are) then wee mounted a skaffall
made for the purpose in the publique
Chapell. 45
and the curteine being vndrawne
wee saw all the nunns come in with
her, singing before her. the two angels
attending her: her yellow taffety gowns
was now puld off, hauing put on a
darke gray robe, and instead of her Iew
elsIew-
els abowt her heade, her blak hare
hangd downe at full lenght, and on
he crowne was a wreth of rosemary,
and in her hand a hand a napkin, and
a Crucifix, shee being not to touch
it wth her hands, as shee kneeled shee
often kissed the crucifix, then the cere-
monies were performed as before. p. 20.
the preist being iust before mee withowt
the grates, and putt his hand into the
grates to giue the seuerall habits:
then the Matronn cutt off 4 or 5
loks of her haire, bownd vp the rest
aboue her eares, putt on the white lin-
nen &t. then all being done so the Nuns
stood all in a row wth tapers in theire
hands (theire number being abowt
30 or 40) and shee hauing a virgin-
wax taper dressed with roasmary in
her hand, thay all sang whilst the
matron carryed her to giue euery one
a kiss. instead of a reuerence or courte-
sie the Nuns allwayes bow the body, wch
thay all did and so it ended. pa. 22. vide. Octob 19 the 19 the congregation bell An as-
sembly
of the
cleargy.
ringing betimes in the morning, I went
to the Cathedrall and found the occasion
to bee an assembly or meeting of the
cleargy of that Diocess whoe being come into the quire,
a preist went to the deske in the
middle and begann thus, Singing–
Sequentia Sti Luci. (cap. x) Post hæc
autem designauit dominus et alios sep-
tuaginta, misit illos binos ante fa-
ciem suā in omnē ciuitatem quo erat
ipse venturus. Et Dicebat illis Messis
quidem multa, sed operarij pauci, roga-
te ergo dominum messis, vt emittat ope-
rarios ni messē suam. &t vnto the end
of the 12 verse. Then thay sang some-
thing going procession abowt the church
and so entred the quire and there sang
the letany, wch donn prayers being en-
ded thay all went (as thay were in their
surplusses) into the Archeueschè or the
cōmissaries courte, ioyning to the church,
I followed them, where first Monsieur
[  ] a Sorbon Doctor (as a preist that
stood by me told me he was) the Official
made an oration, naming no text,
but 46
begann wth that orf our Sauior—St
Marke. XI. et Isay 56. Ier. 7. Domus mea
domus orationis vocabitur omnibus gentibꝯgentibus,
vos autē fecisti eam speluncam latronū.
his speech (so farr as I cold understand)
tended hto this that theire liues shold
not be a scandall to the people, &t.
he was not owt, but stammered ex-
ceedingly—and repeating one word ue-
ry often in euery sentence. So that the
preists that stood beside mee laughed har-
tely, and I cold hardly abstaine. his speech
being ended, the Clarke was bidd to reade
the articles or impositions frō the Arch-
bishop. at wch all the preists rownd abowt
mee groombled excceedingly, saying—c'est
a vous c'est a vous—this is long of you
this is long of you, speaking of the official,
and when the tax was read. Itē for
euery mass—so much. for euery burial—so
much. for euery mariage—so much. &t
thay cryed owt—enuoy vn sargant au vu
holbert. send some inferior officer, a sargant
or holberdeere to do the office if you will.
and such like words: but the officiall \\\
spake resolutely to thē and told thē he wold
make thē pay so much owt of euery office
according as it was there inioyned. I I was enquiring one day of the cause of A na-
tional
Sinod
at Paris
euery
5 years.
this present conuention, and it was told
mee that once in 5 yeares there was a na-
tionall Synod at Paris for the reforming
of the church, and gouerning of the same,
moreouer that at this time that Synod
was held, and that the King of France
dhad demaundeddemanded of them a tax or sub-
sidie, which being sent into euery Dio-
cess, euery preist was taxed according
to proportion, wch was the cause of this
the time
to
cutt
vines.
30 Octob.
but not
so good
as in
Decem
Jan. and
the begin
of Feb. meeting, that thay might be told fit.
On the 30 of Octob. I saw diuerse vine
roones cutting the serments or vines,
so went to one or 2 of them, to see the
manner of it, wch is that thay cutt ofoff
all but a smale peice with 2 or
three oylets or buds of the last yeares
groweth, or shoote, leauing sometimes
one sometimes 2 occording as thay see ye
reere to florish. And where thay thinke
good thay couch scions in to the grownd.
thus. [fig.:illistration of the plant described on this page]
Serment.
scions
couchd
scions
couched 47 The Eaue of Toussaints or All Oyle of
walnuts. hollon-
tide I went into the howses withowt the
Bourbon gate, where thay make theire
Luil de Noie, or oyle of wallnuts,
the cheifest thing that I obserued was
the making of a heauy thing light \\\
withowt diminishing frō the weight,
wch thay doe by hanging mighty heauy
beethes vpon ropes, iogning to the press thus. [fig.:drawing of the walnut press, and containers of its product]
The press for the
oyle of walnuts. The pann or kettle that receiueth the oyle
standeth in a hole vnder the press, couered
wth bords, wch being remouthed you may
see it, other wise you cannot. Before thay come to the press, the walnuts
are first shealed, then dryed in the
sunne, then cracked, then the kirnell
dryed very dry in the sunn. then thay
are beate smale and bruised with
a kinde of mill or greate stone, wch
thay draw abowt wth a horse, then be-
ing very smale like powder thay fry
them in ana brass kettle wth sprinkling
water on them. then grinde them a-
gaine and so press them. [fig.:drawing of what the text descibes:walnut drying and frying]
the pan or
furnace to fry
the walnuts
in
The mill for to make
oyle of walnuts
I asked the people at worke wt that oyle
of walnuts was good for and whether it was 48
was good for to eate: there was a
woman that answered mee, that it was
cheifely for the lamps of the church or
for other lamps, but that it might bee
eaton and that it was indeed Le beurre
de pauure gens, that is—the butter of
the poore people. I gaue thē some thing
a boire and so left them. Nouember the 1. being Toussaincts or
all–hollon–tide was solemmly kept
with sermons, which are something
rare amoungst them. Les
Trepasses.That night being the eauen to–Les
Trespasses–or the dead mens holy day
the bells of the Cathedrall and the
parish churches and Couents rang, told
and iangled all night long, that be-
ing the ceremony to keepe euery body
a wake, that each person all the night
shold pray for the deliuery of theire
freinds owt of purgatory: the wife
for her dead husband, the husband for
his deade wife, father for sonne and
sonn for father, &t saying so many
Aue Maries, and Paternosters as theire
affection thinketh fitt. Abowt which I
had good sport wth the seruant of our
howse whoe had buryed a curst husband,
and 3 chilren. theThe next day but halfe holyday
thay kept the next day but halfe holyday,
opening theire shops in the after noone,:.
I walking a broade in seuerall church yards
saw aboundance of people, some knee-
ling at one graue some at another, \\
praying there for theire dead freinds,:.
Monsieur [  ] Walpott and Monsr 2 Al-
man
Bar-
rons.
Octob.
22.
1645.
[  ] Wallpott his brother, 2 German
Barons and theire man, came to pention
at Mnsr Taupins wth vs, Theire Fa-
ther being high Marshall of that Pro-
uince, liueth at Colen vpon the Rheine
where Our hoaste (being 6 yeares there
had taught these young gentlmen to
play on the lute and to daunce, so
that thay were of his acquaintance:
a third brother came to towne with
thē but he pentioned A l'Escue de
France. These gentlemen told mee (as
diuerse others broth French and Almons
had hdonn before) That the Cardinal of The cause
of the
wars in
England.
Richlieu was the cause of our wars in
England: Concerning wch I one day spea-
king vnto Pere Browne the Jesuite, hee
saide that it was very certayne that
he had treated wth the Earle of Argile
and put him vpon the business: the rea-
son why he did it, he saide was because
the 49
Prouince of Normandie was in a
greate discontent and ready to rib rise
in one body abowt the bis inpositions or
taxes, especially abowt the Gabell or salt
business, and some had giuen owt some
words as if thay wold be willing to in-
uite the English for theire ayde. He
therefore seingseeing Scotland discontented
abowt Episcopacy and the Common pray-
er booke sent amongst thē, stirred thē
vp to doe wt thay haue donn, promi-
sing ayde. How true this is I know
not, but thus he told mee. Nouem. 3 Monsr [  ] Westerhault of Arn-
hē in Gelderland came into our Pention: he tooke \\\
shipping at Vlushen in Zeland, and landed at Hauer-
bdegrace in Picardie. Nouem the 4th Pere Browne wth another The be-
ginning
of tearm
in the Re-
thorick
scholes.
Jesuite came and brought mee a sheete
of paper, wherein was printed the sub-
iect of an Oration, to the hearing of
which he inuited vs to come goe to the
College the next day. The paper was
this.
D. O. M.
Christianam
Rempublicam
Vexauit NERoNero
Dum ferrum adhibuit.
Dioclesianus
Ignem.
TRaianusTraianus
Leones;
MAXiminusMaximinus
Rotas.
Inuictam fecit Neronis gladius: Ignis Dio
clesiani splendidā: Traiani leones fortē:
Maximini Rota Constantem.
Omnem ei Gloriam Inuidit
Iulianus Apostata.
Ille cauit edicto ne Christiana Juuen-
tus, seu sacris seu prophanis litteris
imbueretur.
Quare Nullum
De Christiana Republica
tam male meritum esse
Probabit alter e professoribus
Eloquentiæ Collegij Bituricensis
Societatis Jesu.
Adeste viri Christiani et Academia en causa
fidei et litterarum. Fidei debetis obseruan-
tiam, litteris honorē

 In Aula interiore eiusdem Collegij Societatis Je-
su, die 5. Nouer. hora post meridiem tertia. 50 I went to heare the Oration at
the time apoynted. wWch was performed in
eloquent good latine, but wth too much
affected and Theatricall action (but it
is the fashion so to doe, and it may bee
it wold notplease those auditors if
not so acted). heHe speakeng of the se-
uerall heresies, wch had binn beaten
downe together wth theire Authors, but
by the pens of the learned Fathers
and Roman Catholiques, Comming
vp to Moderne times, saide— Quis
Lutherū in Germania? Caluinum
In GNostra hac Gallia? Henri-
cū Octauum in Anglia suppres
sisset si &t. Wee were placed next to
the Officers and Doctors neere vnto the Ora-
tor, whose Prompter stood behinde a hang-
ging next vnto vs, but did not much use
his office. The Oration was abowt an houre
long. I setting next to one of the Jesuits Gersons
translat:
of Thomas
A Kempis
commen-
ted
tooke owt of my pocket Thomas a Kempis
in the French translation, wch goeth vnder
the name of Gerson de l'imitation de Jesus
Christ. printed at Paris 1641. heHe commended
the translation to mee very much, saying
it was the best french of any other, I asked
why Gersons name was put to it, he an-
swered onely for a fauor or Complement to him, he being the President of
the Jesuits, and at Paris, where the booke
was printed. andAnd then laughing he saide
God forbid but that Thomas a Kempis
shold haue the honor due to so diuine
a worke as that Imitation of Christ-
was. Christ
was. In our discourse both he and I
mingled latin and french together, (as
indeed they doe very much allwaies,
euen in publique exercises) and at
he allsoe very often terming mee
MomMon Pere MomMon Pere, and I him
Monsieur Monsr, vnwittingly, which
made vs both laugh, and him allmost Gersons
transla
tion of
Thomas
a Kempis
not true.
angry. That Translation of Gersons
agreeth not wth the latine, for the matter
of it, it being traduced to the sence of
the Papists in many places, One or 2 for
instance. lib. 1. cap. 1. sect 3. non verba sed
virtuosa vita efficit Deo charū, he transla-
teth thus, ne sont pas les paroles qui
rendent l'homme sainct et iuste, mais ce sont
les vertus et les merites qui le rendent
agreable a Dieu. so crowding in the word
merites. And so likewise. l. 1. ca. xv sec. 3.
Sine charitate, opus externū nihil prodest
quicquid autem ex charitate agitur quantum
cun etiam paruū sit et despectum, totum
efficitur, fructruosū, He translateth it thus
thusthus 51 Louure exterieure n'est point meritoire
sans charité, mais tout ce qui est fait
par charité, quel petit ou mesprisa-
ble qu'il fait tout cela deuient meritoire.
so making the word profitable, and \\\
fruitefull to be all one with merito-
rious,:: which no reasonable man cann
thinke is iustly translated. Againe. L.IV
cap. v. sec. 1. soli sacerdotes ritè ni Eccles-
sia ordinati, potestatē habent celebran-
di,:: that translation addeth the word
Mass: Car les PrestesPrêtres seuls, en vertu
de l'ordre que l'Eglise leur donne, ont
la puissance de celebrer la Messe. &
These amongst many others are sufficient
to iudge it not faithfully translated,
or elce that the Latine translation
Per Heribertū Ros– soueta-
tis Jesu, printed at Lions 1643. is not
perfect. Tewesday the 7 of Nouem. thereThere being The Ope-
ning of
the law
scholes, or
the begin-
ning of
tearme
there.
a Plaquard or publique paper set
vp on the dore of the law schooles. the
heads and body of the vniuersity mett and
I went in wth thē into the scholes where
Dr shuny (for the beginning of tearme)
made an oration—Salus populi est
suprema lex—being his cheife discourse.
He deliuered it with for less action and
farr more grauity then the Jesuite did his. There plaquard put vp that day I haue
coppied owt, together with the vniuer-
sity armes as it was in a large sheete
of paper, drawne now into. pa. 40. Af-
ter the Oration was ended, the Doctors
Abbots and Priors and Maior (who is
allwaies a scholler) being a gentleman or coun-
sellor, went to the Conuent of the
Jacobines or Dominicans, where thay stayd
to heare mass, that being (as I was told
the vniuersity church: I went into the
Luther
why caled
Pica or
a Magpy. cloisters wth another Monsr, where a-
mongst other discourse I he told mee
that Luther was once of that order,
frō whence it is that his enemies in n
theire writings call him Pica or Meg-
py, because this order goeth in black
and white habits: he adding that in
truth Luther was of many seuerall
orders: vpon which I demaunded whe-
ther that was lawfull to go frō one
The Order
may re-
mooue a
lexiore
ad stric-
tiorē non
E contra order to be of another,:: he sayd that
theire Axiom was that it was lawfull
to goe a laxiore ad strictiorē but
non E contra. A Benedictine may
afterwards be a Jacobine, A Jacobine
a Cordeleere, a Cordeleere a Capuchion,
a Capuchion may be a Carthusian
&t but thay may not goe a strictiore ad lexi-
orem. 52 After mass was ended there was PeinePain
BenisBénis
vsed in
France
not in
Germany
giuent to euery Dr and Presedent a
peice of PeinePain BenisBénis or Blessed bread
of noch Monsr Valpot iunior (whoe was
there as presedent, the true president
being a Lutheran wold not goe to ma
mass, but desir'd him being a Roman
Catholic to goe.) he gaue mee a peece
of that bread (or rather cake) and
wondred at the coustom of giuing it
abowt, as much as I did, saying that
he neuer saw it before, and that he
neuer heard of it in Germany.
the nature of this peine benis I had
not as yet enquired off. On Sunday night Nouē 19 Monsieur Mr Chap:
fainted.
Chapman faynted and fell downe
vnder the table as wee were at pray-
ers, but thanks be to the allmighty
he quickly recouered and after that nights
rest continued very well. I queste the
cause of his syncope was, the streight tying
of his leggs below the knee with a smale
stringe (besto keep vp his vpper greate
stockins) wch being cutt refreshed him
very much: and afterwards he being in
bedd felt his leggs prikle and tingle. On the thirsday the 23 of Nouem wee Chamber
at the
Oake.
remooued our lodging (being vnciuily
vsed at our pention and tooke two chā-
bers godies au chesne percè (or the perced
Oake) for wch wee payd two pistolls for
a month, hauing 4 beds, and thay to find
bed and table linnen, and dress what
meatte soeuer wee had brought in. Thay
being allso to buy euery thing for vs.
Our Hosts name was Monsr Bourguignon
(A good honest Patisier or cooke) His signe
was an Oake boared, a mayd at one side
and a man at the other, drawing wine
owt of the Oake: Our hoast told mee
the signification or his conceite was, that
all wine was drawne owt of the Oake
the Tunneau, poinson, quart. Tunni
Hogsheds and barrells being made of Oake.
The Last of Nouember being St Andrews
day I went to the Couent of Bene-
dictines founded by St Sulplicius, where
in the Choire of the Chappell is the
pictures and names of the founders of ye
seuerall Religious Orders, behinde at the
bak of euery seate one. I tooke the su-
perscriptions of them thus. At the right
hand as you enter. first the picture of
Christe naked with the appearance of
his stripes and wonds, vnder him written
thus 53 Attendite et videte si est dolor sicut
Dolor meus.
1 Elias Thesbites vitæ solitariæ primus in-
stitutor translatus est Ano Mundi 4532.
his habit a purple mantle. bearefooted
2. S.tus Anthonius cænobitarū Author. obijt
Anno Dri. 358. habit gray ouer white.
3. Stus Hieronimus Eremitarū et Monachorū
sui nominis Author. Ob. 420. A redd mantle, naked.
4. Stus Benedictus Monachorū Patriarcha et Occi-
dentalis Ecclesiæ decus. Ob. Ano 543. habit, blak.
5. Stus Romualdus Anachoritarū sacri Eremi Camal-
dulensis Author. Ob. Ano. 1027. habit, blak.
6. Stus Stephanus Aruernensis ordinis Grandimonten-
sis Author. Ob. Ano 1076. In gray.
7. Stus Brumo Carthusianarū institutor ac solitu-
dinis amator. Ob. 1101. in white habit.
89. Beatus Raymondus Ordinis Militū Calatraucæ
institutor. Obijt. 1157. His habit, a surplus wth
a red cross abowt his neck, he hauing a sword in
the right hand and a booke (bible) in the other.
10. Stus Quirianus Cruciferorum author,:: ordo restau-
ratur. 1215. In gray barefooted.
11. Stus Dominius Ordinis fratrū predicatorum patri-
archa. Ob. Ano. 1223. Black ouer white.
12. Beatus Eusebius Eremitarum Sti Pauli primir Ere-
mitæ author. Ordo erigitur. 1263. In gray.
8 Stus Bernardus Carauallis author, st Cistertti restaurator
Ob. 1153. white.
13. Beatus Philippus Thorsutinus Ordinis seruo-
rum virginis Author. Ano. 1285. In white.
14. Stus Bernardus Ptlomeus fundator Monacho-
rum Montis Oleueti. Ob. 1320.
15. Stus Franciscus de Paula Ordinis Minorum
institutor. Ob. 1507. In Gray.
16. Stus Joannes cognomento Dei Ordinis fratrū
curautiū infirmos auhtor. Ano. 1570. In gray.
The last seate is an Angel holding a booke
in his hand written vpon. Vita Centemplatiua.
On the leafte hand first the Picture of our
the Virgin Mary subscribed, thus.
Ne vocetis me Naemi sed vocate me Marah
Ruth. cap. 1.
1. Stus Johannes Baptista Anchoretarū Princeps
duollatur. Ano. Dni 20. In a beasts skinn.
2. Stus Basilius Orientalium monachorū splendor,
Ob ut. Ano. 178. white ouer gray.
3. Stus Augustinus Eremitarū Canonicoru regul:
sui nominis Author. Obijt. Ano. 450. In a coaps & susphi
4. Stus Oldo. Monachorū nigrogrū Ordinis Clunia-
censis propogator Ob. Ano. 443. In blacke.
5. Stus Joannes Gualbertus Ordinis vallis vmbrosæ.
institutor. Ob. Ano. 1073 Gray.
6. Stus Robertus fundator Ordinis Institutor Monasteii
et Ordinis cistercensis. Ob. 1098. Black ouer white.
7. Stus Norbertus fudator ordinis præmonstratentiū Ob
1134. a scarlet coape. 54
8. Stus Guillelmus Ordinis montis virginis
institutor loricatus. ob. 1166. A headpeece.
9. Beatus Guido Mediolanensis ordinis humiliatorū
insitutor. Ob. 1160. In white.
10. Stus Albertus Hieresolomitanus ordinis Carme
litarū legislator. Ob. Ano. 1181. white ouer gray.
11. Stus Franciscus Seraphicus Ordinis fratrū minorū
institutor. Ob. Ano. 1227. grey.
12. Stus Johannes Columbinus Ordinis Jesuatorum
author: Ordo Erigitur. 1366. In Black.
13. Stus Ignatius de Loiola fundator societatis Jesus
Ob. Ano. 1556. A coape and a surplice.
14. Stus Philippus Nereius congregacōnis Oratorii
Institutor. Ob. 1595. In a black roabe.
15. Stus Petrus Cælestinus Monachorā Cælestinoram.
fundator. Ob. 1296. black on white.
16. Stus Johannes de Mathe Gallus Ordinis sanct-
trinit: redempt captur. Patriarcha. Obijt
1230. all white.
The last seate is an Angell holding a booke
written on.—Vita Actiua.

Whilst I was writing of these names the
Prior came to mee, and vsing of vs very
courteously, shewing vs the library (which
is a poote on) and Orchards, and Reliques,
which are, in greate Siluer chests, The
bones of St Sulplice: of St Gregorie, Of
St Benidictus, Some of the cross of our sa-
uior,:: he kneeled at the opening and shutting of ye prer Ouer the chaire in
the greate schols
thus
[Shield with three Fleurs de Lys] ( () Egnante Ludouico Justo
HE Bourbonio Con Deo pronge Biturigū
A est successio Antecessorū qui in
ACADEMia Bituricensi El Docendo et scribendo
CLHKVF non vti quis Eorū fato functus est
QVO DIGNitas Rumisch olæ Omnibus adeuntile
PERSPECcta sit Ano Domini 1624.
The raine and time hath woren owt the words [Shield with three Fleurs de Lys and a line] Decē 1: I went to see Mercerius his
howse and garden, wch is withowt Port
Borbon in the Suburbs. whereinWherein as
[  ] in his itinerariū Galliæ,
there hath binn the statues of the famos
learned men cut in stone and standing
in the garden: but there is no such thing
there now. thereThere is onely theire pictures
(allmost woren owt) in frames, taken
frō the men wn liuing, and thay now
hang in the dining roome. Monsr
[  ] whoe is possessor for the present
was setting of trees in the garden and
he went vp to shew vs the howse, I
told him wee were strangers and
desired to see the figures of those famous 55
famous men. So he shewed them
vs according to theire antiquity as he
told vs Thus.
Andreus Alciatus.
Æquinarius Baro.
Franciscus Duarenus.
Hugo Donellus.
Franciscus Hotomanus.
Franciscus Balduinus.
Antobinus Contius.
Jacobus Cuiatius.
Jacobus Mercerius.
He said it was pittie that so famous men,
shold haue no other memoriall then these
old pictures, I assented to him, and desired
him to make much of these representa-
tions being the prototipes he said he wold
more then heretofore he hadd. Curatius
his whole proportion is taken frō this and
sett vp in one of the St Peters church caled
[   ] being thus subscribed. Thus
Effigies vera Jacobi Cuius Juriscou
sultorū Principis, Cuias corpus deposuit
in tumulo sull Annus. 1590.
Petrus Gibiens in Curia Presidiali
Bitarigum Consiliarius Regius Do-
nauit hoc Anno. 1643.
Græca fide: et Iure Attico. id est præsente pecu-
nia. the grecians not trusting onone another. This noate
I tooke frō Dr Merillus at one of his lectures. On Sunday the 3 Decem. It being Aduent Aduent.
the bell rung to Sermon, preached by
an Augustinian fryer, which ended
thay went procession abowt the Cathe-
drall singing before a Relique caried
as the cross (pa. 22) I asked wt it was
and my taylor told mee it was an en-
tire hand of St Andrew: as it passed
by all the people bowed and kneeled.
the golden frame and large cristal
in which it was was framed: Thus. [Sketching of Cathedral] frō Aduent Sunday vntill Xmas, the Aduent
Sermons
same fryer preached euery day at 8 of
the clocke vntill nine in the morning,
In the Cathedrall in the body of ye Church.
wee kil-
led 3
hares. On tewsed Decem the 5th wee went a
coursing wth 2 grayhounds and being a
snow wee killed 3 hares wherof I
carryed home one, and the Alman
Baron Wallpolls the other 2.
Christ-
mas
day.On the Christmas eue the bells ran-
gled (for thay haue no good ringing) 56
all night, and many people went
not at all to bed, because at mid-
night there was a mass, vnto wch
all were bound to goe. On the day
there was long mass, and on the
Altar all the reliques sett, the
cheife of wch were The statue
halfe body, Of St Steuen, St
Guillihome, St Luile, and the
hand of St Andrew, and aboue
all in a rich (I know not what)
the bredd or Sacrament, with a-
bundance of tapers burning, and
happy was that body that cold
touch any of the reliques with there
beads, allthough it cost thē mony
wch thay putt into a box with a
hole in it, on wch the relique stands
"St Steuen.   St Luius.   St Guiliaum".
[Fig: Busts of Guiliaum. The bust of St. Steven has "the mony box" written on its pedestal]
Of wt substance these are I know not, thay are all
guilt ouer, face and all, and carried abowt in pro-
cession as occasion serueth. thereThere is a stone wch was throne
at St Steuen, wch in that state as thay si[ ]. On seuerall days and occasions thay
set some one of these images and reliques
on an alter iust wthowt the Choire, with
holy water and a burning taper beside
it, before wch the people that pass by,
(it being a thorow fare) kneele and say
prayers and the deuouter sort goe and
tutch it wth theire beads, and kiss it, and
then putting mony into the box (which is
a part of the same worke) thay bow and
so depart. At Christmas I:John Raymond my nephew
quitted Dr Feauer his french Master,
whoe being a Phisicōn and Master of
the Language. Jack gaue him theis
Dr FebureTetrastichon Quā Medici geniū superas vulgare? medelā Scilicet et linguis Pharmaca vestra ferunt: Ergo non opus est vt laudibus ora resoluam, Sat dicant, de Te, qui didicere, loqui. Father Carew an English Jesuite being Jan.1.
very kind to my nephew in his sickness
by his often visits and some presents, Jack
gaue him for a Newyears guift gaue
a paper of verses vpon the gospells
of the seuerall holy dayes, Which
follow. 57 Musæ Christianæ
In Concatenata Festa Epi-
gramāta Sacra. In St Thomā Io. c. 20. v. 25. Clauorū digitis modo sint vestigia tacta 1 En facilé Domine vult abhibere fidē: 2 At cauéas, signis factū manifestius extat, 3 vulnera dum tangis Tu grauiora facis. 4 In Xti Natiuitatem. Mat: 1. v. 18 &t Jam vmbræ veterū cælo soluuntur opacæ, 1 Hæc Patrū noctes profugat alma dies: 2 Natalemne ergo seu vitæ funera dicā⸮ 3 viuere non fuit hoc, sed didicisse mori. 4 In Stu Stephanum. Act. 7. 59. Turba suit numerosa velut concursus aquarū 1 vt lapidū cumulis Te (venerande) premant: 2 O miseri! mortis genus hoc cur quæritis⸮ Ecce 3 Templa ex his saxis conditis ampla Deo. 4 In Stū Johannes Euan. Io. 21. 20. In pectus cubuit Domini dilectus, ocellis 1 Scilicet hinc Aquilæ cor penetrare petens: 2 In Cælis Abrahā gremiū dat gaudia, Xti 3 Reddit at in terris gaudia quanta finus! 4 In Innocentes. Mat. 2. 16. Nutrices Rhamæ lachrymis pascentiur amarti. 1 Sed quid vos placidi cōmeruistis oues⸮ 2 Pastori fuit hæc tremebunda venatio, Pastor 3 Effugit, in prædā dū cecidere greges. 4 In Diē circumcisionis. Luc. 2. 21. Subditus est legi quā nunc aboleuit Jesus, 1 Hunc ritū solitū iā vetat vltro sequi: 2 Te mactare velis⸮ cor circumcide malignū, 3 Inde animæ subitū vulnus opem feres. 4 In Epiphaniā. Mat. 2. 9. Ecce comes Regū per cælos stella rotundat, 1 Qua duce casa Dei fit reserata Magis: 2 Lucifer aduentum prænarrat Solis ab ortu, 3 Solis Iustiticæ nuncius ille fuit. 4 The Jesuit tooke these verses very thank
fully, and solicited mee the more to turne
to the Church of Rome, saying it was
pity my Nephew and I shold be lost:
Some few dayes after Father Browne Jan. 16.
and he came to visit vs, and brought
vs a sheete of paper wherein was
the Contence of a Comedy, or ra-
ther a Shew (as thay call it at
Cambrige) by reason it was not diui-
ded into exact Acts,:: and thay Inui-
ted vs to come to see it wch wee did the
day following. The printe paper was
this. 58 D   O   M.
Josophatus Indvs
Impietatis, Paternarum fraudum,
ac suimet
victor.
Dabitur à selectis Rhetoribus Collegij Bitu-
ricens. Societatis Jesu. Die 18 Januar.
An. 1646, hora post meridiem secundâ.

Scena in Castello Rusticano
Regis Aenneris instruitur.		 | Argumentū extat apud D
| Damascenū in vita D Josaphatus.
Pars Prima. Josaphatus adolescens, inscio Patre, de re Christiana
a Barlaamo docetur, qui ex Anachoretâ, merca-
toris gemmarij vstem induerat.
Pars secunda. Autè suspecta Josaphati noua religio pala erū-
pit ac tentatur.
Pars Tertia. Patris extricatus dolis Josaphatus diuinum
in modum triumphat.
Actorū Nomina
Abenner. Indiæ Rex.
Josaphatus. Filius.
Araches. Josophati Moderator.
Arsilas. }
Ziphadius } Iosaphati familiares. Christianus in sinu.
Barrachias }
Ephebus.
Barlaanus. Simulatus mercator.
Nacor. Pseudo-Barlaamus
Mendici {Pater {Filius.
In Deludio.
Nox
somnia In breife the argument and Achion was
this. Iosaphatus the sonn of Abenner
king of India was conuerted to Chris-
tianity by Berlaamus a monch, who
came to him in the habit and furni
ture of a Merchant that sold jewells
who in his discource told him that he
wold giue him one pretious Iewell for
nothing wch was worth all the rest, and
that was Eternity in heauen, and so
brought in his discource of One god,
of Christ &t. Araches the Gouernour
of the prince Josaphatus, wn he found
owt that his puple was touched with
the change of his Religion, vsed all
the arguments he cold to diuert him,
and when arguments wold not preuaile
he vsed policy, by procuring a Magi-
cian to put the young prince into a
hideous dreame wn he slept, wch thretned
fearfull tortures to him if he turned;
wn this wold not doe, He caused Nacor
the Magition to counterfet him selfe
to be Barlaamus turned from Chris
tianity, and so by arguments to reason
with Josephatus: But all this not 59
not preuailing, Araches thought
it good to disclose the business
vnto Abenner the king: whoe for a
while was inraged wth Araches the pat
but after he had heard the story as
in truth it was he was appeased, and
to the reclaiming of his sonn the
young prince, he first went mildly
to worke by persuations, and set 3
young gentlemen to bee playfellowes
wth him, changing them in theire sports
to try wt thay cold doe vpon him
to keepe him frō turning Christian,
but Iosephatus not onely was constant
him selfe, but by his arguments
turned Barrachias one of his play
fellowes to be of his side. Which
wn the king saw he vsed threat-
nings and punishment, But doe
wt the Father or Gouernour cold
the Prince turned not onely Christi-
an but also an Anchorite monke,
steling away frō his father, and liued all
the rest of his dayes (vntill he was
very aged) in the Desert or Wild-
derness. The meanes (by sides
his arguments) which Barlaamus vsed
to turne the Prince, was by bringing
2 poore beggers to him, the one Old and
blinde, the other very sick young but
ready to dye through extreame sickness
these begged an almes of the prince [  ]in
the pittifull names, Of Olde age, and
sickness, and death, and heauen, and
the like. And these wch two beggers
andwith and the representation of the dreame
made vp the Interludes. I being at this time Gouernour to 3
young gentlemen, and hauing had much
discource wth some of the Jesuits, and op-
posed theire Arguments wch thay vsed to
draw mee to the Romish Religion, I
tooke the Argument of this Comedy
to reflect somwt on my selfe, but
whether thay Intended any such thing
I cannot say. A part of Nouem: all Decē and vntill Extream
cold.
the 20th of January snow and frost
and cold was more violent by many de-
grees then euer I felt it in England:
my beard had some times yce on it
as bigg as my little finger, my breath
turning into many cock=bells as I wal: 60
walked, wch trobled mee allsoe many
times in the night wakening me to wipe
them off: and yet at this time there was
a stable of horses vnder my chamber,
and the garret aboue was full of corne
in the straw, and from morning to
night I had a very good fyre; if yu
poored water on the table or grownd
it wold bee yce before you cold tell
an hundreth distinckly. All the twelue dayes there ar shops The
fayre
in Pal-
las
sett vp in the middle and rownd a-
bowt the Pallas, where the custome
is for people of all sorts to play att
dice for fayrings, he that looseth giuing
the other. A a siluer bason, a flagon,
a thimble, ribon, gloves, or the like
according as thay play: The place then
was very like the new exchange in
London. Euery shop (almost) had dice,
a box, and a board wth ledges, ready Ribon
and
gloues
D'Angleter
for to play wth: the commendations for
their gloues, stockins, kniues, ribonds and
diuers other things was to say thay were
D'Angleter (of England) but wee having
both good gloues and ribon wch wee broth
owt of England wth vs put downe all
the faire, as the shopkeepers contest.
The Liquirish F[  ] allwaise were
thick at the comfitmakers shops, thay
are giuen very much to the rague or
pleasing of the pallat. Dr Ferrant (an able man) who
was my nephews carefull phisicion
in his sickness: gaue mee two of his
placards, wch he putt vpon the dore
of the Phisick schooles, one for my
selfe and another for my newphew.
The papers spake thus. Q. F. F. FQ. S.
D D. LVDOVICVUS
FERRANT DOCTOR
ET PROFESSOR MEDICVS.
ANATOMIAM
INCHOABIT DIE LVNÆ
Octaua Mensis Januarij, Anni Do
mini 1646 horâ post meri-
diem primâ. Cui Deo dante si-
nê debit intra triū mensiū spatium.
Q S P A. 61 The vpper letters Q F &t. stand for
Quod fæelix, [  ], faustu fit, wch is
the motto to the vniversity armes as pag. 40.
I forgot to aske wt Q S P A standeth for.
he gaue mee another placard allsoe of 3 or
4 years old wherein was testified his be-
ing Publique professor of Phisick at Bour-
ges: At one corner of a streete neere the Cha-
pell of the Perres Oratoires there is the
Image of the virgin wth these two ver-
ses vnder written.
Si L'amour de Marie en ton coeur est grauie1 Ne T'oblie en passant pour dire vue Auie.2 This picture or statue is allwaise best ador-
ned and most made of. In a smale chappell in a Church that is
betweene Les arenes and Port St Sulpice there
hangeth a vast serpent wch is dedicated to
St Margaret, whoe thay say hath powre
ouer venemous creatures. this figure is made
of p canuas painted greene, and stuffed with straw. [Fig: four-legged serpentile creature on chain] Betweene Xmas and Ashwedsonday is
the time of CARnauallCarnauall (or ta-
king leaue of flesh) in wch time thay giue
them selues vp to Riotous Iouiality. now
are their balls, Comedies, Ballats,
Trailes, Maskads, &t. I went to two
or three Balls (that is dancing meetings)
wch commonly beginn abowt 8 at night, Balls
and last vntill one or 2 or 3 in the
morning. As the women went ouer
theire stools to come their places, the
men familiarly putte theire hands _
th_ coats and ____ * _ing s_ pai=
[  ]. atAt two of those meetings wee had
quarrells, and some twenty or 30 swords
drawne at once in a smale roomee, and
yet not one man wonded,:. To preuent
wch, Monsr Intendant cōmanded that
no man shold were a sword by night, and
to execute that cōmand set the Petroll
euery night to walke and search men
as thay passed the streete. And as I pas-
sed thay searched my pockets, to see whe-
ther I had no pistoletts there. On the Conuersion of St Pauls day there Maskad
rodde vp and downe the streets 50 or 60
on horses some in womens apparrell, others
like a Spainard, all in antique habits, 62
and hauing visards on of seueral
shapes of faces, doggs, catts, beares, hoggs
&t. these threw comfitures and sweetmeats
amongst theire freinds as thay rodd by
them, and to others thay threw brown
The Vine
rooms
Traile flowre, fans dust, and the like.
On this day likewise the vineroomes haue
theire feaste, and hauing bells on theire
leggs, and scarfs and ribonds about theire
armes thay dance before a traile of this
fashion. The Albraines haue a librarie here (wch I saw but
once) and many priuileges. In the librarie is an En-
glish bible wth cōmmon prayre booke and psalmes
to sing written on thus. Librū hunc I. N.
reliquit Dns Jacobus Neinburg Emdensis Fris.
1644 20 Junij. The English and Scotts are
not admitted: The Polomians, Danes, Holleriders
are. The superior (wch is chosen euery three months)
thay call president: by fauor of one of thē of my
acquaintance I had 2 bookes of geographie out of
the librari. On the Gallery of the Towne howse (a faire building
neere the Jesuites Coll:) a black marble is ingraued
this
Du Regne
De Louis Le Juste XIIIe
Gouernment
De Trehault et tres excellent Prince Henry de
Bourbon Poimier prince du sang &t
Mairat
De Mellire Philip Le Begue Conselleir du Roy
Eschiuinage &t. 1624. On Wedsonday the laste of Januarie we left
Bourges.
wee Left Bourges, where wee had li-
ued (at the rate of 10 crownes a man a month and
somewt less) allmost 8 months and hired
a Caross to Sauser, 10 leagues from Bour-
ges: the wayes being extreamely deepe (after a
greate frost) wee gott but to a smale village
that night, hauing passed St Soulange
and dined at Asey, The next day we
came to St Thibault, a littille village
Sauser
vid p. 38on the loyre neere St Sansive at the bot-
tom of the mountaine of St Serre. theThe
passage frō thence to Orleans by boate
is vncertaine, except you take one ex-
presse as wee did (being 4 of vs) wch cost 2 pistoles
for a caban
frō Saufer
to Orleans
vs 2 pistolls,:: if A Cabann (or couered
boate for passengers) pass frō Molim,
Nauers, Or Ouerne or Any other plase
aboue, and call in here at St Thibault
One may by chance finde cheaper pas-
sage wch is conuenient for one or two
not for 4,:. On the riuer we passed Minau
An Iland
in the Loire
by the Iland of Minau being a league
in length and a warrand of the prince
of Condyes, abowt a league frō St Thibault
we saw other large boates on the other 63
side of it. Next towne was Coaue in
The prouince of Liuernois,:. And after
that Neufe Vill sur Le Loyre, 3dly an old
Castle ruind caled Gane: 4ly a St Boug
Sur le Loyre: 5ly Vsou in the Prouince of
Luueroy. And Chatelon on Berry side,
Brion alsoe wch the watermen said lieth
in the way frō Paris to Lious. St Bris-
low a fortress on Berry side. And so
wee came to Gian where wee lay: wch Gian
is some 11 or 12 leagues frō St Serr.
The loyre was at this time full to the brimm
and ouer (neere as large as the Thames, as
yet withowt any tide) wch caused the streame
to be very swift, so that at Gian there
stoode Aboundance of people on the bridge
to see how wee gott to shoare, wch wth some
difficulty (thanks be to god) wee did salsely
so some as we came to our In a la Magdalene
there came people to sell kniues, nut-crackers
and toyes: It being now Carnauall, and
Candlemass day, the people sang and dans
cend in the streets as if thay had binn madd.
wee drank heere Frontiniaque (or Muscade)
wine at 8s the pinte (de crew) or wch groweth
there, others of the better sort is 20s the pint wch
wee met with at St Thibault. On Saturday morning Feb 3 abowt 7
of the clocke we entered our Caban. theThe
first towne wee passed by was Lion en
Solongue, Berry being ended Solongue
beginneth. On the other side in which
Gyan standeth is Lorroy. L'Ermy a ha-
som Country seat standeth there by the
riuer side. Sulie sur Loire is a village Sulie
wth a strong castle on Soulonge side,
which belongeth to the Prince of Richmont,
who being a Hugonot hath built a
neate little chapell there for theire Re
ligion, of wch there are many in that place. St Benois
St Benois a very ancient and August Ab-
by of the Benedictines, and Chateau Chateau
neufe
neufe on the other side, a vill with
a castle wch belonged to the Late Car-
denall Richlew. Then wee passed by Jenaile
Jenaille a strong chatteau wth an excellent
braue garden and after that wee came to
Gergeau a smale City on Solongue side wch Gergeau
hath a very strong wall and a castle, with
a bridge ouer the Loyre, The water being
of a greate force the riuer being ouer flowed
wee landed aboue bridge and went over the
bridge to see the towne and enquire for an
English gentleman wch had liued there but
was now gonn; ther were abondance of
people on the Bridge, and some that mett vs 64
told vs that it was well wee were not
in the boate, for in passing the bridge the
Caban had binn like to be cast away: I neuer
saw a greater fall of water at any bridge
or more violent then it was there, which
thay say is onely wn the waters are so high.
Just as wee tooke boate below the bridge 3 French men came
and desired vs to take them in. One of thē
seing vs to be strangers spake Alman to
mee, wch I not vnderstanding, another spake
a little Latine. Thay had each of them
their swords wch made vs deny awhile
but the boate man telling vs he knew Gyan.
them to be citisons of Orleans wee tooke
thē inn. Gyan standeth at one side, Gergeau on the other
side of the riuer some 10 leagues distant. [Fig: Illustration of both Gyan and Gergeau with river and bridges between them, complete with labels and compass.] Being come to Orleans betweene 3 and 4 wee
Feb 3.
came to
Orleans
went Directly to Madam Januiers Dans
le Cloistre de St Estienne, where wee met with
Mr Johnson and Mr Brockman our old p. 38
acquaintance both in England and at Bour-
ges, wee hauing binn there some tenn days,
thay left vs on Ash Wedsonday and went vnto Paris. being
determined to goe frō thence to Monpeliers
in Languedoc, wee tooke there chambers so
soone as thay were gonn. About 2 or 3 dayes after wee came to towne
wee walked first to se the Nunnery that
is some halfe a mile owt of the city west-
word on the riuer side Dedicated to Mary
Magdalen and commonly caled.
Another day to that Nunnery wch is as much
Eastward on the riuer side caled.
we saw nothing worth wate in them. Both of thē
haue a good farme howse ioyning to theire yardes
wherein husbandmen liue and finde thē with
corne, piggs, hens, ducks, geese, capons and the An ill acci-
dent of a
French wo-
man that
broke all her
fingers.
like. As we returned henceward on the highh
way there was a carter wch (I think he was drunk)
whipping his horses to rudely made thē runn a-
way wth the cart, there were 2 country wo-
men in it wch cryed and screeked. anon one
of the wheeles fell off, and wth the fall one
(a good honsome young) woman fell owt, and
wth the fall the cart broake her right hand
fingers all too peeces,:: the horses ran on still, 65
still, drawing the cart wth one wheele and
the other (being an old) woman yet helt her how
fast, the horses rann so fast that I cold scarce-
ly gett before them to stay thē, but at the
length I did. The Carter was all the while in
the cart and had no hurt: I came to the Old woman
and asked her how shee did, shee answered
Fonbien Monsr Dieu mercie, but looking be-
hinde her shee see her candles and butter and
wallet all in the dirt, then shee cryed owt O
Mon Dieu Qui feray is Tout est perdu, tout
Test perdu: By this time the woman that had
the hurt came crying vp to vs and saying nothing
but Mon bon Dieu, mon bon Dieu, Je n'ay \\\
point des doies, Je n'ay point des doies, A la
bonne vierge Je n'ay point des doies. I tooke
her hand and looke off on it, and three fingers
were broake all to mash, the marrow of the
bones being all seene, and her hand hanged
like a rent and toren gloue: I comforted her
wawhile till abundance of company came to
her and then we left them. About the 6 of Feb I went to the Conuent of
the Capuchions, Pere Si-
meon Dede
Bourges where I met wth a fryar wth
whome I was acquainted at Bourges, he being cosin
to our Host Taupin: he went frō theuse to
vierzon on flu le cher, but he told me he staide
there but 2 months The fry-
ars change
couents
often.
p. 66. and then came hither to
Orleans. All the Orders (I finde) change Conuents
very often, of euery order allmost I found some heere
heere wch I knew by sight at Bourges, of thes
Capuchions there was 4. Vnder the crucifix in
theire chappell is writt thus.
Totvs tibi figatur in
mente qvi pro te to-
tvs fixvs est in crv-
ce: Bernard: In the Cloister on the left hand there is the pic-
ture of a monk walking in a groaue, which for
the habits sake I heere set downe: Thee peece there
is excellently drawne by one of ye monks, and all the sen-
tences likeise wch are very well written.
[Fig: Back view of robed monk standing between lanes of trees.] 66
Within this
ouall was the
picture of the
virgin richly
adorned, those
spots aboue were
so many lays
[Altar illuiminated with numerous candles, in the centre an oval with a cross and the words "Within this ouall was the picture of the virgin richly adorned..." before the writing becomes illegible. Above on each side of the altar are two suns with faces, and above the right sun is "IHS" with a cross, above the left is MA with an omega. Between the two suns are two fleur-de-lis.] On Shroues Sonday, munday and tewsday night, the Jesuits at
Orleans sang a Salut to the virgin Mary, setting vp many 100s
of wax candles in this forme, before the Altar, wch being
richly carued and guilt gaue such a reflex that one cold
scarcely looke on it. The Ouall, floure de Luces, and Jesus
Maria were all made of little lamps and stood as these little
spotts doe, the light being onely seene. The Sones had lights
behinde them wch made them shine. 1000s of people were there. On these 3 dayes Shroue sunday, munday and tews-
day there was Indulegence Pleneire fixed
On the doors of St Crai (the Cathedrall) the
Jesuits, Peres Oratoires, and many other chur-
ces. The people had neede of Indulgence in the
hight of theire Carnauall. On the Munday Father Simeon Dede Bourges Father Si-
meon Dede
Bourge
vi. fo. 65.
came with another Capuchion to see mee, and
take his leaue of mee, he being to goe all the Lent
time a preaching about the country. theThe Other
Capuchion cal'd him selfe Father. The monks
change theire
names when
thay enter into
the Couent.
vi. f 20. Thay told mee that all the religeous orders change
theire name when thay are receiued in to the Con-
uents. Feb. 18. being Sunday, One Monsr Christien
an Alman, and an Hugonot, Gouerner to The Hugo-
nots or re-
formes Tē-
pleak
Mr Crauen an English young gentleman went
wth mee and Mr Richards vnto Bion some
2 miles (or little more) frō Orleans, where
the Hugonots or Reformes (The Papists call
them Hugonots, Thay call them selues the re-
formed) Haue a meeting place, wch thay call
Temple: The place is like a gentile barn
smale barne, wth 3 or 4 little glass win-
dowes, no steeples, nor bels, nor Commu-
nion table or Alter, nor font, nor pewes
nor anything like a Church but a pul-
pit, a little raysed wth 3 stepps. There are
formes all in the middle for the women, and
seats round abowt for the men: with 67
On L long seate parted frō the rest
For the Ministers and the Elders. The num-
ber of peple there was abowt 300, some of con-
dition and quality, there being 2 coaches
and 4 or 5 Caroches. The Order of ser-
uice was Thus. First an old man in a blewish purple suit (in
the place of our clarke) reade a chapter owt
of St Mathew. Then he sett a psalme (wch
are turned into verse wth noates to them as ours are
but of another tone) after that he read the
cōmandements naming the 20 chapter of
Exodus where thay are written. that donn
The Minister came owt of a little dore
wch goeth in to a kinde of study. Hee
went into the Deske or pulpet. There
first he reade a prayer owt of a little book
that he hellheld in his hand (standing vpright
the people some standing some kneeling and
none sitting) Then he sett a psalme, wch
being sang he made a very short prayer
of his owne concluding wth the Lords prayer
Then named his Text being Rom. 6 chap
1 vers. Que dirons nous donc⸮ demourerons
nous en peché a fin que grace abonde⸮
Ainsi n'aduienne. He spake as violently
aginst the Papists and as plainly as one cold
speake, wth to much action and vehemence
in the whole course of his sermon, speaking
so very fast that I cold not vnderstand
him but some times wn his fury was ouer. He was a young spruce young man, about
4 or 5 and twenty yeares of age: his habit black
being a wide sleeued gotuff goune (like
the bachelors of art at Cambrige, only it
had a little rounde cape) like such as the
Aduocats were in France, faced with silke,
his he [ ] had very long hare, and on
his hatt (wch was on his heade all sermon)
long black broade ribonds, so that he
did not looke like a Puritan
but like a blade. His sermon (for all
that I cold vnderstand) was more words then
matter, more of action and voice then of
solid substance and reason. In diuerse things
he iustly accused (I thinke) the Papists
but he rayused some arguments for thē
wch he did not thoroughly answere.
His sermon Ended. heHe reade another
prayer owt of the forme of prayer in
the little booke, putting in his prayer for
the Duke of Orleans and his Lady and
family: for the mayer and Esthenies
of the City &t then ended with the
Lords prayer, then sett a psalme wch Theire
Christning
of a child
donn there was a childe to be Christ-
ned, This young minister was godfather
so he came owt of the deske, and ano-
ther minister went vp (a grauer man
abowt 40 yeares of age) On the side of the
deske is a shelfe, on which all the 68 Sermon time there stood a siluer yewer
full of water and a towell laide ouer it.
There was first a long prayer or two read.
A seruant maid broth in the child (being all
alone) and youe hauing a fine cloath ouer
it and on the face a noasegay, shee gaue
the childe to a gentle woman that was
Godmother, and the godmother gaue it to
the minister that was godfather, whoe
hellheld it (the godmother standing by) all the
time of prayers before the deske. The
prayers being ended the minister came
owt of the deske and one of The elders
powred wate into his hand (as mutch as
his hand cold hold) wch hee powred on the
childs face naming the childe saying
Je vous baptise au nom Dede Dieu le pere le
fils et le sprit Sainct, Amen. And so the
baptisme ended wthowt any other prayers. Then
the younger man went into the deske and
repeated the beleefe and saying a prayer
concluding wth Pere nostre, He gaue
the blessing, and so wee parted. There were a cople asked for the bands Bands of
matrimony
asked.
of Matrymonie wch is the same with
ours in England and so likewise in
the Church of Rome. In the midst of the latter prayer that he read
he put in some petitions for a woman that was
sick wch desired the prayers of the congregation On the 21 of Feb: I receiued a letter frō
Jean Jaques Bourguignon, a youth of some
20 yeares of age, the sonn of our hoste Au-
chesne percúe, a scholler of the Jesuites there
In the letter was inchased the argument
of a Tragedie wch was acted the weeke
after wee came frō thence. Wch was this D   O   M.
Crisantvs et daria
tragoedia
argvmentvm.
Polemivs inter Romanos senatores il-
lustris, vt a fide Christianâ Crisantū filium
dimoueret, Dariæ adhibuit illecebras ratus
hanc virginem formæ præstantiâ et suauita
te sermonis velati armis instructā, nullo ne-
gotio Crisantū ad Deorū cultū reuocaturam.
Sed quām malè responderit expectationi e-
uentus, docebunt Actus sequentes.
Scenā aperient genij duo. Crisanti alter, als: Pars 8
Ex Surio. Scena Ro-
mæ in Aula Polemij.

Actuum 69 Actuū distributio
Actus. 1. Crisantus simulat cū Daria pactum
coniugii fœdus vt patris ira declinet.
Actus. 2. Conceptū ex Crisanti coniugio gau-
dium in mærorē conuertitur.

Actus. 3. Polemius minis oppugnat Crisanti et
Dariæ constantiam.

Actus. 4. Quod non potest Polemius præstare
minis, cautior dolis teutat.

Actus. 5. Ploriuntur feliciter Crisantus et Da-
ria, mortuos deflet Carindus.

Scenā claudent qui aperuerunt.
Actorū Nomina
Polemius {Senator Romanus.
CRisantusCrisantus. Polemij filius
Daria. Simulata vxor Crisanti
Orantus} nobiles
Victor} nobiles
Trasilus Ephæbus.
Genius Crisāti
Genius Dariæ
Agent in Diludis
Amor Diuinus.
Amor Prophanus
Theophilias ado-
lescencs.
Dabitur ab selecto Humantati flore Coll. Bitu[  ]
Die 7 Feb. 1646 hora 2a. In diuerse chappels, as that de Sales
Bishop of Geneua, Miracles. One at Bourges
and another at Orleans 2 Nunneries.
La vierge
De Miracles
in S Pauls
at Orleans. At Le Chapel de la Vierge de Mira-
cles in St Pauls Church: at the
Carmes and recolites at Orleans,
and many other places: hangeth vp
in virgins wax, the figures of many ha
hands, leggs, heads, armes, mens pri-
uities (at the Carmes in Orleans) whole
bodies, cruches, and the like, as me-
morials dedicated by them whoe by the
intercession of that St (amongst wch
Sales of Geneua is a cheife) hauing pray-
ed before that altar, haue bin healed
frō som infirmity. theThe blind, lame &t. [Fig: Illustration of various body parts (hands, legs, mens genitalia) hanging on a beam.] I confe wondred much to see mens pri-
uitise there, but being put vp in the chur
church, I thought I migthmight put them fi-
gured here in this page, wch otherwise
modestie wold haue forbid. All strangers halting
women.
at the first wonder to see the women of Orl: waddle
and halt in the streete, some impute it to ye wine of ye place. 70
figured is the Virgin Mary holding the deade
body of Christ in her lapp: and on her
right hand Charles VII, On the left the Pucell
praying, both of thē in armour: shee with her
sword by her side, and her hare hanging behinde. [Sketchings of three coins. 1) A horseman riding over a bridge with the legend "CEPTIS INSISTIT AVITIS" and "1620" in the exergue. 2) Mary holding the body of Christ under the cross with Charles VII and Joan of Arc praying on either side. The legend reads "A DOMINO FACTVM ESY ISTVD." 3) A coat of arms and laurel wreath with the legend "POVR LA MAISON COMMVNE DORLEANS" and "1605" in the exergue.]
The Jettons or Counters wch the City vse
are as here represented: The figure of
that wch is on the bridge on one side with
this Motto. A domino factvm est istvd
and on the reuerse is the City armes writ
about thus. povr la maison commvne d'
Orleans. Her sword with which shee
beate the English is kept and shewed
amongst the reliques at St Denis. On
another Iettoone or counter shee is on horse
back on the bridge with this motto Icep-
tis insistit avitis: Ther Jettons or counters
for Bourges are 3 sheepe in a conte a scut-
chion, the vpholders, a sheapherd at one
side and a sheapherdess on the other with theire
[  ] or crooks in theire hands: written
p. 13.abowt Svmma imperii apvd bitvriges
The first part of the bridge being
Arches reacheth to an Iland some
3 stones cast long and about [ ] paces
broade owt the east part of wch is rowes of old
Elme trees, and the west part howses
wth a smale chappell, and a street iust euen
wth the bridge, wch beginneth againe
on the other side of the Iland, and
hath [  ] Arches, and then commeth in
to a good large subhurbe, wherein are
2 couents, of Augustines, another of
Capuchiions, the Cauchi whose garden
is very pleasant. On the 12 of may there is an anuall The pro-
cession so-
lemne on
12 of may
for the
Virgin
of Orleans
her bea-
ting of ye
English.
St Grois
or St Gross
forsolemne procession, of all the orders,
Doctors, Officers, and teh whole City
who goe from St Cloy (the Cathedral)
in procession vnto the bridge, and there
before the cross where the King and the
Pucells statues are, Thay haue so-
lemne Mass, and thanks giuing to god
for theire deliuerance frō the English
by the hand of the Pucill. There
was 71 A German that told mee that wthin
these few yeares it was not salfe for an En-
glishman to be in the towne that day, and
therefore thaty went owt, and returned after
wards. On the farther part of the bridge
is another cross of the brass subscribed
wth a memoriall and thanks giuing. heHere
thay sing a Te Deum laudamus.
The momerandū of Beating of
the English by the Pucile of
Orleans. [drawing of the described cross] About the place where this cross standeth, the
bridge breake, and 3000 English were drowned and
slaine, as the histories say. The first circle speaketh thus.
Mors. Christi. in. Cruce. nos. contagione
labis. eternoi3. morbor. Sanauit. Clodoi-
cus. The second thus.
Rex. in. hoc. signo. hostes. profligauit. et.
Iohanna. virgo. Aurelian. obsidione.
The third thus.
Non. diu. ab. impijs. diruta. restituta.
sun. hoc. anno. 1578.
In a space thus. Iehan Buret
The 4th thus.
O Tanno3. Galliam. Seruitute. Brithan-
nica. liberauit. A. Dñō factum. est.
istud. et. est. mirabile. in. oculis. nois.
In. qurum. memoriam. Hec. nRe. fidei
insigne. 72 Another memorandū of lour Nation There
A. memo-
riall of
the English
war in France
is ouer the greate dore of the Chapell
of the Recolects. wWch speaketh thus
Templum hoc P R. F R. Temporibus
constructum Semel ab Anglis, Ite-
rum ab Hæreticus destructum.
Gastronis. |
Aureliorum Ducis Pietas, &t.
Ciuium benuolentia restituit
1636. St Croy.The Cathedrall church (or rather halfe
St Croy.church) is St Croy, wch standeth halfe
ruined,:. A part old and a part new
built,:: there is nothing worth noting in
it but a smale chappell, iust at the
East end, caled la chapped de
solemnely adorned wth black and white
marble, plaine worke, an dvery few
statues, it seemed then to be new and
not wholy finished: the church thay say
had a very hight steeple, wch was blowen
vp in the ciuill warrs, the scaffolds (now
stand wn I was there, stood ready for to
new build it., and I thinke may stand
vntill thay wrott before it be donn.
I haue since s it finished. meanely On the North side of the church is
clois-
sters
the Cemetier or church yard, which
joyneth not to the church but is on the
other side of the streete, it belongeth
to the city I thinke: It hath a Chausoin
cloister abowt wch suffered with the
church and now wanteth repayring.
at the South East corner is an alter.
of wth statues et. hard by which
is a pleaine stone wth a deathshead
writtent thus.
HENRIE la
Remember old Harry.
[Fig.: skull and bone]
Vielle.
In the East Cloister hangeth an old
tablet, wch is writt on parchment, wch
I cold not reade but On the first
sheet is the picture of the resurrection
vnder writt thus.
Toy. qui. regard. se. Tmbeau.
Ause. s'il. Te Semble. beau.
Amande. Toy et. fais. raison.
Car? a l. fin. C'est. Ta Maison. on 73
on the other leafe the iudgement
of the wicked is drawne subscribed thus
Fais . le . Bien . que . tu . voudra .
Auoir . faict . quand tu mouras . [drawing of the staff intersects vertically through the text below]
A little farther in the same cloister is
fastened to the wall a peice of a
Pilgrims staff wch had bin at St
Jacquesin Spaine, and was buryed heere at Orleans. There is no epitaphs of men of any noate, but
onely one in the same East cloister wch is isis
on the wall in a little blak marble.
In memoriam Petri Chotarti, Pauli
PaPæ: V: Præceptoris. M. VIc. VII. Ouer the doore of a little chapell in
the same cloister is a pardon from Pope John
the [  ] for so many dayes as there is bo-
dies buried in the chapel, to euery one that
passing by shall stay there, and say 5 Pater nos-
ters, 5 Auies, as many lettanies, and to2 pray-
ers that are there written for the soules
of those bodies there buried to deliuer
them owt of Purgatorie. Ouer the dore in the North clois
ter, which leadeth to the Estappe is
written thus
Ou tll passes t'ay Passè.
Et par ou I'ay Passè, Tu Passeras.
Au mond comme Toy i'ay estè
Et mort comme moy Tu feras.
Where thou no passest,
Where I haue once now Thou arte in the world
But yetAs I haue donnee
I haue often past
SoThou must
allso pass.
andSo was I
So thou must dye In the yard euery day, and especially on
Sunday come abundance of people (chiefly
women). that on the graues (that the end of
euery one of which standeth a cross) pray
for the soules of the dead, some for husband
father, brother, sister, &t and in the
cloister is allwaies poore old and lame
beggars, wch for a farthing goe singing
vp and downe lattine prayers for the
deade, at such, or such a graue, or in
generall Pour les pouvres repasses, or
as you any one biddeth them. a Pater for a father
and any for a mother, or the like. 74 There is also (but nothing so faire as [  ] the Pal-
las or
at Bourges) a Pallais or Pleading place
wch the call [  ] it standeth neere
the Riuver bridge by the riuer side. The greate schooles allsoe are heere The greate
scholes.
open euery morning in tearme time (ex-
cept holy dayes, Thursdayes, and Saturdayes)
where onely the law is professed: no Drs
of Physicke taking degree here. All the Lent long there was a sermon
euery day at 8 the morning, wch the same
man preached being then Dr [  ]
of the Coll: of Sorbon. andAnd at 3 in the
after noone at the Recolects, one of
those monks preached. to wch sermons
the people (especially women) throng excee-
dingly, and in the church (sometimes) quar-
rel lustely for places. The Puritans
of England are not more Ialous in the
hearing of Sermons then these are. The Germans library here is farr The
Almans
Nation
and li-
brary
better then that at Bourges., and the
number of that Nation more. thereThere
being not aboue 10 germans at
a time whilst wee were there and
here at Orleans was about four
score. Thay haue many priuileges. At theire librarie doore hangeth
the spread eagle crowned, being
the armes of the Empire., and vn-
der written.
Æterna Germanorū Fata.
On the greater books the Eagle also
is figured in guilt, within an Oual,
written abowt thus
Liber Inclytæ Nationis Germa-
nicæ, In Academia Aurelianen-
si. 1567: Serres his history of France was
lent me by one of that Nation
wch had this marke. And wthin are
written his name that gaue the booke
and the names of the officers at
the time wn it was giuen. The cheife
or Superior caled at Bourges - Presi-
dent is here tearmed.
'Procurator2, Quæ.3 Assessor.
4 Bibliothecarii 2o. 75 Ptolemey charged the noble men wch
to trauell, for to bring back 3 of the whole
lawes of each Country. whoeWhoe being returned
related that in
The Roman Repub.
{Singuler veneration of ye Temple
{Punctual obedience to gouernment
{vnauoidable punishment
Carthage the
{Senate commaunded.
{Nobles executed.
{People obeyed.
Athens the
{Rich were not extortioners.
{Poore Idle were not idle.
{Magistrates were not ignorant.
Rhodes the
{Old men were honored.
{Young men modest.
{Women were silent.
Thebes the
{Nobles did fight.
{Plebeians did labour.
{Philosophers did teach.
Siuly
{Iustice was entirely administred.
{Commerce was honestly exercised.
{All enioyed equal priuiledges ye state.
Among the Sicionions
there was admitted no
{Phisitians, to hinder nature.
{Strangers, to introduce innouations
{Lawyers, to multeply contentions
These men went not to get complements and
cringes, or Cariage of body onely, or new Modes, or
to tip the tongue wth a little language.: But to find
owt something that might be appliable to the use
of thieire owne Country. So doe These. These are taxes
constant to the King
or supreame. like
the Excise lately crope
into England.
Tally and taillage of France}
Milstone of Spaine}
Assise of Holland}
Gabels of Italy} Dulcior fumus Patriæ, forensi
Flāmula, vino, præit vnda, terræ
Herba Britannæ, mage transmarino
Flore süauis. 76
The french neuer keepe a constant habit.
— you may as soon
Cutt owt a kirtle for the moon.
Ja. Howell
There was a Spanish Doctor who had
a fancy that {God in paradise cōanded in Spanish
{The Tempter perswad in Italian
{And Adam begged paardon in French

I haue beaten my braines to make one sentence
good Italian and congruous Latin but could ne-
uer do it: but in Spanish it is very feasible,
as for Example in this Stanza Lubricas, sodomiticas, dolosas, 1 Machinando fraudes cautelosas 2 Ruinando animas innocentes.3 Which is Latin good enough, and yet
vulgar Spanish intelligible by euery ple-
beian. Ja. Howel. A traveller at his Returne home must
abhorre all affectations, all forced postures,
and complements. For forraine Trauell
oftentimes makes many to wander from
themselues as wch as frō theire Country
and to come back mere mimiques. so that
they go owt figures and returne cyphers. ... that 'tis most vsuall for tra-
vellers that wn thay first goe ouer, and
presently they are beyond seas, thay're whole
discourse (by head and sholders) is the
commendation of theire owne Country
and the Commodeties of it. But when
thay returne, theire whole talke is for-
raine, magnifying other Nations, and dero-
gating frō theire owne. both wch are ex-
treame follies. I: Bargraue. Sic ergo linguā ille et Latinā Gallicè 1 Et Gallicè linguā sonat Britannicam, 2 Et Gallicè omnē prætex vnā Gallicā 3 Nā Gallicā solū sonat Britannicè 4 At quisquis Insulâ satus Britannica 5 Sic patriam insolens fastidiet suā 6 vt more simiæ laboret fingere, 7 Et æmulari Gallicas ineptias, 8 Ex amne Gallo ego hunc opinor ebriū9 Sr Tho. Moore.
Me Dux construxit Bituricus at dotauit
Et prꝑful attendens āno ꝑsente sacrauit.